This document discusses different types of DC-DC converters known as choppers. It describes: 1) Buck and boost choppers, where buck choppers produce output voltages lower than the input, and boost choppers produce outputs higher than the input. 2) The basic operation of choppers which involves turning a switch on and off periodically to connect and disconnect a constant voltage source from the load, allowing variable output voltages. 3) Key circuits for buck, boost, and buck-boost choppers along with explanations of how energy transfer from input to output works during switch on and off periods to achieve different output voltages.

1. DC-DC CONVERTER OR CHOPPER
M&V Patel Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Technology and Engineering
Charotar University of Science and Technology – Changa
Prepared by: Dharmesh A Dabhi
Assistant Professor

2. INTRODUCTION
 DC-DC converter (chopper) is used to convert constant DC
voltage into variable DC voltage.
 In DC-DC conversion circuits, thyristors are used as switching
elements. Here thyristors must be turned off using forced
commutation as they lack facility of natural commutation that is
available in AC circuits.
 Buck chopper produces output that is less than or equal to input
voltage.
 Boost chopper provides an output voltage that is greater than or
equal to input voltage.
 Typical application of DC choppers is DC motor speed control.
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3. PRINCIPLES OF BASIC DC CHOPPERS
 Switch is turned on and off periodically. In this way constant
voltage can be connected to and disconnected from the load.
 By a periodic application of constant voltage at a particular
frequency across the load, variable voltage can be achieved by
controlling the on period of the switch.
3
Basic DC Chopper

4.  Instantaneous voltage across load is either zero (S off) or Vi
(S on).
 Average (DC) output voltage over a cycle is:
V0= TON Vi
TON+TOFF
V0=TON Vi
T
V0=d Vi 4

5. 5
Output voltage as function of duty cycle
Output voltage varies linearly with duty cycle.
It is possible to control output voltage from zero to Vi as duty cycle
varies from zero to 1.

6. METHODS FOR VARYING AVERAGE OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
 Pulse width TON is varied
while overall switching
period is kept constant.
 Pulse width TON or Toff is
kept constant while the
period (frequency) is
varied.
Pulse-Width Modulation Pulse-Frequency Modulation
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7. STEP-DOWN (BUCK) CHOPPER
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8. 8
Basic Step-Down Chopper circuit
Equivalent circuit for on state Equivalent Circuit for off state

9. 9
Continous Current Mode
 As elements are ideal, DC
power drawn from source
must equal the DC power
absorbed by load.
P0 = Pi
V0 I0 = Vi Ii
I0 =Vi * Ii
V0
=Vi * Ii
Vi d
I0 = Ii_
d

10. 10
Discontinous Current Mode

11. 11
STEP-UP (BOOST) CHOPPER

12. 12
Basic Step-Up Chopper Circuit
On State Off state

13.  When S is on (D is off),
capacitor energy supplies the
load voltage.
Vo=Vc (if capacitor is charged)
 During on-state of switch S,
voltage across inductor
instantly becomes equal to
input supply voltage. Current
through it increases gradually
and stores energy in its
magnetic field.
 For very first time, when S is
closed Vo=0, as capacitor is
not charged.
 When S is off (D is on),
inductor voltage reverses its
polarity and adds in input
voltage to provide output
voltage which is equal to:
V0=Vi+VL
 During off state of S, capacitor
charges and voltage at it
gradually build up to Vi+VL
(This capacitor voltages serves
as load voltage when next time
S in on)
 If S is off forever, inductor acts
as short circuit. It does not
develop any voltage and
Vo= Vi
On-State Off-State
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14. 14
Voltage and current
waveforms for duty cycle
50%
d= 0.5 means Switch is on and
off for equal time intervals.
Energy that inductor develops
during on-state is completely
dessipated during off-state.
If duty cycle increases above
0.5, inductor will not
dessipate its energy
completely in off-states. The
remaining inductor voltage
(due to left-over energy) adds
up next time when switch is
off and more increased
voltage appears at output.

15. 15
If duty cycle increases above 0.5, inductor will not dessipate its
energy completely in off-states. The remaining inductor voltage (due
to left-over energy) adds up next time when switch is off and more
increased voltage appears at output.
Neglecting losses, energy transferred by inductance during TOFF
must equal the energy gained by it during period TON
Final expression for output load voltage is:
Vo=Vi [1/(1-d)]
If switch is open (d=0), output voltage is equal to input
voltage. As d increases, output voltage becomes larger than
input voltage.
So output voltage is always higher than input voltage if switch
is operated at an appropriately high frequency.

16. BUCK-BOOST CHOPPER
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17. 17
On State Off State

18. 18