This document summarizes various microbial diseases that can affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It discusses topics like sepsis, bacterial infections of the heart, rheumatic fever, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, biological weapons, gangrene, animal bites and scratches, plague, relapsing fever, Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, typhus, spotted fevers, viral infections caused by herpes viruses and cytomegalovirus, viral hemorrhagic fevers, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, malaria, and other protozoan infections. Diagrams are provided to illustrate concepts like the tick life cycle, stages of malaria infection, and Plasmodium fal
The document summarizes various microbial diseases that affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It describes diseases like sepsis, bacterial infections of the heart, rheumatic fever, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, gangrene, animal bites and more. For each disease, it discusses the causative pathogen, symptoms, transmission route, treatment and sometimes includes relevant diagrams.
The document summarizes several microbial diseases that affect the cardiovascular, lymphatic, and respiratory systems. It describes various bacteria and viruses that can cause infections like sepsis, endocarditis, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and more. For each disease, it discusses the causative agent, symptoms, treatment, and other relevant details.
The document discusses Bartonella species, which are small Gram-negative bacteria transmitted by arthropods that can infect mammals. It provides details on several human pathogenic Bartonella species, including B. bacilliformis which causes Oroya fever, B. quintana which causes trench fever, and B. henselae which causes cat scratch disease. The document also examines the clinical manifestations, reservoirs, vectors, methods of transmission, diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by different Bartonella species.
The document discusses the life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of Theileria, a protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks that infects lymphocytes and red blood cells in cattle. Theileria hijacks the cell division and growth control mechanisms of lymphocytes, causing uncontrolled proliferation that transforms the cells and leads to pathology similar to lymphoma. Effective control methods include tick control, drug treatments like buparvaquone and parvaquone, and vaccination to control East Coast fever in endemic areas.
Theileriosis Presented by Ahmed Abdulkadir Hassan
4th year student, college of veterinary medicine,
University of Bahri.
kadle010@gmail.com
khartoum, Sudan.
This document provides information about bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia. It affects cattle and is transmitted by ticks. The most important species are B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, jaundice, and red urine. Severe cases can cause death. Diagnosis involves finding the parasites on blood smears. Control relies on tick control, vaccination, and treatment of infected cattle. Babesiosis can also infect humans in some areas.
12 bio265 disease of circulatory system instructor dr di bonaventuraShabab Ali
This document discusses various microbial pathogens that can cause cardiovascular and systemic diseases. It describes how bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths can infect the bloodstream (septicemia) and spread throughout the body, potentially infecting multiple organ systems. Examples discussed in detail include bacteremia, viral infections like Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, and parasitic diseases such as toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas disease, schistosomiasis and others. For each pathogen, the document outlines the causative agent, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and available treatments.
This document summarizes information about bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by Babesia parasites. It discusses the causative agents, vectors, clinical signs, diagnosis, and vaccines. For diagnosis, microscopic examination of blood smears can detect the parasites, while serological tests like ELISA are commonly used to detect antibodies. Live vaccines made from attenuated parasite strains provide lifelong immunity but require strict production controls.
The document summarizes various microbial diseases that affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It describes diseases like sepsis, bacterial infections of the heart, rheumatic fever, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, gangrene, animal bites and more. For each disease, it discusses the causative pathogen, symptoms, transmission route, treatment and sometimes includes relevant diagrams.
The document summarizes several microbial diseases that affect the cardiovascular, lymphatic, and respiratory systems. It describes various bacteria and viruses that can cause infections like sepsis, endocarditis, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and more. For each disease, it discusses the causative agent, symptoms, treatment, and other relevant details.
The document discusses Bartonella species, which are small Gram-negative bacteria transmitted by arthropods that can infect mammals. It provides details on several human pathogenic Bartonella species, including B. bacilliformis which causes Oroya fever, B. quintana which causes trench fever, and B. henselae which causes cat scratch disease. The document also examines the clinical manifestations, reservoirs, vectors, methods of transmission, diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by different Bartonella species.
The document discusses the life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of Theileria, a protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks that infects lymphocytes and red blood cells in cattle. Theileria hijacks the cell division and growth control mechanisms of lymphocytes, causing uncontrolled proliferation that transforms the cells and leads to pathology similar to lymphoma. Effective control methods include tick control, drug treatments like buparvaquone and parvaquone, and vaccination to control East Coast fever in endemic areas.
Theileriosis Presented by Ahmed Abdulkadir Hassan
4th year student, college of veterinary medicine,
University of Bahri.
kadle010@gmail.com
khartoum, Sudan.
This document provides information about bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia. It affects cattle and is transmitted by ticks. The most important species are B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, jaundice, and red urine. Severe cases can cause death. Diagnosis involves finding the parasites on blood smears. Control relies on tick control, vaccination, and treatment of infected cattle. Babesiosis can also infect humans in some areas.
12 bio265 disease of circulatory system instructor dr di bonaventuraShabab Ali
This document discusses various microbial pathogens that can cause cardiovascular and systemic diseases. It describes how bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths can infect the bloodstream (septicemia) and spread throughout the body, potentially infecting multiple organ systems. Examples discussed in detail include bacteremia, viral infections like Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, and parasitic diseases such as toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas disease, schistosomiasis and others. For each pathogen, the document outlines the causative agent, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and available treatments.
This document summarizes information about bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by Babesia parasites. It discusses the causative agents, vectors, clinical signs, diagnosis, and vaccines. For diagnosis, microscopic examination of blood smears can detect the parasites, while serological tests like ELISA are commonly used to detect antibodies. Live vaccines made from attenuated parasite strains provide lifelong immunity but require strict production controls.
Leptospirosis infects 7 to 10 million people annually through contact with contaminated water or soil, rodent bites, or ingesting infected food or water. Symptoms include headaches, muscle pains, fever, bleeding from the lungs, and potentially kidney failure or death. Antibiotics like doxycycline, penicillin, and ceftriaxone can treat leptospirosis.
This document summarizes several fungi, parasites, and protozoa that can infect humans. It describes key characteristics of pathogens like Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Schistosoma mansoni, Taenia species, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, hookworms, Trichinella spiralis, Plasmodium species, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trichomonas vaginalis. For each organism, it outlines the infectious stage, transmission method, sites of infection in the body
This document categorizes and describes various infectious agents including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and other pathogens. It discusses their size, sites of propagation, example disease-causing species and the diseases they cause. Prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths and arthropods are summarized with key details about transmission, barriers to infection, and general infectivity.
