This document summarizes the five fundamental types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous, and hemopoietic tissue. It provides detailed descriptions of each type of tissue, including their composition, characteristics, functions, and classifications. Epithelial tissues form protective boundaries and include membrane and glandular epithelia. Connective tissues connect and support other tissues and include loose connective, adipose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood. Muscle tissues are capable of contraction and include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Nervous tissues form the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Hemopoietic tissue produces blood cells.

1. FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF
TISSUES
CHONA ARAGA, M.D.

2. Fundamental Types of
Tissues
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscular Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
5. Hemopoietic Tissue

4. I. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
COMPOSITION:
 A. EPITHELIAL CELLS
 B. EXTRA/INTERCELLULAR
SUBSTANCE

5. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CHARACTERISTICS:
- consists of continuous cells in apposition
over a large portion of their surface
-cells rest on a continuous extracellular
layer,called the basal lamina
- absence of blood vessels among the cells
(avascularity)
- cells are arranged in sheets or layers

6. FUNCTIONS
1. forms a boundary layer that controls
the movement of substances
between the external and internal
environment
2. may be specialized for absorption and
secretion
3. may bear motile cilia to move a film of
fluid or mucus over its surface
4. on the exterior of the body, resists abrasion

7. CLASSIFICATION
1. FUNDAMENTAL TYPE – EPITHELIAL
2. Forms of Epithelial Tissues
I. Membrane Epithelium
- those lining the body surface cavities or coverings.
II. Glandular Epithelium
=- specialized to synthesize specific products.
- contains extensive rough endoplasmic

8. MEMBRANE EPITHELIUM
CLASSIFICATION
SUBTYPE:
A. According to the number of cell layers.
1.. Simple – made up of only one layer of cells.
2. Pseudostratified – made up of a single layer of
cells but appears to have multiple layers because
of the various locations of the nuclei.
- mostly columnar.
3. Stratified – with several layers of cells and made
up of a distinct shape of cells on the most
superficial layer.
4. Transitional – with several layers of cells but the
thickness of the layer varies depending of the functional
status of the organ.

10.  According
to the presence of cell
surface specializations.
1. cilia
2. microvillus / microvilli
a. brush border
b. striated borders
c. stereocilia
3. keratin

11. Classification:
B. According to the shape of the cells
predominating of the most superficial
surface.
1. Squamous – cells are flat or
plate-like.
2. Cuboidal – polygonal and are
about as tall as they are
wide.
3. Columnar – polygonal and are
taller than they are wide.

12. SQUAMOUS

13. CUBOIDAL

14. COLUMNAR

15. A.2 SPECIFIC SUBTYPES
 A. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
3. A. Simple squamous epithelium
endothelium,mesothelium, parietal layer
of Bowmanns capsule,pulmonary alveoli

16. Simple Squamous

17. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

18. Simple Cuboidal
 Thyroid follicles, germinal epith of
ovary, ducts of many glands

19. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

20. Simple Columnar- non ciliated
 Lining of GIT and gallbladder

21. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

22. Simple Columnar Ciliated
 Lining of the uterus and fallopian tubes

23. Stratified Squamous Non keratinized
 Lining of the oral cavity, esophagus ,vagina

25. Stratified Squamous keratinized
 Epidermis

26. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

27. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

28. Pseudostratified Columnar
non-ciliated
 Lining of the ducts of male reproductive and
accessory reproductive organs

29. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
LINING OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

30. TRANSITIONAL

31. II. Glandular Epithelium
Classification Principles:
A. Based on the presence or absence of ducts
1. endocrine gland- ductless
2. exocrine- with ducts
B. According to the number of cells that make up a gland:
1. Unicellular – made up of single cell. e.g.
goblet cells
2. Multicellular – many cells make up a gland.
e.g. salivary glands

