Brain drain is the migration of skilled professionals from low-income countries to developed nations, causing a loss of human capital and investment in education. This trend has historical roots and is propelled by factors like unemployment and poor living conditions in the home countries, while the host countries benefit from the influx of talented individuals without having to invest in their education. Solutions to mitigate brain drain include improving local living standards, political stability, and job opportunities to encourage skilled professionals to remain or return.

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Brain drain is an emigration of trained and
talented individuals to other countries.
It is the outflow of professional people
trained in low-income countries
(developing-Third World) to higher-income
countries (developed-advanced)
What is Brain DrainWhat is Brain Drain

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Evolution of brain drainEvolution of brain drain
Historically, brain drains have been from rural to urban
areas (from countryside to cities).
In the 19th
century and 20th
century there were great
migrations of brains from Europe to North America.
In modern times, there are migrations of brains from
developing nations (Asia, Africa, Latin America) to
developed nations (America, Europe, Australia).
Sometimes, migrations of brains is between developed
countries, especially in the areas of finance, software,
aerospace, healthcare and entertainment.
India is said to be presently undergoing brain drain. Can
you think of reasons why?

4. We must knowWe must know
INDIA
OUT OF EVERY 8 TALENTED PEOPLE
2 PEOPLE LEAVE THE COUNTRY FOR
PURSUE OPPORTUNITY IN OTHER
COUNTRIES
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MigrationMigration
Push /Supply Factors Pull/Demand Factors
Unemployment
Lower Wages
Poor Living Conditions
Poor Health and or Education
Service
Few Facilities
Natural Disasters
Civil Wars
Political Instability
More jobs
Higher wages
better Living Conditions
Lesser chance of natural disasters
Transit to target country
Political stability
Better health and education
Services
Better facilities

6. Poor Living ConditionsPoor Living Conditions
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7. Lower WagesLower Wages
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8. Poor Health and or EducationPoor Health and or Education
ServiceService
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9. Few FacilitiesFew Facilities
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Why is brain drain critical?Why is brain drain critical?
Talented, trained, and professional people are
considered human capital.
Brain drain involves flight of human capital
from one country to another. Therefore, skilled
professionals are prepared in one country but are
invested in another country.
Investment in higher education is lost when
trained people leave their countries to work and
live in another country, and usually not
return.

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We must knowWe must know
USA
In 2009 the US government announced it was
raising the annual number of work visas
granted to highly skilled professionals from
foreign countries, from 115,000 to 835,000 per
year, until 2011

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Who is impacted by brain drain?Who is impacted by brain drain?
Brain drain has impact on:
1. The migrants: individuals and their families benefit
economically and professionally by living in rich and
more advanced countries.
2. The countries they leave: these are said to lose
because they lose part of their human capital and
investment.
3. The countries they join: these are said to gain because
they get qualified and talented human capitals without
having to pay for their education and training.

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We must knowWe must know
UK
In 2009 the British government started a £20
million, five year research program that aimed
at drawing the return of the UK’s leading
professionals

14. Classification ofClassification of BrainBrain MigrationMigration
a) Brain over flow.
b) Brain export.
c) Brain drain.
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Brain over flow
♦ Due to the over production or low rate of utilization of brain,
some of the brains may remain wholly unabsorbed/ surplus because of
effective demand/excess supply at home, such brain spill over and get
absorbed in a foreign market. Brain migration of this type is called
brain overflow
Brain export
♦ Brain migration may take the form of brain export by the
sending country. The brain exporting country receives in exchange
for brain, remittances continuously over a number of years. The
payment may be spread over a number of years in the form of
remittance of tax, it mat be a once-for ever lump sum exit tax.

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Brain Drain
It is one way permanent migration of skilled people mostly from
LDCs to DCs. The manpower involved as brain drain is usually
under utilised in the home country.
♦The surplus/unutilized brain power may arise due to
(i) over production,
(ii) low employment generation
(iii) non-availability of suitable job where brain may be
optimally utilized
(iv) existing brain power lacking in experience/competence
for the available jobs requiring a fairly high standard of
efficiency, excellence and training.

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Different sides of brain drainDifferent sides of brain drain
Brain drain involves other sides:
1. Brain gain: the movement of trained and
talented individuals into a country (brain drain
for a country and brain gain for another!!)
Western industrial countries gain when qualified
individuals from developing countries go to
them.
2. Brain exchange: is a situation in which many
qualified and highly-skilled individuals move
out of the country, and at the same time many
qualified and highly-skilled individuals move
into the country (the case of Canada)

18. Solution to brain drain preventionSolution to brain drain prevention
Govt. should promote industrialization
Govt. should take steps to encourage brain
gain.
Colleges & Schools must provide proper
carrier guidance to the students.
Increase the standards of health services,
education, better living conditions, political
stability etc.
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We must knowWe must know
Approximately 80% of all Indians live on the
equivalent of less than $2 a day.
OUR INDIA
100 million farmers own NO land.
India produces about 100,000 new engineers a year.
About 3 times the number of the U.S.
40% of farm produce goes to waste as a result of
poor transportation

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MID DAY MEAL IN
DELHI

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THANKS
&
HAVE A GOOD
DAY