Bovine babesiosis, also known as cattle fever, is caused by the protozoan parasites Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. It is transmitted by ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus, primarily R. microplus and R. annulatus. The disease caused major economic losses to the cattle industry in the southern United States in the late 19th century. While eradication programs eliminated the ticks by 1943, threats remain from infected cattle and ticks in Mexico. Clinical signs of bovine babesiosis include hemoglobinuria, fever, anemia and death. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears or PCR and serological tests. Control relies on tick eradication, quar
Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus. They are transmitted through arthropod bites like ticks, mites and fleas. Common symptoms include fever, headache and rash. Diagnosis involves serologic tests detecting IgM and IgG antibodies. Doxycycline is the treatment of choice. Clinical features along with exposure history and serology can help diagnose rickettsial infections.
Babesiosis, also known as bovine babesiosis, is a tick-borne disease of cattle and buffalo caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. The parasites infect and lyse red blood cells, causing hemolytic anemia. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, hemoglobinuria, and jaundice. Diagnosis is made by identifying the pear-shaped parasites on blood smears. Treatment involves the use of imidocarb or diminazine aceturate. Control relies on controlling tick vectors with acaricides and vaccination.
This document discusses guidelines for condemnation of animal carcasses due to various diseases. Total condemnation is required for carcasses showing heavy miliary tuberculosis of the lungs or multiple actively progressive tuberculosis lesions. Carcasses with widespread tuberculosis infection of lymph nodes or diffuse acute lesions of the pleura and peritoneum are also fully condemned. Differential diagnoses and guidelines for localized diseases like actinomycosis or brucellosis are provided.
Infectious agents of bioterrorism handoutFarooq Khan
The document summarizes several biological agents that could potentially be used for bioterrorism, including their transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and public health concerns. It discusses anthrax, smallpox, hemorrhagic fever viruses, plague, botulinum toxin and tularemia. The key points provided include incubation periods, symptoms, potential complications, diagnostic tests and the importance of isolation and supportive care for infected individuals.
This document summarizes rickettsial diseases, which are caused by obligate intracellular parasites called Rickettsia. Rickettsia species are transmitted to humans via the bites of infected arthropods like fleas, lice, ticks and mites. Some key Rickettsia species and the diseases they cause include R. prowazekii which causes epidemic typhus, R. typhi which causes endemic typhus, and R. rickettsii which causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Symptoms include fever, headache, rash and potentially serious complications if left untreated. Diagnosis involves isolation of the bacteria or serological tests to detect antibodies. Treatment is with doxycycline or tetracycline.
The document describes several tick-borne diseases that affect cattle:
1) Theileriosis is caused by Theileria parasites and transmitted by ticks. It causes fever and enlargement of lymph nodes. Diagnosis is by blood and lymph node smears showing schizonts.
2) Babesiosis is caused by Babesia parasites and transmitted by ticks. It causes fever, anemia, and abortion. Diagnosis is by blood smears showing the parasites in red blood cells.
3) Anaplasmosis is caused by Anaplasma marginale bacteria transmitted by ticks. It causes fever, anemia, and jaundice. Diagnosis is by blood smears showing the bacteria attached to red
The document discusses various rickettsial diseases including their causative agents, vectors, reservoirs, and geographic distributions. It provides information on typhus group rickettsiae like Rickettsia prowazekii which causes epidemic typhus and is transmitted by human body lice. Spotted fever group rickettsiae transmitted by ticks like Rickettsia rickettsii which causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever are also discussed. Scrub typhus caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by trombiculid mites is summarized. Various Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species that cause animal diseases transmitted by ticks are briefly mentioned.
Infectious diseases ( description of rickettsiosis )MWIZERWA JEAN-LUC
Rickettsiosis are diseases caused by Rickettsia bacteria, which multiply within the endothelial cells of blood vessels. They are usually transmitted via arthropod bites like fleas, lice and ticks. The document discusses different types of rickettsiosis like Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus and scrub typhus. It also summarizes a study in Rwanda that found Rickettsia prowazekii in blood samples from a typhus outbreak at a prison. Symptoms include fever, rash and neurological or liver involvement. Prevention involves insect repellent and bites while treatment is with doxycycline antibiotics early in the illness.
This document summarizes various infectious agents including prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and arthropods. It describes their characteristics, categories, habitats, life cycles, and examples of diseases they cause in humans. Key points covered include the structures and genomes of viruses, gram staining and shapes of bacteria, obligate intracellular nature of chlamydiae, rickettsiae and mycoplasmas, types of fungi and parasites, and examples of diseases caused by different pathogens.
This document provides information on Dengue virus and the Aedes mosquito. It discusses:
- Dengue virus classification as a flavivirus with 4 serotypes that provide lifelong immunity to one serotype but no cross protection.
- The life cycle and characteristics of the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector, including its preference for breeding in clean stagnant water and biting humans during the day.
- Epidemiology of dengue including 50 million annual cases and increasing global risk. Transmission requires the mosquito to bite an infected then susceptible human 8-12 days apart.
- Clinical syndromes from dengue fever to dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Diagn
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
The document discusses Theileriosis, a tick-borne disease of livestock caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Theileria. It notes that in Sudan, Theileria annulata and The. mutans commonly infect cattle, while The. hirci and The. ovis infect sheep and goats. The life cycle involves transmission from ticks to animals and back again. Clinical signs in cattle include fever, lymphadenopathy, edema, and death within 3 weeks. Diagnosis involves identifying parasites in blood and lymph node smears. Treatment of clinical cases is not effective. Control relies on vaccination, acaricides, and resistant breeds.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira bacteria found in the urine of infected animals like cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, and rodents. It can be transmitted to humans via contact with water or soil contaminated by animal urine. Common symptoms include high fever, severe headache, chills, vomiting, jaundice, and muscle aches. If not treated, it can lead to kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure or respiratory distress. Doxycycline or penicillin antibiotics are used for treatment if given early in the infection. Prevention involves avoiding swimming in contaminated water and wearing protective clothing when exposed to contaminated soil or water.
P. multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo. When the bacteria enters the body, it attaches to tonsillar tissues and colonizes, sometimes causing local or systemic infection. This leads to sepsis, toxemia, edema, hemorrhages, and respiratory distress. The bacteria has major surface antigens like LPS and OMP that activate both the humoral and cellular immune response. However, overactivation of cytokines like TNF-α and reduced Treg cells causes damage by CD8 cells and macrophages, leading to death in severe cases. Postmortem findings include subcutaneous swelling, hemorrhages in organs, and pneumonia. Diagnosis involves isolation and
This document provides an overview of Rickettsiae, including their classification, characteristics, life cycle, transmission, and pathogenic species. Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that parasitize arthropod and vertebrate cells. They are transmitted between hosts by arthropod vectors like ticks and mites. Major diseases discussed include Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by Rickettsia rickettsii transmitted by ticks, and typhus caused by R. prowazekii transmitted between humans by body lice. The document outlines the classification, characteristics, life cycles and transmission mechanisms of the main Rickettsiae genera.
