This document summarizes a seminar presentation on DC-DC converters. It discusses how DC-DC converters, also known as choppers, are increasingly important for applications that require variable DC voltage levels, such as subway cars and electric vehicles. Choppers use fast switching devices like transistors to rapidly connect and disconnect a load from the power source, producing a chopped or variable output voltage. The document focuses on step-down choppers, which reduce the input voltage level, and describes how the duty cycle of the switching device controls the output voltage. Resistive load examples are provided to illustrate how step-down choppers work.