32.  C. According to the type of secretions:
1. Purely Serous – secretes a thin and
watery product
e.g. parotid glands
2. Purely Mucus – thick and viscid
product e.g. goblet cells
3. Muco-serous (Mixed) –
submandibular glands
(predominantly serous)
sublingual glands (predominantly mucus)
4. Cytogenic – produces cells as in the
testis and ovaries

33. D. According to mode of secretion:
1. Merocrine – no destruction of
the secretory cells
e.g. eccrine sweat glands
2. Apocrine – there is partial
destruction of secretory cells
e.g. mammary glands, apocrine
sweat glands of the
axillary areas or groin areas

34. 1. Holocrine – there is total
destruction of secretory cells
e.g. sebaceous glands

36. E. According to morphology
1. Tubular
a. simple tubular – e.g. intestinal
crypts of Lieberkuhn
b. simple coiled tubular – e.g. eccrine
sweat glands of the skin
c. simple branched tubular – e.g.
fundic glands of the stomach
d. compound tubular – e.g. liver, testis

37. 1. Alveolar / Acinar / Saccular
a. simple alveolar –
e.g. sebaceous gland
b. simple branched alveolar –
e.g. sebaceous gland
c. compound alveolar – mammary gland
3. Tubulo-Acinar / Mixed / Racemose
a. compound tubulo-acinar –
e.g. salivary glands

40. II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Characterized by large amounts of
extracellular materials that separate
cells from one another
 Components of Extracellular Matrix
 1. Protein fiber
 a. Collagen
 b. Reticular
 C. Elastic

41. 2. Ground Substance
-is the shapeless background
against which cells and collagen
fibers are seen in the light
microscope. An important
component is proteoglycans made
up of protein and polysaccharide
3. Fluid

42. FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
 1. Enclosing and separating tissues
 2. Connecting tissues to one another
 3. Supporting and moving
 4. Storing energy
 5. Cushioning and insulating
 6. Transporting
 7. Protecting

43. CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 1. LOOSE OR AREOLAR
- consists of collagen and elastic fiber
- most common cells found are fibroblast
- Fibroblasts, are responsible for the
production of the fibers of the matrix.
2. ADIPOSE
-consists of collagen and elastictissue but
is not a typical connective tissue
- adipose cells are filled with lipids and function
to store energy
- it also acts as a pad and thermal insulator

44. LOOSE OR AREOLAR

45. ADIPOSE

46. 3. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- consists of densely packed fibers
Two types:
1. Dense Collagenous – has
extracellular matrix consisting
mostly of collagen fibers
e.g. tendons, ligaments, dermis and
capsule

47. DENSE COLLAGENOUS

48. 2. Dense Elastic – has abundant
elastic fibers among collagen fibers.
e.g. vocal cords
walls of large arteries
elastic ligaments

49. DENSE ELASTIC

50. Cartilage = is composed of cartilage
cells or chondrocytes
Types:
a. Hyaline – most abundant of the
cartilages and it covers bones,
forms joints, costal cartilages
that attach ribs to sternum

51. HYALINE

52. b. Fibrocartilage – has more
collagen than does hyaline
cartilage. It is found in
the disks between
vertebrae and
some joints

53. FIBROCARTILAGE

54. c. Elastic – contains elastic
fibers that appear as coiled
fibers among bundles of
collagen fibers.
e.g. external ear, epiglottis and
auditory tube

55. ELASTIC

56. BONE - is a hard
connective tissue that
consists of living cell and a
mineralized matrix
- osteocytes are located within the
spaces in the matrix called lacunae
2 types:
a. Compact
b. Cancellous

57. BLOOD
 Is unique because the matrix is
liquid, enabling blood cells to move
through blood vessels

58. MUSCLE TISSUE
 - main characteristic is its ability to
contract or shorten
 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
D. SKELETAL
E. CARDIAC
F. SMOOTH

59. IV. NERVOUS TISSUE
 - forms the brain, spinal cord and
nerves
 - contains very important cells
which are neurons and neuroglia

60. He who follows
righteousness and mercy
finds life, righteousness
and honor
Proverbs 21:21