This document discusses the booting process of a computer system. It begins with an overview of why booting is required, as the hardware does not know where the operating system is located or how to load it. A bootstrap loader, such as the BIOS, is needed to locate and load the kernel into memory. The document then describes the specific steps of the booting process, including how the BIOS performs tasks like running diagnostics and loading devices. It provides examples of boot loaders like GRUB and discusses booting from ROM versus RAM. In closing, it addresses questions about installing multiple operating systems and the performance differences between ROM and RAM.
This PPT shares some information on what is booting process and different stages in it. Importance of BIOS and BootROM. Steps involved for loading kernel into RAM. What is the importance of init RAM disk (initrd), when 1st user space application is started and who will create init process.
Contents
What is booting ?
Diagram of booting process.
What is post ?
About boot loader .
BSL (boot strap loader).
MBR ( Master boot record ).
Booting files.
About win boot loader .
Types of booting.
• Booting :- Booting is a process which helps the to get desktop after power on.
• After power on the pc , which process occurs for get a desktop .
This PPT shares some information on what is booting process and different stages in it. Importance of BIOS and BootROM. Steps involved for loading kernel into RAM. What is the importance of init RAM disk (initrd), when 1st user space application is started and who will create init process.
Contents
What is booting ?
Diagram of booting process.
What is post ?
About boot loader .
BSL (boot strap loader).
MBR ( Master boot record ).
Booting files.
About win boot loader .
Types of booting.
• Booting :- Booting is a process which helps the to get desktop after power on.
• After power on the pc , which process occurs for get a desktop .
Computer Application- Booting and Start-up Sequence
,booting and start-up sequence ,computer application ,booting required ,boot process occurs ,bios interaction ,bios setup ,tasks performed at boot up ,booting and rom ,secondary boot loaders ,grub loader ,dos
Computer Application- Booting and Start-up Sequence
,booting and start-up sequence ,computer application ,booting required ,boot process occurs ,bios interaction ,bios setup ,tasks performed at boot up ,booting and rom ,secondary boot loaders ,grub loader ,dos
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
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adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
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1. 18th August, 200518th August, 2005 CS431 Course PresentationCS431 Course Presentation 11
Booting of aBooting of a
Computer SystemComputer System
Harpreet SinghHarpreet Singh
2. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 2
Why is Booting Required ?Why is Booting Required ?
► Hardware doesn’t know where the operatingHardware doesn’t know where the operating
system resides and how to load it.system resides and how to load it.
► Need a special program to do this job –Need a special program to do this job – BootstrapBootstrap
loader.loader.
E.g. BIOS – Boot Input Output System.E.g. BIOS – Boot Input Output System.
► Bootstrap loader locates the kernel, loads it intoBootstrap loader locates the kernel, loads it into
main memory and starts its execution.main memory and starts its execution.
► In some systems, a simple bootstrap loaderIn some systems, a simple bootstrap loader
fetches a more complex boot program from disk,fetches a more complex boot program from disk,
which in turn loads the kernel.which in turn loads the kernel.
3. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 3
How Boot process occurs ?How Boot process occurs ?
►Reset event on CPU (power up, reboot)Reset event on CPU (power up, reboot)
causes instruction register to be loaded withcauses instruction register to be loaded with
a predefined memory location. It contains aa predefined memory location. It contains a
jump instruction that transfers execution tojump instruction that transfers execution to
the location of Bootstrap program.the location of Bootstrap program.
►This program is form of ROM, since RAM isThis program is form of ROM, since RAM is
in unknown state at system startup. ROM isin unknown state at system startup. ROM is
convenient as it needs no initialization andconvenient as it needs no initialization and
can’t be affected by virus.can’t be affected by virus.
5. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 5
Tasks performed at boot upTasks performed at boot up
► Run diagnostics to determine the state ofRun diagnostics to determine the state of
machine. If diagnostics pass, booting continues.machine. If diagnostics pass, booting continues.
► Runs aRuns a Power-On Self TestPower-On Self Test ((POSTPOST) to check the) to check the
devices that the computer will rely on, aredevices that the computer will rely on, are
functioning.functioning.
► BIOS goes through a preconfigured list of devicesBIOS goes through a preconfigured list of devices
until it finds one that is bootable. If it finds no suchuntil it finds one that is bootable. If it finds no such
device, an error is given and the boot processdevice, an error is given and the boot process
stops.stops.
► Initializes CPU registers, device controllers andInitializes CPU registers, device controllers and
contents of the main memory. After this, it loadscontents of the main memory. After this, it loads
the OS.the OS.
8. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 8
Tasks performed at boot up (Contd)Tasks performed at boot up (Contd)
► On finding a bootable device, the BIOS loads andOn finding a bootable device, the BIOS loads and
executes itsexecutes its boot sectorboot sector. In the case of a hard. In the case of a hard
drive, this is referred to as thedrive, this is referred to as the master boot recordmaster boot record
((MBRMBR) and is often not OS specific.) and is often not OS specific.
► The MBR code checks theThe MBR code checks the partition tablepartition table for anfor an
active partition. If one is found, the MBR codeactive partition. If one is found, the MBR code
loads that partition'sloads that partition's boot sectorboot sector and executes it.and executes it.
► The boot sector is oftenThe boot sector is often operating systemoperating system specific,specific,
however in most operating systems its mainhowever in most operating systems its main
function is to load and execute afunction is to load and execute a kernelkernel, which, which
continues startup.continues startup.
9. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 9
Secondary Boot LoadersSecondary Boot Loaders
► If there is no active partition or the active partition'sIf there is no active partition or the active partition's
boot sector is invalid, the MBR may load aboot sector is invalid, the MBR may load a
secondary boot loader and pass control to it andsecondary boot loader and pass control to it and
this secondary boot loader will select a partitionthis secondary boot loader will select a partition
(often via user input) and load its boot sector.(often via user input) and load its boot sector.
► Examples of secondary boot loadersExamples of secondary boot loaders
GRUB – GRand Unified BootloaderGRUB – GRand Unified Bootloader
LILO – LInux LOaderLILO – LInux LOader
NTLDR – NT LoaderNTLDR – NT Loader
11. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 11
Booting and ROMBooting and ROM
►System such as cellular phones, PDAs andSystem such as cellular phones, PDAs and
game consoles stores entire OS on ROM.game consoles stores entire OS on ROM.
Done only for small OS, simple supportingDone only for small OS, simple supporting
hardware, and rugged operation.hardware, and rugged operation.
►Changing bootstrap code would requireChanging bootstrap code would require
changing ROM chips.changing ROM chips.
EPROM – Erasable Programmable ROM.EPROM – Erasable Programmable ROM.
►Code execution in ROM is slower. Copied toCode execution in ROM is slower. Copied to
RAM for faster execution.RAM for faster execution.
12. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 12
Example : DOSExample : DOS
► After identifying the location of boot files, BIOS looks at the first sectorAfter identifying the location of boot files, BIOS looks at the first sector
(512 bytes) and copies information to specific location in RAM (7C00H)(512 bytes) and copies information to specific location in RAM (7C00H)
-- Boot RecordBoot Record..
► Control passes from BIOS to a program residing in the boot record.Control passes from BIOS to a program residing in the boot record.
► Boot record loads the initial system file into RAM. For DOS, it isBoot record loads the initial system file into RAM. For DOS, it is
IO.SYS .IO.SYS .
► The initial file, IO.SYS includes a file called SYSINIT which loads theThe initial file, IO.SYS includes a file called SYSINIT which loads the
remaining OS into the RAM.remaining OS into the RAM.
► SYSINIT loads a system file MSDOS.SYS that knows how to work withSYSINIT loads a system file MSDOS.SYS that knows how to work with
BIOS.BIOS.
► One of the first OS files that is loaded is the system configuration file,One of the first OS files that is loaded is the system configuration file,
CONFIG.SYS in case of DOS. Information in the configuration file tellsCONFIG.SYS in case of DOS. Information in the configuration file tells
loading program which OS files need to be loaded (e.g. drivers)loading program which OS files need to be loaded (e.g. drivers)
► Another special file that is loaded is one which tells what specificAnother special file that is loaded is one which tells what specific
applications or commands user wants to be performed as part ofapplications or commands user wants to be performed as part of
booting process. In DOS, it is AUTOEXEC.BAT. In Windows, it’sbooting process. In DOS, it is AUTOEXEC.BAT. In Windows, it’s
WIN.INI .WIN.INI .
13. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 13
ReferencesReferences
►Operating System Principles – Silberchatz,Operating System Principles – Silberchatz,
Galvin and Gagne.Galvin and Gagne.
► http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting
► http://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios2.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios2.htm
14. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 14
QuestionsQuestions
► What is the effect on boot sector and boot loader when you install twoWhat is the effect on boot sector and boot loader when you install two
OS, for e.g. Windows and Linux in two separate partitions ?OS, for e.g. Windows and Linux in two separate partitions ?
