BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
ntroduction
Definition
Etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Types of asthma
Clinical manifestation Restlessness Wheezing or crackles Absent or diminished lung sounds Hyper resonance Use of accessory muscles for breathing Tachypnea with hyperventilation
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Bronchoprovocation Testing: Testing that is done to identify inhaled allergens; mucous membranes are directly exposed to suspected allergen in increasing amounts. Skin Testing: Done to identify specific allergens. Exercise Challenges: Exercise is used to identify the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Radio allergosorbent Test: Blood test used to identify a specific allergen. Chest Radiograph: May show hyper expansion of the airways.
Managemnet
Goal- Promote bronchodilationn Reduce inflammation Remove secretions Prevent ongoing symptoms Prevent asthma attack Maintain normal lung function Avoid triggers
Pharmacological therapy 1. Long term control medication- Inhaled corticosteroid Leukotriene modifiers Long acting beta agonist Methylxanthines Combine inhaler
2 Quick relief medication Short acting beta agonist Anticholinergic Oral or I/V corticosteroid
3 Bronchial thermoplasty- Form severe asthma that does not respond to medication
Non- pharmacological
Oxygen therapy Postural drainage & chest physiotherapy Coughing & deep breathing exercise Avoidance of allergen relaxation technique acupuncture
Prevention
Patients with recurrent asthma should undergo tests to identify the substances that precipitate the symptoms. Possible causes are dust, dust mites, roaches, certain types of cloth, pets, horses, detergents, soaps, certain foods, molds, and pol- lens. If the attacks are seasonal, pollens can be strongly sus- pected. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible.
Complications Complications of asthma may include status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and atelectasis. Airway obstruction, particularly during acute asthmatic episodes, often results in hypoxemia, requiring the administration of oxygen and the monitoring of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases. Fluids are administered, because people with asthma are frequently dehydrated from diaphoresis and in- sensible fluid loss with hyperventilation.
Nursing diagnosis
Impaired gas exchange r/t altered oxygen supply Ineffective airway clearance r/t bronchospasm & obstruction from narrow lumen Ineffective breathing pattern r/t bronchospasm Risk for increasing attack of r
espiratory distress r/t exposure to allergens
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
ntroduction
Definition
Etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Types of asthma
Clinical manifestation Restlessness Wheezing or crackles Absent or diminished lung sounds Hyper resonance Use of accessory muscles for breathing Tachypnea with hyperventilation
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Bronchoprovocation Testing: Testing that is done to identify inhaled allergens; mucous membranes are directly exposed to suspected allergen in increasing amounts. Skin Testing: Done to identify specific allergens. Exercise Challenges: Exercise is used to identify the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Radio allergosorbent Test: Blood test used to identify a specific allergen. Chest Radiograph: May show hyper expansion of the airways.
Managemnet
Goal- Promote bronchodilationn Reduce inflammation Remove secretions Prevent ongoing symptoms Prevent asthma attack Maintain normal lung function Avoid triggers
Pharmacological therapy 1. Long term control medication- Inhaled corticosteroid Leukotriene modifiers Long acting beta agonist Methylxanthines Combine inhaler
2 Quick relief medication Short acting beta agonist Anticholinergic Oral or I/V corticosteroid
3 Bronchial thermoplasty- Form severe asthma that does not respond to medication
Non- pharmacological
Oxygen therapy Postural drainage & chest physiotherapy Coughing & deep breathing exercise Avoidance of allergen relaxation technique acupuncture
Prevention
Patients with recurrent asthma should undergo tests to identify the substances that precipitate the symptoms. Possible causes are dust, dust mites, roaches, certain types of cloth, pets, horses, detergents, soaps, certain foods, molds, and pol- lens. If the attacks are seasonal, pollens can be strongly sus- pected. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible.
Complications Complications of asthma may include status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and atelectasis. Airway obstruction, particularly during acute asthmatic episodes, often results in hypoxemia, requiring the administration of oxygen and the monitoring of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases. Fluids are administered, because people with asthma are frequently dehydrated from diaphoresis and in- sensible fluid loss with hyperventilation.
Nursing diagnosis
Impaired gas exchange r/t altered oxygen supply Ineffective airway clearance r/t bronchospasm & obstruction from narrow lumen Ineffective breathing pattern r/t bronchospasm Risk for increasing attack of r
espiratory distress r/t exposure to allergens
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
Ever hear the term "bronchial asthma" and wonder what it means? When people talk about bronchial asthma, they are really talking about asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes periodic "attacks" of coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
According to the CDC, more than 25 million Americans, including 6.8 million children under age 18, suffer with asthma today.
Allergies are strongly linked to asthma and to other respiratory diseases such as chronic sinusitis, middle ear infections, and nasal polyps. Most interestingly, a recent analysis of people with asthma showed that those who had both allergies and asthma were much more likely to have nighttime awakening due to asthma, miss work because of asthma, and require more powerful medications to control their symptoms.
