2. INTRODUCTION
•Reverse brain drain, which refers to the
migration issue, whereby human
capital moves in reverse from a
more developed country to a less developed
country that is developing rapidly, which is
commonly defined as “brain drain”. It is also
termed as a logical outcome of a calculated
strategy, where migrants accumulate savings,
also known as remittances, and develop skills
overseas that can be used in their home
country.
3. HISTORY OF BRAIN DRAIN
• : The term ‘reverse brain drain’ is closely
tied with brain drain. Historically, the
greatest brain drains have been from rural
to urban areas. In the 19th century and
20th century there were notable
emigrations to North America from Europe
, and in modern times, from developing
nations to developed nations , especially
after colonialism. Sometimes such drains
have occurred between developed
countries.
4. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF BRAIN DRAIN
• There are numerous flows of skilled and trained persons from
developing to developed countries.
• In these flows engineers, medical personnel and scientists
usually tend to predominate.
• They are characterized by large flows from a comparatively
small number of developed countries and by small flows from
a larger number of developing countries.
• The migratory trends are stimulated both by the character of
national educational systems by lack and inadequate
planning for the training of students from developing
countries, in developed states as well as the proper utilization
of their-skills in their home country etc.
5. PUSH FACTOR
• Under employment.
• Economic under development.
• Low wage/salary.
• political instability.
• Over production and under utilization or HQM.
• Lack of research and other facilities.
• Lack of freedom.
• Discrimination in appointment and promotion.
• Poor working facilities.
• Lack of scientific tradition and culture.
• Unsuitable institution.
• Desire for a better urban life.
• Desire for higher qualification and recognition.
• Lack of satisfactory working conditions
6. PULL FACTORS
• Better economic prospects.
• Higher salary and income
• Better level of living and way of
life.
• Better research facilities
• Modern educational system and
better opportunity for higher
qualifications.
• Prestige of foreign training.
• Intellectual freedom.
• Relative political stability.
• Presence of a rich.
• scientific and cultural tradition.
• Attraction of urban centre.
• Availability of
experience/supporting staff.
• Frequent chances of a lucky break
in life.
• Technological gap.
• Allocation of substantial funds
for research.
7. BRAIN DRAIN VS BRAIN GAIN
• A brain drain or human
capital flight is an
emigration of trained and
talented individuals to other
nations is called brain
drain. Brain drain can
occur either when
individuals who study
abroad and complete their
education do not return to
their home country, or
when individuals educated
in their home country
emigrate for higher wages
or better opportunities
• An opposite situation, in
which many trained and
talented individuals seek
entrance into a country, is
called a brain gain. While
simultaneously many
qualified immigrants were
coming to home country
from a number of different
nations. This phenomenon
is common in developed
countries where people
come from many nations
for higher studies & didn't
return back.
8. OVERVIEW
• India can become superpower but it depends on peoples
attitudes. if this brain drain is in the form of cycle i think
there would not be any problem if they assure to come back
to their own how country. may be the talents , work they used
in other country may saturate but the resources he has is
always remains .if he could apply the work in India there will
be a good future in India. so i request as per human rights
and liberty everyone has to move as they wish but they
should be think about their home country. so attitudes are
more important rather than the money, pride,etc.instead of
enjoying the fruits in other country why don't he enjoy in his
own land.
