Origin – distribution of species – wild relatives and forms – breeding objectives – major breeding procedures for development of hybrids / varieties.

1. Presentation On Black
Gram
SUBMITTED BY:
SMARANIKA BEHERA
ADM.NO.-08C/14

2. INTRODUCTION
BLACKGRAM
• Chromosome no.-2n=22
• Botanical name-Vigna mungo L. Wilczek
• Family-fabaceae
• Centre of origin-India
• Mode of pollination-Self-pollination
• Out-crossing percentage-0.5%
• Related wild species-Vigna angularis
 Blackgram is the fourth important pulse crop in india covering an
area of about 3 million hectares ,but producing only 1.2 million
tonnes.
 It is mostly grown in madhya pradesh,maharashtra,tamil nadu,uttar
pradesh,and rajasthan during kharif and in andhra pradesh and
west bengal in rabi.

3. PROGENITOR
 According to Verdcourt(1971)one wild species Vigna
radiata var. sulobata has given rise to two cultigen,
namely Vigna mungo(blackgram) and Vigna
radiata(greengram).However,Chandel(1984) reported
that V.mungo domesticated from V.mungo var.
silvestris instead of V.radiata var. sublobata
 Biochemical evidence also indicate similarity between
mungbean and its wild progenitor V.radiata var.
sublobata and that between urdbean and wild
ancestral from V.mungo var. silvestris as demonstrated
by the presence of glutamyl-S-methyl-cysteins.

4. TAXONOMY
Vigna mungo var. mungo Vigna mungo var. silvestris
Leaflets entire ,occassionally 2-3
shallow broad lobed or highly dissected
with deep lobes,
Plants and pods hairy
Seeds usually globular ,dull, green or
blackish mottled
Seed coat cellular structure
hexagonal,cup shaped
Hilum deeply concaved ,raised with
mounds ,arilate
Leaflets large,the terminal 7.0*5.0cm
Infloroscence 6-8 flowered
Pods 4-6 borne horizontally , spreading,
deflexed ,black 10-14 seeded
,septate,seeds sub brownish
Hilum deeply furrowed concave

5. Some pictures of BLACKGRAM

7. BOTANY
 Blackgram is an erect or sub-erect ,diffusely branched
herbaceous annual.Infloroscence ia an axillary or terminal
raceme with 10-20 flowers crowded on long
peduncle.Flowering is indeterminate in habit.
 A flower is hermaphrodite ,consists of 5 sepals ,5 petals (1
standard,2 wings, and 2 keels),10 stamens which are in
diadelphous(9+1)condition and single carpel.
 Anthers dehiscing during night(9pm -3am)and flowers open
from 6-8am and remains open up to 11am .So that self-
fertilisation is the rule(pollination occurs in bud stage).
 The gynoecium is monocarpellary with a superior unilocular
ovary having marginal placentation with 8-12 ovules.The style
is twisted below the stigmatic surface and stigma is hairy.

8. CYTOLOGY
 The somatic chromosome no. in urdbean is
2n=2x=22.The average chromosome length is about
1.70cm.Majority of the chomosomes are metacentric
i.e.,the arm-ratio is 1.00-1.75
 There are no sub-terminal/acrocentric chromosomes
and 0.2 chromosomes are reported to have secondary
constriction (Gupta and Sharma ,1991).Like V.radiata
,V.mungo has been successfully crossed with
V.sublobata,V.trilobata,V.umbellata and V.angularis.
 Mungbean *urdbean crosses are easily made while the
reciprocal cross is possible only through embryo rescue
technique(Gosal and Bajaj,1983).

9. QUALITATIVE GENETICS
• Standard gene symbols are not available as yet.Therefore
,characterwise brief information is given here based on compilation
by Singh(1991).
 PLANT TYPE:erect habit ,incompletely dominant over spreading
over spreading habit ,single gene pair.
 LEAF TYPE:1)monogenic,ovate dominant over lanceolate.2)hastate
leaf shape dominant over ovate and controlled by duplicate
dominant genes.
 POD-PUBESCENCE:pubescent pod monogenically dominant over
non-pubescent type.
 POD-COLOUR:usually monogenic and black colour dominant over
straw or brown.
 SEEDCOAT COLOUR:1)monogenic,green dominant over
brown.2)black coat ,monogenic and dominant over
brown,.3)shining seed ,monogenic,dominant over dull.