Asthma is associated with mast cells, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes. Mast cells are the allergy-causing cells that release chemicals like histamine. Histamine is the substance that causes nasal stuffiness and dripping in a cold or hay fever, constriction of airways in asthma, and itchy areas in a skin allergy. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell associated with allergic disease. T lymphocytes are also white blood cells associated with allergy and inflammation.
These cells, along with other inflammatory cells, are involved in the development of airway inflammation in asthma that contributes to the airway hyperresponsiveness, airflow limitation, respiratory symptoms, and chronic disease. In certain individuals, the inflammation results in the feelings of chest tightness and breathlessness that's felt often at night (nocturnal asthma) or in the early morning hours. Others only feel symptoms when they exercise (called exercise-induced asthma). Because of the inflammation, the airway hyperresponsiveness occurs as a result of specific triggers.
It is estimated that 1 3 rd of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Each year, about 9 million people develop TB, of whom about 1 5 million die
WHO has estimated that around 10 of global tuberculosis case load occurs in children( 0 14 years) of these childhood cases, 75 occur annually in 22 high burden countries that together account for 80 of the world’s estimated incident cases.
Cystic fibrosis is a disease passed down through families that cause thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract and other areas of the body
It is one of the most common chronic lungs disease in children and young adults
What is grief? Dictionaries define grief as “an emotion of great sadness associated with loss or bereavement”, or “deep and intense mental anguish following a bereavement”. Another grief definition might be: “Keen mental distress or suffering especially after the death of someone close”. As such, grief is related to the loss of a valued someone or something and is an emotional process to deal with this loss that is typically not ordered or predictable. Bereavement includes grief and mourning, which is the outward and sometimes ritualized expression of loss.
Children and adults differ physically and mentally.
As a nurses it is necessary to learn the differences to deliver the care accordingly.
CLASSIFICATION:
Anatomical differences
Physiological differences
Psychological differences
Children are more prone to dehydration than adults. At the same time, exposure to many chemical agents and some biological agents leads to vomiting and diarrhea.
As a result, children may be more symptomatic and show symptoms earlier than adults.
Children have a higher proportion of rapidly growing tissues than adults, and some agents, including ionizing radiation and mustard gas, significantly affect rapidly growing tissues.
As a result, children are more prone to ionizing radiation and other agents that affect rapidly growing tissue than adults.
Children have relatively small airways compared with adults. The smaller the caliber of the airway, the greater the reduction in airflow as a result of increased pulmonary secretions that occur following exposure to chemicals or edema from inhalation of hot gases
As a result, children suffer more pulmonary pathology than adults at the same level of exposure.
Prevention of disease.
Promotion of physical, mental and social well-being of children so that each child may achieve the full genetic potential with which he/she is born.
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
The term “mentally handicap” is now used for the conduction “mental retardation”.
At least 2 to 3 % of Indian population are mentally handicapped in any form.
Mental handicapped is the significantly sub average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior manifested during the developmental period.
It includes the learning disability, poor maturation and social mal adjustment in combination.
Challenged children are one who deviated from normal health status either physically, mentally or socially and requires special care, treatment and education.
Definition
Children with special health care needs are those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally.” (McPherson,1998)
Anemia is a reduction in RBCs
which in turn decreases the oxygen
carrying capacity of blood.
Anemia is not a specific
disease state but a sign of an
underlying disorder.
The child is one of the most important assets of the nation.
Effort should be exerted to promote a child’s well-being and enhance his/her opportunities for a useful and happy life.
His/her traits and capabilities should be developed for the betterment of society.
Generally parents have the autonomy to make health care decisions for their child . In certain situations older children have autonomy to give assent to care& in special situations adolescents are granted a autonomy to consent without parents knowledge.
National Health Policy for children, Special laws relating to children RAVI RAI DANGI
The universal declaration of human rights adopted way back in 1948, proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance. It was only during the twentieth century that the concept of children’s rights emerged. Rights perspective is em-bodied in the United Nations convention on the rights of child in 1989, which is a landmark in international human rights legisla-tion. Children being the most vulnerable section of the society need care, protection and affection for their survival and for all round development.
Trends and Modern concepts of Pediatric Nursing RAVI RAI DANGI
In India, pediatric nursing was not given due in recognition in syllabi in the earlier periods of nursing training but with the introduction of under graduate degree programme in nursing in madras university CMC vellor,RAK Delhi, pediatric nursing as a course was introduced date back from 1950s.Child health nursing is undergoing tremendous advancement just like pediatric medicine and surgery. The current trends in the practice are based on researches that have taken make place in the field of pediatric nursing
Cost containment is a management technique utilized to reduce the cost of hospitalization. It is reduced in many ways in hospitals either by cutting nursing positions or by improving process of care and tightening non labour resources.