1. The document discusses different types of anesthesia including general anesthesia which causes loss of consciousness and regional anesthesia which causes loss of sensation in one area while maintaining consciousness.
2. It describes various agents that can be used for anesthesia like opioids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and different techniques for their administration including topical application, local infiltration, nerve blocks and spinal or epidural anesthesia.
3. The advantages of regional anesthesia are discussed versus general anesthesia.
Infertility is the inability to conceive a child or sustain a pregnancy, affecting 14% of couples. It can be primary (never conceived) or secondary (unable to conceive again). Male infertility can be caused by low sperm count, mobility issues, or ejaculation problems from infections, obesity, or medications. Female infertility can be due to cervical, vaginal, or ovulation issues from conditions like PCOS or thyroid problems. Diagnosis involves semen analysis, ovulation monitoring, and tests of fallopian tube patency. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medication, surgery, assisted reproduction techniques like IVF, or alternatives like adoption.
The document summarizes several intestinal protozoan parasites that can infect humans. It describes the causal agents, life cycles, transmission routes, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment for parasites including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Balantidium coli. Key details provided on the parasites include their sites of infection in the host, symptoms caused, and diagnostic methods such as acid-fast staining of stool samples.
Leptospirosis infects 7 to 10 million people annually through contact with contaminated water or soil, rodent bites, or ingesting infected food or water. Symptoms include headaches, muscle pains, fever, bleeding from the lungs, and potentially kidney failure or death. Antibiotics like doxycycline, penicillin, and ceftriaxone can treat leptospirosis.
This document summarizes several fungi, parasites, and protozoa that can infect humans. It describes key characteristics of pathogens like Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Schistosoma mansoni, Taenia species, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, hookworms, Trichinella spiralis, Plasmodium species, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trichomonas vaginalis. For each organism, it outlines the infectious stage, transmission method, sites of infection in the body
This document categorizes and describes various infectious agents including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and other pathogens. It discusses their size, sites of propagation, example disease-causing species and the diseases they cause. Prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths and arthropods are summarized with key details about transmission, barriers to infection, and general infectivity.
Bovine babesiosis, also known as cattle fever, is caused by the protozoan parasites Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. It is transmitted by ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus, primarily R. microplus and R. annulatus. The disease caused major economic losses to the cattle industry in the southern United States in the late 19th century. While eradication programs eliminated the ticks by 1943, threats remain from infected cattle and ticks in Mexico. Clinical signs of bovine babesiosis include hemoglobinuria, fever, anemia and death. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears or PCR and serological tests. Control relies on tick eradication, quar
Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus. They are transmitted through arthropod bites like ticks, mites and fleas. Common symptoms include fever, headache and rash. Diagnosis involves serologic tests detecting IgM and IgG antibodies. Doxycycline is the treatment of choice. Clinical features along with exposure history and serology can help diagnose rickettsial infections.
Babesiosis, also known as bovine babesiosis, is a tick-borne disease of cattle and buffalo caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. The parasites infect and lyse red blood cells, causing hemolytic anemia. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, hemoglobinuria, and jaundice. Diagnosis is made by identifying the pear-shaped parasites on blood smears. Treatment involves the use of imidocarb or diminazine aceturate. Control relies on controlling tick vectors with acaricides and vaccination.
This document discusses guidelines for condemnation of animal carcasses due to various diseases. Total condemnation is required for carcasses showing heavy miliary tuberculosis of the lungs or multiple actively progressive tuberculosis lesions. Carcasses with widespread tuberculosis infection of lymph nodes or diffuse acute lesions of the pleura and peritoneum are also fully condemned. Differential diagnoses and guidelines for localized diseases like actinomycosis or brucellosis are provided.
Infectious agents of bioterrorism handoutFarooq Khan
The document summarizes several biological agents that could potentially be used for bioterrorism, including their transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and public health concerns. It discusses anthrax, smallpox, hemorrhagic fever viruses, plague, botulinum toxin and tularemia. The key points provided include incubation periods, symptoms, potential complications, diagnostic tests and the importance of isolation and supportive care for infected individuals.
This document summarizes rickettsial diseases, which are caused by obligate intracellular parasites called Rickettsia. Rickettsia species are transmitted to humans via the bites of infected arthropods like fleas, lice, ticks and mites. Some key Rickettsia species and the diseases they cause include R. prowazekii which causes epidemic typhus, R. typhi which causes endemic typhus, and R. rickettsii which causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Symptoms include fever, headache, rash and potentially serious complications if left untreated. Diagnosis involves isolation of the bacteria or serological tests to detect antibodies. Treatment is with doxycycline or tetracycline.
The document describes several tick-borne diseases that affect cattle:
1) Theileriosis is caused by Theileria parasites and transmitted by ticks. It causes fever and enlargement of lymph nodes. Diagnosis is by blood and lymph node smears showing schizonts.
2) Babesiosis is caused by Babesia parasites and transmitted by ticks. It causes fever, anemia, and abortion. Diagnosis is by blood smears showing the parasites in red blood cells.
3) Anaplasmosis is caused by Anaplasma marginale bacteria transmitted by ticks. It causes fever, anemia, and jaundice. Diagnosis is by blood smears showing the bacteria attached to red
The document discusses various rickettsial diseases including their causative agents, vectors, reservoirs, and geographic distributions. It provides information on typhus group rickettsiae like Rickettsia prowazekii which causes epidemic typhus and is transmitted by human body lice. Spotted fever group rickettsiae transmitted by ticks like Rickettsia rickettsii which causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever are also discussed. Scrub typhus caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by trombiculid mites is summarized. Various Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species that cause animal diseases transmitted by ticks are briefly mentioned.
Infectious diseases ( description of rickettsiosis )MWIZERWA JEAN-LUC
Rickettsiosis are diseases caused by Rickettsia bacteria, which multiply within the endothelial cells of blood vessels. They are usually transmitted via arthropod bites like fleas, lice and ticks. The document discusses different types of rickettsiosis like Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus and scrub typhus. It also summarizes a study in Rwanda that found Rickettsia prowazekii in blood samples from a typhus outbreak at a prison. Symptoms include fever, rash and neurological or liver involvement. Prevention involves insect repellent and bites while treatment is with doxycycline antibiotics early in the illness.
This document summarizes various infectious agents including prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and arthropods. It describes their characteristics, categories, habitats, life cycles, and examples of diseases they cause in humans. Key points covered include the structures and genomes of viruses, gram staining and shapes of bacteria, obligate intracellular nature of chlamydiae, rickettsiae and mycoplasmas, types of fungi and parasites, and examples of diseases caused by different pathogens.
