Chickpea breeding aims to develop higher yielding varieties with improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Breeding methods include hybridization of selected parents followed by selection of progeny. Hybridization techniques can increase success rates. Segregating populations are handled using pedigree, bulk, or single seed descent selection. Mutation breeding induces genetic variation which is selected in subsequent generations. This helps develop stress resistant and high yielding varieties adapted to Pakistan.

1. Breeding methods in chick pea
Submitted to: Dr. Naeem Akhter
Submitted by: Rameesha saleem

2. • Predominately self
pollinated
• Cross pollination up
to 1%
Chick pea

4. Breeding Objectives
• Breeding for higher yield
• Breeding for extended adaptation of chickpea
• Breeding for resistance to biotic stress
• Breeding for resistance to abiotic stress
• Identification of stable form of male sterility

5. Breeding chick pea
• Creation of genetic variation
Introduction
Hybridization
Selection of parents
Crossing techniques
Handling of segregating populations
Mutation
• Selection within that variation
• Evaluation of selected lines

6. Introduction
Introduction is generally facilitated by the
following ways:
• Exchange of material with fellow plant
breeders
• Exploration of areas showing rich
variation of the species
• Obtaining generic resources from
international institutes/organizations

7. Hybridization
The objective of hybridization is to combine desirable
traits from two or more parents into a single cultivar.
Selection of parents
When the aim is to replace the existing variety with a
superior one, the existing variety with adaptation to the
local environment is a logical choice as one parent.
The second parent must be so chosen that it
complements the first parent.
If creation of variation for the desired traits is the
objective, then diverse parents are selected.

8. Crossing Techniques
• success of the
artificial hybridization
ranges from 10% to
50%

9. The success rate of artificial hybridization can be increased
by:
•Selection of large flower buds
•Selection of lateral buds rather than the
terminal ones
•Avoiding mechanical injury to the floral
parts at the time of emasculation and
pollination
•Attempting hybridization after the formation
of the first pod.

10. • Under low temperature emasculation is done in the
afternoon and pollination in the next morning.
• I n case of high temperature followed by immediate
pollination is recommended.
• Hybridization involves:
 SINGLE CROSS: used to transfer resistance
against biotic and abiotic stresses. 26 for wilt
resistance, 9 for large seed, 8 for blight resistance, 8
for wide adaptation over rain fed and sometimes
irrigated conditions,6 for high yield mainly of Kabuli
types and 5 for late sowing varieties have been
developed by single crosses.

11. THREE WAY CROSSES: The progenies of three-way
crosses are more variable with wide genetic base than single
crosses. Varieties developed by three way crosses include
BGD72([BG256 × E100Y] × BG256) and C214([G24 × IP58]
× G24).
MULTIPLE CROSSES: The cultivars developed from multiple
crosses are expected to have wider adaptation for a range of
environments. Varieties developed by multiple crosses
include ICCV2([K850 × GW5/6 × P48] ×[L550 × Guamchil 2])
and SG2 ([E100Y × P436] × [L550 × F378]).

12. Handling of segregating populations
Selection methods used involve:
• Pedigree method: for selection for resistance
to biotic stresses.
• Bulk method: used for the development of high
yielding and short duration varieties.
• Single seed descent method: for selection of
traits such as drought tolerance and winter
hardiness.

13. • Marker assisted selection: marker assisted
selection has been effectively used for selection of
ascocyta blight and fussarium wilt resistance, using
RAPD and SSR markers.
• Modified bulk method: for selection of traits
such as abiotic stresses, seed size, earliness
and plant type.

14. Mutation breeding
Following considerations should be taken into
account for mutation-breeding programs:
• Most mutation are recessive so selection is made in
M2 and for polygenic traits selection is done in M3.
• Beneficial mutations occur at very low frequencies.
• Mutations are randomly induced.
• Mutations are recurrent.
• Mutations have mostly plieotropic effects.

15. Both radiation and chemical mutagens are used for
the purpose.
•Ionizing radiation
Particulate radiation: alpha rays, beta rays, fast
and thermal neutrons
 Non-particulate radiation: x-rays,and gamma rays
•Non-ionizing radiation: ultraviolet (UV) radiation

16. •Alkylating agents: sulphur and nitrogen mustards,
epoxides, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS),methyl
methane sulphonate (MMS) etc.
• Acridine dyes: acriflavine, proflavine, Acridine
orange, Acridine yellow, ethidium bromide
•Base analogues: 5- bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil
•Others: nitrous acid, hydroxyl amine, sodium azide

17. Following are a few varieties developed in Pakistan
using mutation breeding:
CM-72: a high yielding and blight resistant variety
(derivative 6153 at 150Gy dose of gamma rays) was
released in 1983 for general cultivation.
CM-1918: an Ascochyta blight resistant and high
yielding mutant line (derivative of 6153 at 150 Gy dose
of gamma rays) developed at NIAB was approved for
general cultivation in NWFP as NIFA-88 in 1991.

18. CM-88: tolerant to both blight and wilt diseases
varieties (derivative of c727 at 100 Gy dose of
gamma rays) was released for general cultivation in
1994.
CM-98: a bold seeded, high yielding and disease
resistant variety (derivative of k850 at 300 Gy dose of
gamma rays) was released in 1998.
CM-2000: a Kabuli type (beige color seed) variety
(derivative of ILC 195 at 150 Gy of gamma rays) was
released for general cultivation in 2000.

19. Any
Questions