The document discusses brain drain, which refers to the emigration of skilled professionals from one country to another for better opportunities. It defines brain drain and provides its history, characteristics, concept and magnitude. Some key points include: - Brain drain is the movement of skilled workers like engineers, doctors and scientists to countries with more favorable conditions. It can occur when foreign-educated individuals do not return home or when locals emigrate. - Major flows are from developing to developed nations. Push factors in home countries include low wages and lack of opportunities, while pulls are higher salaries, better facilities and economic prospects abroad. - Though remittances benefit origin countries, brain drain also results in human capital losses and shortages of

1. HRIDAY DAS
13110014
B. ARCH 3RD YEAR
BRAIN DRAIN

2. WHAT IS BRAIN DRAIN?
•The loss of skilled, intellectual and technical labour
through their movement to more favorable geographic,
economic, or professional environments.
•It can be simply defined as the mass emigration of
technically skilled people from one country to another
country.
•Brain-drain is also termed as “human capital flight”
because it resembles the case of capital flight.
•Brain drain can occur either when individuals who study
abroad and complete their education do not return to
their home country, or when individuals educated in their
home country emigrate for higher wages or better
opportunities.

3. HISTORY OF BRAIN DRAIN
• The term originated about 1960.
• Historically, the greatest brain drains have been from
rural to urban areas. In the 19th century and 20th
century there were notable emigrations to North
America from Europe, and in modern times, from
developing nations to developed nations, especially
after colonialism. Sometimes such drains have
occurred between developed countries.

4. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF BRAIN DRAIN
• There are numerous flows of skilled and trained persons
from developing to developed countries.
• In these flows engineers, medical personnel and scientists
usually tend to predominate.
• The migratory trends are stimulated both by the character
of national educational systems by lack and inadequate
planning for the training of students from developing
countries, in developed states as well as the proper
utilization of their-skills in their home country etc.

5. CONCEPT & MAGNITUDE OF BRAIN DRAIN
• Migration of people as a phenomenon differs from country to
country and from time to time.
• The phenomenon of migration of high quality manpower can
justify the use of the expression on the term “brain drain”.
• Brain drain in fact represents the transfer of resources spent
on imparting education and nurturing technical skills of the
drained brain in question by the parent country to the country
of the transfer.
• The main crux of the matter is that emigrants as they enter
developed countries are often in the most productive phase of
his professional life .

6. MAJOR PROBLEMS FACED BY INDIA DUE TO BRAIN DRAIN
• A shortage of skilled and competent people in India.
• A tremendous increase in wages of high-skill labours in India.
WHAT WE CAN DO ??
• We need to take higher education more seriously. The
conventional wisdom states that India has an excellent system
of higher education, and needs to do more on elementary
education.
• Ironically, one of the biggest hurdles in obtaining a sensible
system of higher education is low wages in academics.

7. PUSH FACTORS OF BRAIN DRAIN
• Under employment.
• Economic under development.
• Low wage/salary.
• political instability.
• Over production and under utilization.
• Lack of research and other facilities.
• Lack of freedom.
• Discrimination in appointment and promotion.
• Poor working facilities.
• Lack of scientific tradition and culture.
• Unsuitable institution.
• Desire for a better urban life.
• Desire for higher qualification and recognition.
• Better career expectation.
• Lack of satisfactory working conditions.

8. PULL FACTORS OF BRAIN DRAIN
• Better economic prospects.
• Higher salary and income.
• Better level of living and way of life.
• Better research facilities.
• Modern educational system and better opportunity for higher
qualifications.
• Prestige of foreign training.
• Intellectual freedom.
• Better working condition and better employment opportunities.
• Relative political stability.
• Presence of a rich, scientific and cultural tradition.
• Availability of experience/supporting staff.
• Technological gap.
• Allocation of substantial funds for research.

9. Individual's motives and experiences
Economic and professional
• a) suitable job
• b) income and living standard
• c) working conditions: facilities, autonomy,
career prospects, relations with superiors and with
co-workers.
Personal influence
• a) Spouse
• b) Feelings and interests of the children
• c) Family
• d) Friends
• e) Colleagues at work

10. Individual's motives and experiences
Living conditions in society
• a) where life is more interesting and more pleasant
• b) Discrimination by the public
Political situation
• a) Government controls
• b) Nationalist feelings of respondent

11. Brain drain vs brain gain
Brain drain :
• A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of
trained and talented individuals ("human capital") to other
nations is called brain drain.
• Brain drain can occur either when individuals who study
abroad and complete their education do not return to their
home country, or when individuals educated in their home
country emigrate for higher wages or better opportunities.
• This phenomenon is perhaps most problematic for developing
nations, where it is widespread. In these countries, higher
education and professional certification are often viewed as
the surest path to escape from a troubled economy or difficult
political situation.

12. Brain drain vs brain gain
Brain gain
• An opposite situation, in which many trained and talented
individuals seek entrance into a country, is called a brain gain.
• While simultaneously many qualified immigrants were coming to
home country from a number of different nations.
• This phenomenon is common in developed countries where people
come from many nations for higher studies & didn't return back.

13. Globalization and the brain drain
• The “brain drain” has been on our consciousness for over 50
years. India has steadily exported some of its brightest
youngsters. From the early 1960s onwards, a large fraction of
the graduating class at the IITs has left India. In earlier
decades, the big decisions that individuals made were at age
20 and at age 25. At age 20, a young person decided whether
he wanted to study abroad. At age 25, he decided whether he
wanted to return to India.
• “Globalization” has reduced the differences between countries,
so that the skills of a good doctor or a good futures trader or a
good economist are highly portable across the globe.

14. ADVANTAGES OF BRAIN DRAIN
• The money the emigrants have sent back home
has helped in alleviating poverty in their homes.
• It has resulted in less child labor, greater child
schooling, more hours worked in self
employment and a higher rate of people
starting capital intensive enterprises.
• Moreover, the money migrants sent back are
spent more in investments such as education,
health and housing, rather than on food and
other goods.

15. DISADVANTAGES
• Due to the influence of brain drain, the investment in higher
education is lost as the highly educated person leaves India
and becomes an asset to other country.
• Also, whatever social capital the individual has been a part of
is reduced by his or her departure.
• With all the college graduates leaving their homelands, it
raises the question as to whether their skills are being put to
good use in the destination country.
• The chances of Brain Waste are possible. In a similar way,
there is a shortage of skilled and competent people in India.
• A tremendous increase in wages of high-skill labour can be
seen now in India.

16. THANK YOU !!