This document provides information on Dengue virus and the Aedes mosquito. It discusses:
- Dengue virus classification as a flavivirus with 4 serotypes that provide lifelong immunity to one serotype but no cross protection.
- The life cycle and characteristics of the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector, including its preference for breeding in clean stagnant water and biting humans during the day.
- Epidemiology of dengue including 50 million annual cases and increasing global risk. Transmission requires the mosquito to bite an infected then susceptible human 8-12 days apart.
- Clinical syndromes from dengue fever to dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Diagn
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
The document discusses Theileriosis, a tick-borne disease of livestock caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Theileria. It notes that in Sudan, Theileria annulata and The. mutans commonly infect cattle, while The. hirci and The. ovis infect sheep and goats. The life cycle involves transmission from ticks to animals and back again. Clinical signs in cattle include fever, lymphadenopathy, edema, and death within 3 weeks. Diagnosis involves identifying parasites in blood and lymph node smears. Treatment of clinical cases is not effective. Control relies on vaccination, acaricides, and resistant breeds.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira bacteria found in the urine of infected animals like cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, and rodents. It can be transmitted to humans via contact with water or soil contaminated by animal urine. Common symptoms include high fever, severe headache, chills, vomiting, jaundice, and muscle aches. If not treated, it can lead to kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure or respiratory distress. Doxycycline or penicillin antibiotics are used for treatment if given early in the infection. Prevention involves avoiding swimming in contaminated water and wearing protective clothing when exposed to contaminated soil or water.
P. multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo. When the bacteria enters the body, it attaches to tonsillar tissues and colonizes, sometimes causing local or systemic infection. This leads to sepsis, toxemia, edema, hemorrhages, and respiratory distress. The bacteria has major surface antigens like LPS and OMP that activate both the humoral and cellular immune response. However, overactivation of cytokines like TNF-α and reduced Treg cells causes damage by CD8 cells and macrophages, leading to death in severe cases. Postmortem findings include subcutaneous swelling, hemorrhages in organs, and pneumonia. Diagnosis involves isolation and
This document provides an overview of Rickettsiae, including their classification, characteristics, life cycle, transmission, and pathogenic species. Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that parasitize arthropod and vertebrate cells. They are transmitted between hosts by arthropod vectors like ticks and mites. Major diseases discussed include Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by Rickettsia rickettsii transmitted by ticks, and typhus caused by R. prowazekii transmitted between humans by body lice. The document outlines the classification, characteristics, life cycles and transmission mechanisms of the main Rickettsiae genera.
1. The document discusses different types of anesthesia including general anesthesia which causes loss of consciousness and regional anesthesia which causes loss of sensation in one area while maintaining consciousness.
2. It describes various agents that can be used for anesthesia like opioids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and different techniques for their administration including topical application, local infiltration, nerve blocks and spinal or epidural anesthesia.
3. The advantages of regional anesthesia are discussed versus general anesthesia.
Infertility is the inability to conceive a child or sustain a pregnancy, affecting 14% of couples. It can be primary (never conceived) or secondary (unable to conceive again). Male infertility can be caused by low sperm count, mobility issues, or ejaculation problems from infections, obesity, or medications. Female infertility can be due to cervical, vaginal, or ovulation issues from conditions like PCOS or thyroid problems. Diagnosis involves semen analysis, ovulation monitoring, and tests of fallopian tube patency. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medication, surgery, assisted reproduction techniques like IVF, or alternatives like adoption.
The document summarizes several intestinal protozoan parasites that can infect humans. It describes the causal agents, life cycles, transmission routes, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment for parasites including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Balantidium coli. Key details provided on the parasites include their sites of infection in the host, symptoms caused, and diagnostic methods such as acid-fast staining of stool samples.
This document provides information on a new strain of influenza A(H1N1), also known as swine flu, that emerged in 2009 and caused a global outbreak. It discusses the virus's origins, transmission between humans and pigs, the timeline and spread of the initial outbreak in Mexico and the United States, the global response including raising the pandemic alert level, and status updates on confirmed case and death counts in affected regions as of May 25, 2009. Public health responses across levels of government to monitor, test and contain spread are also summarized.
This document provides information on various microbial diseases that affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It discusses topics like sepsis, bacterial infections of the heart, rheumatic fever, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, biological weapons, gangrene, animal bites and scratches, plague, relapsing fever, Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, typhus, spotted fevers, herpes virus infections, viral hemorrhagic fevers, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, malaria, and other protozoan infections. Detailed information is provided on the causative agents, symptoms, transmission, and microscopic images of pathogens for many of these diseases.
This document summarizes various microbial diseases that can affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It discusses topics like sepsis, bacterial infections of the heart, rheumatic fever, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, biological weapons, gangrene, animal bites and scratches, plague, relapsing fever, Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, typhus, spotted fevers, viral infections caused by herpes viruses and cytomegalovirus, viral hemorrhagic fevers, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, malaria, and other protozoan infections. Diagrams are provided to illustrate concepts like the tick life cycle, stages of malaria infection, and Plasmodium fal
This document outlines the diagnostic procedures for blood cultures. It discusses expected bloodstream pathogens and appropriate media for culturing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. It also describes diagnostic tests like the oxidase test and factors V and X tests. The document highlights methods to improve blood culture yield, such as skin preparation techniques and blood volume. It provides an overview of processing blood cultures, including incubation, subculture, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
microbial diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systemsMerlyn Denesia
This document summarizes various bacterial, viral, protozoan, and parasitic diseases that can affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It describes the pathogens, signs and symptoms, reservoirs, modes of transmission, treatments, and other details for conditions like rheumatic fever, anthrax, plague, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, malaria, toxoplasmosis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, babesiosis, and schistosomiasis. The document provides an overview of many infectious diseases that can spread through the blood and lymph and cause damage to heart, blood vessels, or lymph nodes.
2nd term lecture,_,vib,_helico,tb,_spiro,rick[1]عادل الحربي
The document discusses various bacteria including Haemophilus influenzae, which causes diseases like pneumonia but is difficult to diagnose; it also covers Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the symptoms and treatment of tuberculosis; additionally, it summarizes different types of spirochetes, rickettsiae, and how they are transmitted and can cause diseases.
1. Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of skin infections such as folliculitis, boils, impetigo, and scalded skin syndrome. Toxic shock syndrome is a potentially life-threatening complication.
2. Streptococcus pyogenes causes infections like impetigo, erysipelas, and necrotizing fasciitis. It can also lead to post-infection diseases like rheumatic fever.
3. Herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 and varicella zoster virus can establish latency in nerve cells and reactivate to cause recurrent lesions.
The document provides an overview of dengue fever and HIV/AIDS. It discusses the causative agents, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of both diseases. Dengue is caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by mosquitoes. It can present as undifferentiated fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It is most commonly transmitted through unprotected sex or needle sharing and progresses to immunosuppression over many years.
Emerging pathogens are infectious diseases whose incidence is increasing or threatening to increase. They include diseases that have developed antibiotic resistance or spread to new areas. Major emerging pathogens since the 1970s include HIV, Ebola, SARS, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria like MRSA. Factors driving emergence include increased travel and trade, antibiotic overuse, environmental changes, and evolving pathogens. Controlling emerging diseases requires early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and preventing transmission through vectors and contaminated food/water.
Smallpox was intentionally spread among Native American tribes in the 18th century by distributing blankets exposed to smallpox. The disease devastated populations who had no immunity. In the late 20th century, smallpox was developed as an aerosol biological weapon by the Soviet Union. It remains a potential bioterrorism threat. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is highly contagious and potentially fatal if left untreated. It was declared eradicated worldwide in 1980 after global vaccination campaigns.
1. Bartonellosis is caused by the bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis and is endemic to Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. It is transmitted by sand fly bites.
2. There are two classical phases of the disease - the acute phase known as Oroya fever, and the chronic phase known as Peruvian wart.
3. New endemic areas of the disease have been identified in recent years, with high mortality during outbreaks. The disease is considered emerging or re-emerging.
The document provides information about malaria, including:
1. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes and is characterized by chills, fever and sweats.
2. There are four main species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. Microscopic examination of blood smears remains the gold standard for diagnosis.
3. Treatment involves the use of antimalarial drugs to kill the blood stages of the parasite and prevent relapse, while also blocking transmission. Malaria prevention focuses on case management, vector control and personal protection measures.
This document provides information on dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. It defines dengue fever as an acute febrile illness characterized by fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and rashes. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is more severe and involves plasma leakage that can lead to dengue shock syndrome. The document discusses the dengue virus, including its structure and transmission via mosquito vectors. It also covers the pathogenesis of dengue infection and potential mechanisms for severe disease manifestations.
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that peaked in Europe from 1346-1353, killing around 30% of Europe's population or 25 million people. It was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was usually transmitted via fleas that lived on rodents like black rats. The disease originated in Asia and spread along trade routes. Symptoms included fever, vomiting of blood, and the appearance of swollen and bloody lymph nodes called buboes. While the Black Death resulted in massive mortality, its spread declined in later centuries as the brown rat population increased and was less susceptible to fleas carrying Y. pestis. Nowadays plague can be treated effectively with antibiotics.
The document discusses the pathogenesis of infections, including the typical routes of entry for pathogens, how they spread within the body, and how the body eliminates them. It explains that pathogens usually enter through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin, then spread locally or through the lymph or blood systems to target organs. The document also outlines the common sites pathogens exit the body through elimination from mucous membranes, skin lesions, urine, or blood.
The document discusses the pathogenesis of infections, including the typical routes of entry for pathogens, how they spread within the body, and how the body eliminates them. It explains that pathogens usually enter through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin, then spread locally or through the blood and lymphatic system to target organs. The document also outlines the major routes and mechanisms by which pathogens are eventually eliminated from the body.
This document summarizes information about plague, a bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis. It describes the major historical outbreaks of plague, including the "Black Death" in 14th century Europe. It provides details on the isolation and identification of Y. pestis, its characteristics and modes of transmission. The document outlines the three main forms of plague - bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague - and their associated symptoms. It notes plague's potential as an agent of bioterrorism due to its ability to spread through aerosols.
Yersinia is a genus of bacteria that includes three medically important species that can cause disease in humans and animals. Yersinia pestis specifically causes plague in humans and other mammals. It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that was first discovered in 1894. Y. pestis can cause bubonic, pneumonic, or septicemic plague depending on how it enters the body. It is most commonly transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected flea that has acquired the bacteria from an infected rodent.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and discusses several pathogenic agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism attacks. It describes the CDC's classification of bioterrorism agents into categories A, B and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox and plague are discussed in more detail, outlining their history, clinical features, diagnosis and recommended treatments. The role of public health systems in responding to potential bioterrorism is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and discusses several pathogenic agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism attacks. It describes the CDC's classification of bioterrorism agents into categories A, B and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox and plague are discussed in more detail, outlining their history, clinical features, diagnosis and recommended treatments. The role of public health systems in responding to potential bioterrorism is also mentioned.
This document discusses bioterrorism and various biological agents that could potentially be used as bioweapons. It defines bioterrorism and describes biological weapons as microbes or their toxins. Various microorganisms are discussed in detail, including anthrax, plague, smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola, and biological toxins such as botulinum toxin. For each agent, the document covers characteristics, potential use as a bioweapon, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and other relevant details.
The document discusses various aspects of viral infections including their history, structure, classification, mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis. It covers DNA and RNA viruses, their replication strategies, host tropism factors and the different disease outcomes they can cause ranging from acute to chronic and latent infections.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable explaining jokes that involve personifying bacteria or imply they can reproduce asexually.
The document discusses the importance of nursing informatics. It notes that informatics can help nursing practice become more visible through healthcare data, empowering nurses to influence policy. It also emphasizes that information is critical for effective decision-making and high-quality nursing care. The document recommends that nurses strive for an "innovator" level of technical competency in nursing informatics.
This document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal system, including:
- A review of gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology with emphasis on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- A discussion of common gastrointestinal disorders like GERD, hiatal hernia, and esophageal cancer.
- Details on laboratory procedures used to evaluate gastrointestinal issues such as occult blood, C/S stool, and stool exams.
- Information on gastrointestinal surgical procedures including Nissen fundoplication.
The document is authored by Colleen C. Flores, RN and focuses on providing nurses with knowledge to care for patients with gastrointestinal conditions.
The document discusses various types of acute inflammatory disorders including hepatitis, appendicitis, pancreatitis, and cholecystitis. It provides details on:
1) The causes, symptoms, transmission, and prognosis of different types of hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E).
2) The pathophysiology of appendicitis as obstruction in the appendix lumen leads to inflammation, restricted blood flow, and potential perforation.
3) The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis as spasm, edema or blockage in the ampulla of Vater causes reflux of enzymes and autodigestion of the pancreas.
4) Nursing management focuses on isolation, nutrition,
This document provides a summary of disturbances in oxygenation carrying mechanisms and transportation facilities. Specifically, it discusses issues related to disruptions in blood circulation and oxygen delivery. Key points include that disturbances can occur in the blood itself as well as the vessels and mechanisms that transport blood and oxygen throughout the body. Maintaining proper functioning of these critical systems is essential for health.