Refractive error means that the shape of your eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image. The main types of refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (loss of near vision with age), and astigmatism.
Glaucoma is a group of ocular conditions characterized by optic nerve damage. The optic nerve damage is related to the IOP caused by congestion of aqueous humor in the eye.
Congenital glaucoma is a rare form of glaucoma. Affected infants may be born with a high intraocular pressure or may develop an increased IOP within the “first weeks of life".
It may develop in pre term infants (less than 33 week of gestational age) due to retinal immaturity and hyperoxia resulting from high construction of O2 therapy. It is a bilateral complication of pre term infants.
A congenital opacity of the crystalline lens. Cloudiness in the lens of the eye that is present at, or develops shortly after birth. Congenital cataracts are also the most frequent cause of leukocoria (white pupil) in children.
The important diseases recognized as responsible for visual impairment and blindness in India are cataract, refraction errors, glaucoma, conjunctivitis.
Mal nutrition and systemic disease are also important contributing factors.
Other causes include are eye injury, congenital disorders, retinal detachment, tumors, leprosy etc.
The visual disorder can be found as the following problems.
Amblyopia or subnormal vision in one or both eyes in spite of correction of significant refractive error.
Night blindness – it means inability to well at night or in faint light. It may occur in retinitis, choroidoretinistis, Vit A deficiency, retina toxic drugs.
Double Vision – It is found in squint, ptosis. It may be warning sign of increase IOP, brain tumor, orbital or myasthenia gravis.
Color blindness – It is a genetically determine condition in which color perception is defective or absent. Red and green color deficiency is the usual found. It can be detected at the age of 5 to 6 years’ age.
It is found in about 8% of the male population and is inherited as sex linked recessive trait. Color blindness may be total or partial there is no specific treatment.
Some main responsible disease for visual impairments in India :-
Conjunctivitis
Cataract
Refractory errors
Glaucoma
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Hearing is the important for the development of speech and verbal communication. Impairment of hearing may be congenital or acquired.
It may be temporary or permanent, organic or inorganic, central or peripheral in origin. Hearing defect can be mild, moderate, severe or profound. It is the most common handicapped conditions in children. It is found about 9 to 15 % among Indian school children.
The high risk neonate is defined as one who has a greater than average chance of morbidity or mortality during the prenatal ,peri natal and postnatal periods..
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Bronchial asthma
1. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
By
Mr. Ravi Rai Dangi
Assistant Professor
Fellowship in Neonatal Nursing
MSc. Child Health Nursing
2. DEFINITION
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of
airways resulting from hyper reactivity of the airways to
Varity of stimuli
3. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
It is characterized by repeated attacks of cough along
with respiratory distress which reverse either
spontaneously or with some medications .
6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Immediate hypersensitivity to an allergen
Produce specific antibody of the immunoglobulin E. (
IgE is a protein molecule produced in the cell wall)
When IgE is released from the plasma cells it is able
to recognize attach and remain fixed in the mast cells
7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Once IgE has attached to the mast cells the child is
said to be sensitive to the specific antigen initiating
IgE production
When the child is exposed to the antigen IgE molecule
bind with the antigen on the surface of the mast cell
8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The antigen IgE reaction initiates several biochemical
events that results in the release of Histamine
Histamine causes smooth muscle contraction ,
increased vascular permeability ,edema and
increased mucous secretion
Bronchospasm, Edema , increased secretion of
mucous and inflammation.
12. MANAGEMENT
For Life threatening Asthma
Immediately start oxygen inhalation
Subcutaneous injection of terbutaline or adrenaline
Inhalation of terbutaline or adrenaline
IV Hydrocortisone 10 mg / kg
Transfer the patient to PICU
13. MANAGEMENT
For moderate and severe Asthma
Inhalation of terbutaline or Salbutamol repeated
every 20 minutes for 1 hour along with oxygen
inhalation and an oral dose of predinisol (1-2 mg / kg )
.
IV Hydrocortisone 10 mg/ kg
18. PREVENTING EXACERBATING
FACTORS
Smoking by parents should be avoided.
It is advisable to keep chemical irritants like strong
odors fumes and smoke from kerosene stove from
minimum.
Families should not have pets, particularly cats and
dog.
House dust mite can be controlled by keeping
carpets, curtains and soft toys to minimum and clean
them periodically
19. PREVENTING EXACERBATING
FACTORS
The bedroom of the child should be kept clean and as
free from dust as possible .
Exposure to air pollution strong odors such as wet
paint , disinfectants and smoke should be minimized.
20. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Ineffective airway clearance related to allergenic
response and inflammation in the bronchial tree.
Activity intolerance related to imbalance between
oxygen supply and demand
Altered family process related to having child with a
chronic illness