2. Contents.
• Introduction
• History of Brain Drain.
• Brain Drain in Pakistan.
• Push Factors of Brain Drain.
• Pull Factors of Brain Drain.
• Brain Gain.
• Conclusion.
3. Introduction.
A brain drain or human capital flight
is an emigration of trained and
talented individuals ("human
capital") to other nations.
• Brain drain can occur either when
individuals who study abroad
and complete their education do not
return to their home country,
or when individuals educated in their
home country emigrate for
higher wages or better opportunities
4. What is Brain Drain?
• A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and
talented
individuals (human capital) to other nations .
• Brain drain can occur either when individuals who study abroad and
complete their education do not return to their home country, or
when individuals educated in their home country emigrate for higher
wages or better opportunities.
5. History of Brain Drain.
• The term is originated in 1960.
• In 1960, many British scientists
and intellectuals migrated to the
United States for a better
working climate.
• Its meaning has broadened into:
The departure of educated and
professional people from one
country to another.
6. Brain Drain In Pakistan
• It is reported that in 2017, 3.7 million Pakistanis had left the country
in the preceding five years to find better work opportunities. This is
an alarming condition as Pakistan is losing its human capital rapidly
which directly impacts the development of our economy.
• Majority of these were skilled worker, scientists, engineers and other
highly capable persons.
7. Countries with higher Brain Drain.
Countries Students going abroad (per year)
China 421000
India 153300
Republic of Korea 105300
Germany 77500
Japan 54500
8. Push factors of Brain Drain.
• Under employment.
• Low wage/salary.
• Poor working facilities.
• Lack of freedom.
• Lack of research and other facilities.
• Discrimination in promotion.
9. Major problems faced by Pakistan due to
Brain Drain.
• Less tax revenue from losing income tax.
• Decline in competitiveness.
• Loses potential entrepreneurs.
• It can lead to a shortage of key skilled workers.
• Reduces confidence in the economy; people aspire to leave rather
than stay.
• Non-economic costs.
• Lower growth.
10. Pull factors of Brain Drain.
• Better economic prospects.
• Higher salary and income.
• Better level of living and way of life.
• Prestige of foreign training.
• Better working condition and better employment opportunities.
• Technological gap.
• Allocation of substantial funds for research.
11. Brain Gain.
• An opposite situation, in
which many trained and
talented individuals seek
entrance into a country, is
called a brain gain.
• This phenomenon is common
in developed countries where
people come from many
nations for higher studies &
didn't return back.
12. Solution of Brain drain.
The following measures can be taken to solve the problem of brain
drain.
• Improved educational standard to reduce the number of people who
studies in developed nations.
• Government should promote industrialization.
• Improve working conditions.
• Increase foreign investments.
• Provision of maximum security.