This document discusses several cardiovascular disorders related to disturbances in oxygen transport, including structural heart valve disorders like mitral valve prolapse, mitral regurgitation, and mitral stenosis. It also covers infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, myocarditis, pericarditis, aortic aneurysm, and vascular disorders like Buerger's disease, Raynaud's disease, and venous thrombosis. For each condition, it provides information on clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
The document discusses proper patient positioning and equipment used for various surgical procedures, including safety belts, armboards, wrist straps, and other attachments that help expose the operative site and support the body. It also covers preoperative skin preparation and draping techniques to prevent infection and maintain a sterile field during surgery. Specific positioning and draping methods are recommended for different types of operations involving the abdomen, pelvis, spine, and other body areas.
The document defines pain and its terminology, describes the pathophysiology and perception of pain, different types of pain syndromes and management approaches, including pharmacological treatments like analgesics and non-pharmacological options like cognitive behavioral therapy and various physical therapies. Pain is a complex, subjective experience influenced by physiological, psychological, social, and cultural factors.
1. The document outlines a post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) scoring system to assess patient recovery and determine readiness for discharge. It assesses 5 areas: activity, respiration, circulation, consciousness, and color.
2. A sample patient in the document scores a 2 for each category, indicating full recovery in each area assessed.
3. A discharge score of 7-8 points is required. The scoring system provides a standardized way to evaluate patient recovery and determine appropriate timing of discharge from the PACU.
This document discusses patient safety considerations for surgery. It emphasizes providing safe patient care by ensuring the correct patient, site, and procedure. It also stresses providing a safe environment by adhering to asepsis and promoting effective communication. The document outlines steps to take in the preoperative phase like addressing nutritional deficiencies, conducting exams, and administering pre-op medications to reduce anxiety and nausea. Informed consent and surgical checklists are also addressed.
Introduction to surgery with his 1st sem 2011Bea Galang
This document discusses the history and evolution of surgery from ancient times to modern times. It covers important developments like the first surgeries performed in ancient Egypt and India, advances during the Middle Ages by surgeons like Guy de Chauliac, and seminal discoveries and techniques from the 16th century onward by figures like Ambroise Pare, William Harvey, Joseph Lister, and later pioneers of techniques like anesthesia, antisepsis, and organ transplantation. It outlines milestones from trepanation to the first heart transplant that have helped establish surgery as a major field of medicine.
This document discusses surgical instrumentation including sutures, needles, and hemostasis. It provides definitions and classifications for cutting instruments, grasping instruments, retractor instruments, and sutures/needles. Specific types of instruments are listed such as scalpels, scissors, forceps, and needle holders. Characteristics and proper use of different suture needles are also outlined.
1. Surgical drains are used to collapse surgical dead space, drain abscesses, provide early warning of leaks, and control established fistula leaks.
2. Post-operative care objectives include re-establishing physiological equilibrium, preventing pain and complications, and promoting functions like respiration, circulation, nutrition, and wound healing.
3. Common post-operative complications involve respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, wound, and integumentary systems. Close monitoring is needed to detect and manage complications early.
This document discusses proper surgical scrub techniques and protocols. It covers:
- Proper handwashing and scrubbing methods, including the brush stroke technique of scrubbing nails, fingers, hands, and arms for the required duration.
- Gowning and gloving procedures to maintain sterility after scrubbing.
- Types of surgical scrubs including full, short, and indications for each.
- Operating room attire and restrictions for different zones to maintain asepsis.
This document lists complications that can occur from various drugs and anesthetics. It discusses potential side effects such as cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, hypotension, loss of protective pain response, vomiting, and malignant hyperthermia that require establishing an open airway, oxygen administration, and notifying the surgeon. It also covers prevention and intervention steps for issues like anaphylaxis, hypotension, nausea and vomiting, headaches, overdosage, and respiratory and neurological complications. Local and systemic side effects of local anesthetics are also outlined.
The document discusses various issues that may arise in labor and birth and their management, including:
1) Trial labor is used to determine if normal labor can progress with conditions like borderline pelvis, induction and augmentation are used to artificially start or assist stalled labor, and instrumental deliveries like forceps and vacuum can be used when pushing is ineffective.
2) Cesarean delivery is performed by making an abdominal and uterine incision when vaginal birth poses risks, and complications include infections, hemorrhage, and injury to mother or baby.
3) Postpartum complications are also reviewed like hematoma, infection, mastitis, thrombosis, and postpartum depression or psychosis.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy. It discusses how Pythagoras coined the term "philosophy" to describe those who seek wisdom rather than fame or wealth. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom and involves reflecting on topics like knowledge, God, life, death, human nature, ethics, and society through reason alone. The major branches of philosophy explore questions regarding the existence of God, the nature of knowledge, what it means to be human, free will, ethics, beauty, the meaning of life, and attainment of happiness.
Postpartum slides finals for the studentsBea Galang
The document discusses postpartum care and the puerperium period, which refers to the six weeks following childbirth. The main points covered include promoting healing of the body's parts, providing emotional support, and establishing successful lactation. Key genital changes like uterine involution and lochia are described. Guidelines are provided for breastfeeding, addressing common issues like engorgement and mastitis. The document also covers newborn assessment and care, including establishing an airway, maintaining temperature, identification, and monitoring vital signs and physical exam findings.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
1. 23
Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular
and Lymphatic Systems
2.
3. The Cardiovascular System
and Lymphatics System
Blood: Transports nutrients to and wastes from
cells.
WBCs: Defend against infection.
Lymphatics: Transport interstitial fluid to blood.
Lymph nodes: Contain fixed macrophages.
6. Sepsis and Septic Shock
Sepsis: Bacteria
growing in the blood
Severe sepsis:
Decrease in blood
pressure
Septic shock: Low
blood pressure cannot
be controlled
Figure 23.3
7. Sepsis
Gram-negative sepsis
Endotoxins caused blood pressure decrease.
Antibiotics can worsen condition by killing bacteria.
Gram-positive sepsis
Nosocomial infections
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Group B streptococcus
Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis
8. Sepsis
Puerperal sepsis (childbirth fever)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Transmitted to mother during childbirth by attending
physicians and midwives.
9. Bacterial Infections of the
Heart
Endocarditis: Inflammation of the endocardium
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: Alpha-hemolytic
streptococci from mouth
Acute bacterial endocarditis: Staphylococcus aureus
from mouth
Pericarditis: Streptococci
11. Rheumatic Fever
Inflammation of heart valves
Autoimmune complication of Streptococcus
pyogenes infections
Figure 23.5
12.