10. BREEDING OBJECTIVES
• HIGHER YIELD
• DIFFERENT MATURITY DURATION
• RESISTANCE TO DISEASES:
a.mungbean yellow mosaic virus
b.leaf crinkle virus
c.cercospora leaf spot
d.rhizoctonia blight
e.macrophomina blight
f.bacterial leaf spot
g.powdery mildew
h.root and stem rot

11. • Evolving short duration varieties suitable for rice fallow
conditions
• Breeding for better quality:
24% protein. There are lines having 27% protein. These
can be utilized.Quality of black gram is determined by
a) Protein content
b) Methionine content 1.17%
c) cooking quality - Time
d) % of hard seeds.
e) Dal recovery 70%

12. • RESISTANCE TO INSECTS:
a) Whitefly
b) Aphid
c) Pod borer

13. BREEDING PROCEDURE
1. Introduction :
2. Pure line selection :
3. Hybridization and selection
a) Intervarital
b) Inter specific :
 Vigna mungo x V.mungo var.sylvestris - Pantnagar.
YMV resistant line are obtained,but pod shatters. More number of
back crosses suggested.
 Vigna mungo x V.radiata for increasing pod length, digestibility.
Sterility is the main problem. Few plants obtained revert back to
parental form.

14. 4) Mutation breeding
5) Embryo rescue - Attempted in inter specific
crosses

15. IDEAL PLANT TYPE
• For irrigated and Rice fallows:
 Determinate type, short duration, high dry matter
producing with 30cm plant ht.
 Photo insensitive.
• For rainfed condition :
 Semi determinate with pod setting from base of the
main stem; higher pod length and more number
of seeds / pod.

16. RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
• The sources of resistance to these diseases have been
compiled by Singh(1981,1991)and Sharma(1996).A selective
list of donors from these sources is as follows:
MUNGBEAN
YELLOW MOSAIC
VIRUS
UPA-1,UPA-2,Pant U 19,Pant U-
26,Pant U 30,UAH 2
MOSAIC MOTTLE
VIRUS
T-65,T-67
CERCOSPORA LEAF
SPOT
3529,4387,Pant U 19,IC 1008
POWDERY MILDEW UA 2A,UAH 2B,UG 117,HPU 1, HPU
2,HPU 5,P 47,P 163,P 178,Pant U 19
ROOT AND STEM
ROT
3115
BACTERIAL BLIGHT Krishna,13/10,13/2,1369/4,PLU 443

17. RESISTANCE TO INSECT PEST
• White fly, aphids ,leaf eating larvae ,and pod-
borers may cause considerable damage to
blackgram.A few sources of resistance have been
reported by Chhabra et.al.(1984).These are LU
178,LU 190,as resistant to whitefly and LU 126,LU
178,and LU 196 as resistant to jassids.
• These should be used in the crossing programmes
and the segreggating materials be exposed and
screened against these insects,preferably in field
conditions under adequate pressure of thbe
insects.

18. BREEDING CENTRES
• ICRISAT - Hyderabad
• ICARDA - (International Crops for Agricultural
Research in Dry land Areas) – Syria
• AVRDC - (Asian Vegetable Research and
Development Centre)
• IIPR - (Indian Institute of Pulse Research),
Kanpur

19. NATIONAL PROGRAMME
• Urdbean is one of the pulses under All India
Coordinated Pulses Improvement Project
commisioned in 1965-66 and subsequently
upgraded to project Directorate headquarters
at kanpur in 1984.Now,it is known as INDIAN
INSTITUTE OF PULSES RESEARCH(IIPR).

20. CONCLUSION
• Blackgram originated in india and grown in considerable area in the states
of A.P,bihar,M.P,maharashtra,U.P,and W.B.Several high yielding and
disease resistant cultivars developed through routine breeding approches
have been released.Inspite of this,production ,area,and productivity have
remained virtually stagnant around 1.2 million tonnes,3 million hectares
and 400kg/ha,respectively over the last 20 years in india.
• The situation is unlikely devoid of excessive vegetative growth and with
higher no. of seeds/pod are developed.
• To some extent,seed/pod can be improved from mungbean*urdbean
hybridization programme on a large scale.
• Biotechnological approaches as yet have only a limited applicability in
urdbean due to failure of regeneration from protoplast.

21. THANK YOU..