Differentiated cells develop specific structures and functions. The body contains four primary tissue types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line body surfaces and cavities. They are classified by the number of cell layers and shape of cells. Connective tissues bind other tissues together and include bone, cartilage, dense fibrous tissues, adipose tissue, and blood. Muscle tissues contract to produce movement and include skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and nerve support cells that send signals throughout the body.

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DIFFERENTIATION
 Differentiation is the process by which an unspecialized
cell (such as a fertilized egg cell), divides many times to
produce specialized cells that work together and make up
the body.
 Every cell in the body was originated from a single
fertilized egg, the zygote, that divides many times to
produce an embryo.
 Embryonic cells differentiate into many different cell types
(250), from a new-born baby to an elderly adult.
 A differentiated cell will develop specific structures and
perform certain functions.

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Body Tissues
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Four primary types
 Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue

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Body Tissues

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Body Tissues
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Four primary types
 Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue

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Epithelial Tissues
 Locations
 Body coverings
 Glandular tissue
 Functions
 Protection
 Absorption
 Filtration
 Secretion

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Epithelium Characteristics
 Cells fit closely together and often form
sheets
 Regenerate easily if well nourished

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Epithelium Characteristics
Figure 3.17a

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Classification of Epithelia
 Number of cell layers
 Simple—one layer
 Stratified—more
than one layer
Figure 3.17a

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Classification of Epithelia
 Shape of cells
 Squamous
 flattened
 Cuboidal
 cube-
shaped
 Columnar
 column-like
Figure 3.17b

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Simple Epithelia
 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat cells (much wider than they are thick).
(The thinnest tissue of the body).
 Usually forms membranes
 Lines body cavities, lungs and capillaries

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Simple Squamous Epithelia
Figure 3.18a
 Allows transport across membranes in lungs and capillaries,
secretes fluid in serous membranes (pericardial and pleural),
covers organs…

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Simple Epithelia
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of cube-like cells
 Common in exocrine glands and their ducts
 Forms walls of kidney tubules and covers the
ovaries

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelia
Figure 3.18b

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Simple Epithelia
 Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall cells
 Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells
or microvilli at surface for absortion.
 Lines digestive tract.

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Simple Columnar Epithelia
Figure 3.18c

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Simple Epithelia
 Pseudostratified columnar
 Single layer, but some cells are shorter than
others. It often looks like a double layer of
cells
 Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory
tract
 May function in absorption or secretion

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Simple Pseudostratified Epithelia
Figure 3.18d

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Stratified Epithelia
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the apical surface are flattened
 Found as a protective covering where friction
is common
 Locations
 Skin
 Mouth
 Esophagus

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Stratified Squamous Epithelia
Figure 3.18e

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Glandular Epithelium
 Gland
 One or more cells responsible for secreting a
particular product

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Glandular Epithelium
 Two major gland types
 Endocrine gland
 Ductless secretions diffuse into blood
vessels
 All secretions are hormones
 Exocrine gland
 Secretions empty through ducts to the
epithelial surface
 Include sweat and oil glands

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Glandular Epithelium

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Body Tissues
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Four primary types
 Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue

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Connective Tissue
 Found everywhere in the body
 Functions
 Binds body tissues together
 Supports the body
 Provides protection
 Cells widely separated from each other in a matrix.
 Extracellular matrix: Non-living material that
surrounds living cells and is produced by them.

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Extracellular Matrix
 Two main elements
 Ground substance (mostly water with proteins
and polysaccharides)
 Fibers
 Produced by the cells
 Three types
 Collagen (white) fibers
 Elastic (yellow) fibers
 Reticular fibers

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Connective Tissue Types
 Bone (osseous tissue)
 Cartilage
 Dense connective tissue
 Loose (Areaolar) Connective Tissue:
 Areaolar
 Adipose
 Reticular
 Blood

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Connective Tissue Types
 Bone (osseous tissue)
 Composed of
 Bone cells (osteocytes) in lacunae
(cavities)
 Hard matrix of calcium salts
 Used to protect and support the body

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19a

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Connective Tissue Types
 Cartilage
 Composed of
 Abundant collagen fibers and elastic
fibers
 Rubbery matrix
 Chondrocytes
 Locations
 Larynx, fetal skeleton, cushion-like discs
between vertebrae, bronchi, nose, ears…

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19b

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Connective Tissue Types
 Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
 Main matrix element is collagen fiber
 Locations
 Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone
 Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints
 Dermis—lower layers of the skin

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19d

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Connective Tissue Types
 Loose connective tissue types
 Adipose tissue
 Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat
globules predominate
 Many cells (adipocytes) contain large lipid
deposits
 Functions
 Insulates the body
 Protects some organs
 Serves as a site of fuel storage

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19f

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Connective Tissue Types
 Blood (vascular tissue)
 Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called
blood plasma
 Fibers are visible during clotting
 Functions as the transport vehicle for
materials
 Formed elements
– ErythrocytesErythrocytes –red blood cells
– LeukocytesLeukocytes –white blood cells
– PlateletsPlatelets -blood clotting

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19h

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Body Tissues
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Four primary types
 Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue

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Muscle Tissue
 Function is to produce movement
 Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle

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Muscle Tissue Types
 Skeletal muscle
 Under voluntary control
 Contracts to pull on bones or skin
 Produces gross body movements or facial
expressions
 Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells
 Striated
 Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
 Long, cylindrical (each cell is the length of
the muscle)

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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20a

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Muscle Tissue Types
 Cardiac muscle
 Under involuntary control
 Found only in the heart
 Function is to pump blood
 Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
 Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle
cells at intercalated disks
 Striated
 One nucleus per cell

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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20b

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Muscle Tissue Types
 Smooth muscle
 Under involuntary muscle
 Found in walls of hollow organs such as
stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
 Characteristics of smooth muscle cells
 No visible striations
 One nucleus per cell
 Spindle-shaped cells

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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20c

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Body Tissues
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Four primary types
 Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue

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Nervous Tissue
 Composed of neurons and nerve support cells
 Sends impulses to other areas of the body
 Irritability
 Conductivity
 Neurons and glial cells

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Nervous Tissue
Figure 3.21