13. RF
RF is characterized by a constellation of findings
major manifestations
(1) migratory polyarthritis of the large joints
(2) carditis,
(3) subcutaneous nodules
(4) erythema marginatum of the skin
(5) Sydenham chorea, a neurologic disorder with
involuntary purposeless, rapid movements.
14. RF
minor manifestations (nonspecific signs and
symptoms)
fever, arthralgia
elevated blood levels of acute phase reactants
CRP, ESR, ASO
The diagnosis is established by the so-called Jones
criteria:
evidence of a preceding group A streptococcal infection,
with the presence of two of the major manifestations
listed above or one major and two minor manifestations
15. RF
After an initial attack, there is increased vulnerability to
reactivation of the disease with subsequent pharyngeal
infections, and the same manifestations are likely to
appear with each recurrent attack.
Carditis is likely to worsen with each recurrence, and
damage is cumulative.
valvular disease
cardiac murmurs, cardiac hypertrophy and dilation, and heart
failure, arrhythmias (particularly atrial fibrillation in the
setting of mitral stenosis), thromboembolic complications,
and infective endocarditis.
16. Tularemia
Francisella tularensis,
gram-negative rod
Transmitted from
rabbits and deer by
deer flies.
Bacteria reproduce in
phagocytes.
Figure 23.6
17. Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)
Brucella, gram-negative rods that grow in
phagocytes.
B. abortus (elk, bison, cows)
B. suis (swine)
B. melitensis (goats, sheep, camels)
Undulating fever that spikes to 40°C each evening.
Transmitted via milk from infected animals or
contact with infected animals.
18. Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis, gram-positive, endospore-
forming aerobic rod
Is found in soil.
Cattle are routinely vaccinated.
Treated with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
Cutaneous anthrax
Endospores enter through minor cut
20% mortality
20. Biological Weapons
1346: Plague-ridden bodies used by Tartar army against Kaffa.
1925: Plaque-carrying flea bombs used in the Sino-Japanese War.
1950s: U.S. Army spraying of S. marcescens to test weapons dispersal.
1972: International agreement to not possess biological weapons.
1979: B. anthracis weapons plant explosion in the Soviet Union.
1984: S. enterica used against the people of The Dalles.
2001: B. anthracis distributed in the United States
22. Gangrene
Ischemia: Loss of blood supply to tissue.
Necrosis: Death of tissue.
Gangrene : Death of soft tissue.
Gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens, gram-positive, endospore-
forming anaerobic rod, grows in necrotic tissue
Treatment includes surgical removal of necrotic tissue
and/or hyperbaric chamber.
34. Spotted Fevers (Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever)
Rickettsia rickettsii
Measles-like rash
except that the rash
appears on palms and
soles too.
Figure 23.18
37. Human Herpes Virus 4 Infections
Ebstein Barr Virus EBV
Infectious Mononucleosis
Childhood infections are asymptomatic.
Transmitted via saliva
Characterized by proliferation of monocytes
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Cancer in immunosuppressed individuals, and malaria
and AIDS patients
40. Cytomegalovirus Infections
Cytomegalovirus (Human herpesvirus 5)
Infected cells swell (cyto-, mega-)
Latent in white blood cells
May be asymptomatic or mild
Transmitted across the placenta; may cause mental
retardation
Transmitted sexually, by blood, or by transplanted
tissue
41. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Pathogen Portal of Reservoir Method of
entry transmission
Yellow fever Arbovirus Skin Monkeys Aedes
aegypti
Dengue Arbovirus Skin Humans Aedes
aegypti;
A. Albopictus
Marburg, Filovirus, Mucous Probably Contact with
Ebola, arenavirus membranes fruit bats; blood
Lassa other
mammals
Hantavirus Bunyavirus Respiratory Field mice Inhalation
pulmonary tract
syndrome
50. PROTOZOA FROM OTHER BODY SITES
Free-living Amebae
Naegleria
Acanthamoeba
Trichomonas vaginalis
51. PLASMODIUM
Disease: Malaria
P. vivax: Benign tertian malaria
P. malariae: Quartan malaria
P. falciparum: Malignant tertian malaria
P. ovale: Ovale tertian malaria
Lab Dx: Giemsa stained thick and thin
blood smears; IFA; PCR
52. Infected RBC:
P. vivax and P. ovale: reticulocytes
P. malariae: senescent erythrocytes
P. falciparum: erythrocytes of all ages
Cyclic paroxysm of fever:
P. vivax and P. ovale: every 48 hours
P. malariae: every 72 hours
P. falciparum: every 36-48 hours
53.
54. P. falciparum: Blood
Stage Parasites
Thin Blood Smears
Fig. 1: Normal red cell;
Figs. 2-18: Trophozoites
(among these, Figs. 2-10
correspond to ring-stage
trophozoites);
Figs. 19-26: Schizonts (Fig.
26 is a ruptured schizont);
Figs. 27, 28: Mature
macrogametocytes (female);
Figs. 29, 30: Mature
microgametocytes (male).
55. Gametocytes of P. falciparum in thin blood
smears. Note the presence of a “Laveran’s bib”,
which is not always visible.
56. P. falciparum rings have delicate cytoplasm and 1 or 2 small
chromatin dots. Red blood cells (RBCs) that are infected are not
enlarged; multiple infection of RBCs more common in P. falciparum
than in other species. Occasional appliqué forms (rings appearing
on the periphery of the RBC) can be present.
57. P. falciparum schizonts: seldom seen in peripheral
blood. Mature schizonts have 8 to 24 small merozoites;
dark pigment, clumped in one mass.
60. P. malariae rings: have sturdy cytoplasm and a large
chromatin dot. The red blood cells (RBCs) are normal
to smaller than normal (3/4 ×) in size.
61. P. malariae schizonts: have 6 to 12 merozoites with large
nuclei, clustered around a mass of coarse, dark-brown
pigment. Merozoites can occasionally be arranged as a
rosette pattern.
62. P. malariae trophozoites: have compact cytoplasm and a
large chromatin dot. Occasional band forms and/or
"basket" forms with coarse, dark-brown pigment can be
seen.
64. P. ovale gametocytes: round to oval, and may almost fill
the red blood cells (RBCs). Pigment is brown and more
coarse than that of P. vivax. RBCs are normal to slightly
enlarged (1 1/4 ×), may be round to oval, and are
sometimes fimbriated. Schüffner's dots are visible
under optimal conditions.
65. Plasmodium
vivax: Blood Stage
Parasites
Thin Blood Smears
Fig. 1: Normal red cell;
Figs. 2-6: Young
trophozoites (ring stage
parasites);
Figs. 7-18:
Trophozoites;
Figs. 19-27: Schizonts;
Figs. 28 and
29: Macrogametocytes
(female);
Fig. 30:
Microgametocyte (male).