► Suppose, you install Windows first. The default boot loader installed inSuppose, you install Windows first. The default boot loader installed in
MBR is NTLDR and contains information regarding the active partitionMBR is NTLDR and contains information regarding the active partition
of Windows. When you install Linux on this system, the installationof Windows. When you install Linux on this system, the installation
prompts to overwrite a new secondary boot loader which identifies bothprompts to overwrite a new secondary boot loader which identifies both
Windows and Linux active partitions and therefore we get a choice ofWindows and Linux active partitions and therefore we get a choice of
booting the desired OS when the system is started.booting the desired OS when the system is started.
In contrast, if Linux is installed first and then Windows, theIn contrast, if Linux is installed first and then Windows, the
Windows Installer overwrites the MBR with its own boot loader whichWindows Installer overwrites the MBR with its own boot loader which
doesn’t recognize the Linux active partition. This creates a problem.doesn’t recognize the Linux active partition. This creates a problem.
The problem can be corrected by using a LiveCD or any bootable discThe problem can be corrected by using a LiveCD or any bootable disc
which can be used to reinstall a secondary boot loader which identifieswhich can be used to reinstall a secondary boot loader which identifies
both the OS and gives true choice.both the OS and gives true choice.
15. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 15
QuestionsQuestions
► (1) Why is ROM slower than RAM ?(1) Why is ROM slower than RAM ?
(2) How is the boot loader copied from ROM to RAM ?(2) How is the boot loader copied from ROM to RAM ?
► (1)(1) Semi-conductor Technology used in constructing theseSemi-conductor Technology used in constructing these
two type of memories gives the answer. RAM is based ontwo type of memories gives the answer. RAM is based on
positive feedback/capacitive charge for storing thepositive feedback/capacitive charge for storing the
information while ROM contains permanent and non-information while ROM contains permanent and non-
changeable information stored in its structure.changeable information stored in its structure.
(2) There is a small routine loaded by the BIOS which does(2) There is a small routine loaded by the BIOS which does
this task. This routine could also be part of BIOS (thoughthis task. This routine could also be part of BIOS (though
not sure).not sure).
16. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 16
QuestionsQuestions
► Examples of Applications that access the BIOSExamples of Applications that access the BIOS
directly.directly.
► Windows Server 2003 SP1 versions of theWindows Server 2003 SP1 versions of the
Windows Preinstallation Environment (WinPE) -Windows Preinstallation Environment (WinPE) -
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/winhttp://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/win
dowsserver2003/library/BookofSP1/e0f862a3-dowsserver2003/library/BookofSP1/e0f862a3-
cf16-4a48-bea5-f2004d12ce35.mspxcf16-4a48-bea5-f2004d12ce35.mspx
► The operating system and application programsThe operating system and application programs
both directly access BIOS routines to provideboth directly access BIOS routines to provide
better compatibility for such functions as screenbetter compatibility for such functions as screen
display.display.
17. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 17
QuestionsQuestions
► If I have only a single OS, is there a secondary boot loaderIf I have only a single OS, is there a secondary boot loader
present on the system ?present on the system ?
► Older machines might not have this feature. But now-a-Older machines might not have this feature. But now-a-
days, even Windows is installed with a default secondarydays, even Windows is installed with a default secondary
boot loader (NTLDR). Linux is also installed usually withboot loader (NTLDR). Linux is also installed usually with
LILO or GRUB as the default boot loader.LILO or GRUB as the default boot loader.
You might have also encountered that your systemYou might have also encountered that your system
(Windows) is not able to boot after flashing the BIOS and is(Windows) is not able to boot after flashing the BIOS and is
displaying the message “NTLDR missing”. This is becausedisplaying the message “NTLDR missing”. This is because
the primary boot loader transfer to NTLDR which mightthe primary boot loader transfer to NTLDR which might
have become corrupt or deleted by mistake.have become corrupt or deleted by mistake.
18. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 18
QuestionsQuestions
► Difference between Boot Loader and BootDifference between Boot Loader and Boot
Manager ?Manager ?
► Basically, these two are different but areBasically, these two are different but are
sometimes combined into a single program.sometimes combined into a single program.
► IBM's Boot Manager, PowerQuest's BootMagicIBM's Boot Manager, PowerQuest's BootMagic
and V Communications' System Commander areand V Communications' System Commander are
some examples of boot managers.some examples of boot managers.
► Dual bootingDual booting is the act of installing multipleis the act of installing multiple
operating systemsoperating systems on aon a computercomputer, and being able, and being able
to choose which one toto choose which one to bootboot when switching onwhen switching on
the computer. The program, which makes dualthe computer. The program, which makes dual
booting possible is called abooting possible is called a boot loaderboot loader..
19. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 19
InformationInformation
► Dual BootDual Boot
► In theIn the OS/2OS/2 world, the termworld, the term dual bootdual boot has a more specific meaning.has a more specific meaning.
► In aIn a dual bootdual boot installation, two (or more)installation, two (or more) operating systemsoperating systems areare
installed in ainstalled in a singlesingle partitionpartition. Selection of which operating system to. Selection of which operating system to
boot is performed by running aboot is performed by running a dual bootdual boot utility program, whichutility program, which
switches around the necessaryswitches around the necessary boot loadersboot loaders programs (by renamingprograms (by renaming
files and copyingfiles and copying boot sectorsboot sectors) to ensure that the chosen operating) to ensure that the chosen operating
system is loaded at the next boot.system is loaded at the next boot.
► In aIn a boot managerboot manager installation, by contrast, the two (or more)installation, by contrast, the two (or more)
operating systemsoperating systems are installed in their own, separate, individual,are installed in their own, separate, individual,
partitionspartitions. Rather than booting directly into an operating system, the. Rather than booting directly into an operating system, the
machine boots into a specialised,machine boots into a specialised, operating systemoperating system neutral,neutral,
boot loaderboot loader program (such as IBM's eponymousprogram (such as IBM's eponymous Boot ManagerBoot Manager))
installed on a floppy disk or in its owninstalled on a floppy disk or in its own partitionpartition on a hard disk. Thison a hard disk. This
boot loader program presents a list of the available bootableboot loader program presents a list of the available bootable partitionspartitions
from which the user can choose, and then loads and invokes the bootfrom which the user can choose, and then loads and invokes the boot
loader in the boot sector of the chosen partition, to boot the chosenloader in the boot sector of the chosen partition, to boot the chosen
operating system.operating system.
20. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 20
InformationInformation
► When installing an OS on a computer from scratch, here is how the partitionWhen installing an OS on a computer from scratch, here is how the partition
table is created.table is created.
► The hard disk is denoted as “hda” where hd=hard disk, and the third letterThe hard disk is denoted as “hda” where hd=hard disk, and the third letter
could mean the hard-disk on the system. For e.g. the first hard disk is “hda”,could mean the hard-disk on the system. For e.g. the first hard disk is “hda”,
the second is “hdb”.the second is “hdb”.
► When the partitioning is done, “hda0” is the place of MBR. “hda1” is the primaryWhen the partitioning is done, “hda0” is the place of MBR. “hda1” is the primary
partition. Then a secondary partition may be created which is further subdividedpartition. Then a secondary partition may be created which is further subdivided
into logical drives. Another OS could be installed on any of these logical drives.into logical drives. Another OS could be installed on any of these logical drives.
► hda0 – MBRhda0 – MBR
hda1 – Primary Partition e.g. Windows XPhda1 – Primary Partition e.g. Windows XP
hda2 – Secondary Partitionhda2 – Secondary Partition
hda3 – Logical Drive 1 (FAT32 or NTFS partition)hda3 – Logical Drive 1 (FAT32 or NTFS partition)
hda4 – Logical Drive 2 (FAT32 or NTFS partition)hda4 – Logical Drive 2 (FAT32 or NTFS partition)
hda5 – Logical Drive 3 (Swap for Linux Partition)hda5 – Logical Drive 3 (Swap for Linux Partition)
hda6 – Logical Drive 4 (Root for Linux Partition)hda6 – Logical Drive 4 (Root for Linux Partition)
The above example is a simple example. Specific cases can be different.The above example is a simple example. Specific cases can be different.
21. 18th August, 2005 CS431 Course Presentation 21
InformationInformation
► When the kernel is being loaded, the control is inWhen the kernel is being loaded, the control is in
the privileged mode. If the user is allowed to loginthe privileged mode. If the user is allowed to login
in the same mode, any user will be “root” orin the same mode, any user will be “root” or
“administrator” (super-user). When the booting is“administrator” (super-user). When the booting is
almost complete, which is with the privileged right.almost complete, which is with the privileged right.
But this login program, after verifying yourBut this login program, after verifying your
password, gives you a shell by creating anotherpassword, gives you a shell by creating another
process which intentionally drops the super-userprocess which intentionally drops the super-user
privileges and assume the privileges of this user.privileges and assume the privileges of this user.
Login program is trusted by the kernel. If that isLogin program is trusted by the kernel. If that is
hacked or replaced, you can get a root shell fromhacked or replaced, you can get a root shell from
any login.any login.