66. P. vivax gametocytes: round to oval with scattered
brown pigment and may almost fill the red blood cell
(RBC). RBCs are enlarged 1 1/2 to 2 × and may be
distorted. Under optimal conditions, Schüffner's dots
may appear more fine than those seen in P. ovale.
67. P. vivax rings: have large chromatin dots and can show
amoeboid cytoplasm as they develop. RBCs can be normal
to enlarged up to 1 1/2 × and may be distorted. Under
optimal conditions, Schüffner's dots may be seen.
68. P. vivax schizonts: large, have 12 to 24 merozoites,
yellowish-brown, coalesced pigment, and may fill the
red blood cell (RBC).
69. P. vivax trophozoites: show amoeboid cytoplasm, large
chromatin dots, and have fine, yellowish-brown pigment.
71. TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI
Disease: African trypanosomiasis
T. b. gambiense: Gambian trypanosomiasis,
West & Mid-African sleeping sickness
T. b. rhodesiense: Rhodesian
trypanosomiasis, East African sleeping
sickness
Lab Dx: Giemsa stained thick and thin blood
smears or lymph exudate (early stage); Giemsa
stained smears of CSF (late stage)
72. Site in host: lymph glands, blood stream, brain
Portal of entry: skin
Source of infection: tsetse fly
Winterbottom’s sign: enlargement of
posterior cervical LNs
73.
74. Trypomastigote: slender to fat and stumpy forms; in
Giemsa stained films – C or U shaped forms NOT seen;
small, oval kinetoplast located posterior to the nucleus; a
centrally located nucleus, an undulating membrane, and an
anterior flagellum. The trypanosomes length range is 14-
33 µm
75. A dividing parasite is seen at the right. Dividing forms
are seen in African trypanosomiasis, but not in American
trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease)
79. TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI
Disease: American trypanosomiasis, Chaga’s
disease
Lab Dx: Giemsa stained thick and thin blood
smears for the trypomastigote; histopath
exam for the amastigote
Site in host: Tissues – heart; blood
Portal of entry: skin
Source of infection: Kissing bug Triatomidae
80. Trypomastigote: shape is short & stubby to long &
slender; in Giemsa stained blood films – C or U shaped;
kinetoplast is large, oval & located posterior to the
nucleus; anterior long free flagellum
85. TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Disease: Toxoplasmosis
Site in host: All organs
Portal of entry:
Ingestion of oocyst contaminated water
Aerosolization of oocyst contaminated dust or
litter
Consumption of raw or undercooked cyst
infected meat
Transplacental passage of the tachyzoite
86. - Definitive host: domestic cats
- Intermediate host: infected rodents
Accidental intermediate host: humans
Lab Dx: IFAT and ELISA; Giemsa-stained
smears of exudates, aspirates or tissues
87.
88. T. gondii tachyzoites: crescentic to pyriform
shaped with a prominent, centrally placed nucleus.
91. A: Positive reaction (tachyzoites + human antibodies to
Toxoplasma + FITC-labelled antihuman IgG = fluorescence.)
B: Negative IFA for antibodies to T. gondii.
92. LEISHMANIA
- Disease:
- L. tropica complex: Old Word Cutaneous
leishmaniasis (oriental sore, Aleppo boil, Delhi
ulcer, Baghdad boil)
- L. mexicana complex: New Word Cutaneous
leishmaniasis (chiclero ulcer, bay sore)
- L. braziliensis complex: Mucocutaneus
leishmaniasis (espundia, uta)
- L. donovani: Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar or
black disease, Dumdum fever)
93. - Lab Dx: Giemsa stained tissue sections or
impression smears
- Site in host: Monocytes/macrophages of
skin & mucosa
- Portal of entry: Skin
- Source of infection: Phlebotomus or
Lutzomiya fly
94.
95. L. tropica amastigotes: ovoid in shape; large & eccentric
nucleus; small, rodlike kinetoplast positioned opposite
the nucleus; rodlike axoneme perpendicular to the
kinetoplast
96. Leishmaniasis
Disease Visceral Cutaneous Mucocutaneous Babesiosis
leishmaniasis leishmaniasis leishmaniasis
Fatal if Papule that Disfiguring Replicates in
untreated ulcerates and RBCs
scars
Causative Leishmania L. Tropica L. Braziliensis Babesia
agent donovani microti
Vector Sandflies Sandflies Sandflies Ixodes ticks
Reservoir Small Small mammals Small Rodents
mammals mammals
Treatment Amphotericin Amphotericin B Amphotericin B Atovaquone +
B or or miltefosine or miltefosine azithromycin
miltefosine
Geographic Asia, Africa, Asia, Africa, Rain forests of United States
distribution Southeast Mediterranean, Yucatan, South
Asia Central America, America
South America
100. Babesia microti infection, Giemsa stained thin smear. The
organisms resemble P. falciparum; however Babesia
parasites present several distinguishing features: they
vary more in shape and in size; and they do not produce
pigment.
101. Infection with Babesia. Giemsa stained thin smears
showing the tetrad, a dividing form pathognomonic for
Babesia. Note also the variation in size and shape of the
ring stage parasites and the absence of pigment.
103. Schistosomiasis
Tissue damage (granulomas) in response to eggs
lodging in tissues
S. haemotobium Granulomas in urinary Africa, Middle East
bladder wall
S. japonicum Granulomas in intestinal East Asia
wall
S. mansoni Granulomas in intestinal African, Middle East,
wall South American,
Caribbean
Swimmer’s itch Cutaneous allergic U.S. parasite of
reaction to cercariae wildfowl
108. Schistosoma mansoni eggs: large (length 114 to 180 µm)
and have a characteristic shape, with a prominent lateral
spine near the posterior end. The anterior end is tapered
and slightly curved. When the eggs are excreted, they
contain a mature miracidium
116. S. haematobium eggs: large and have a prominent
terminal spine at the posterior end
117.
118. S.haematobium: adult schistosomes live in pairs in the pelvic veins
(especially in the venous plexus surrounding the bladder); males are
10-15 mm in lenght by 0,8-1 mm in diameter, and have a ventral
infolding from the ventral sucker to the posterior end forming the
gynecophoric canal. Adult male with female in the copulatory groove.
119. SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM
- Disease: Schistosomiasis, Katayama fever
- Site in host: veins of SI
- Portal of entry: skin
- Definitive host: humans, dogs, cats,
horses, pigs, cattle, deer, caribou &
rodents
- Intermediate host: snail (Oncomelania)
- Infective stage: cercariae
- Lab Dx: eggs in stool; liver biopsy