educational purpose

1. ZOONOSES

2. Zoonosis
• Disease or infection which are naturally
transmitted between vertebrae animals and
humans
• 75% of emerging pathogens in humans are
considered zoonotic disease
Anthroponosis
• disease passed from man to animals

3. Factors influencing zoonotic disease
• Mans in agricultural and environmental
operations eg: leptospirosis, palgue
• Handling animals byproducts and waste
eg: anthrax, chlamydiosis, dermatophytosis,
tularemia
• Increased in density of animal population eg:
dermatophytosis, tuberculosis
• Changing environmental conditions eg:
plague, leptospira

4. Classification of zoonoses
According to ethiological agents
• Bacterial zoonoses- eg: anthrax, brucellosis,
plague, leptospirosis, lyme disease, salmonellosis
• Viral zoonoses- rabies, arbovirus, yellow fever,
influenza
• Rickettsial zoonoses- tick typhus, scrub typhus, Q
fever
• Helminthic zoonoses- hydatid disease, taeniasis,
schistosomiasis, dracaunculiasis
• Fungal zoonoses- deep mycosis- histoplasmosis,
cryptococcosis, superficial dermatophytes

5. According to the mode of transmission
• Direct zoonoses- single vertebrate host.
• Eg: rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis,
toxoplasmosis
• Cyclozoonoses- more than one vertebrate.
eg: echinococcosis, taeniasis
• Metazoonoses- require both vertebrate and
invertebrate host
Eg: arbovirus, plague, schistosomiasis,
leshmaniasis
• Anthrapozoonoses- animal to man
Eg: rabies, leptospirosis, palgue, brucellosis, Q
fever

6. Transmission
• Faecal oral route :
infectious organism ingested after being passed in
feces. Parvovirus, ringworm and some worm eggs can
survive for years
• Aerosols :
Upper respiratory infection (URI-cats)
Kennel cough (dogs)

7. • Animal bite or saliva
– Feline leukemia
– FIV
– Rabies
– Bacteria that can cause bite wound abscesses
• Direct contact
– Ringworm
– Scabies
– Ear mites
– Hookworm larvae

8. • By insect “vectors”
– Mosquitoes spread heartworms and encephalitis
– Fleas spread tapeworms, cat scratch fever, plague,
typhus, etc.
– Ticks spread Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted
Fever, and more
– Vectors must be controlled in the shelter
• Eliminate standing water (mosquitos)
• Treat fleas on animals and in environment
• Keep grass cut to limit ticks

9. • By infected objects (fomites)
–Ringworm spread by spores on pet hair
–Cage walls, toys, and bedding
–Peoples’ hands – including staff!

10. Rabies
• Viral disease – rabies virus
• Affect CNS
• Animal bite –dog
• Pain at the site , dilation of pupils,hydrophobia
• fever, headache, excess salivation, muscle spasms,
paralysis and mental confusion.
• no specific treatment for rabies

11. Brucellosis
• Also called malta fever
Rock fever, mediterranean fever,
undulant fever
• Caused by Brucella melitensis
• Ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat from infected
animals or close contact with secretions.
• Symptoms include joint and muscle pain, fever,
weight loss and fatigue. Some people develop
stomach pain and cough.

12. Plague
• Caused by yersinia pestis
• Transmitted by black rat and
oriental rat flea ( xenopsylla cheopsis)
• Transmission by droplet contact, direct physical
contact, by soil contamination, faecal oral route.
• Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache.
Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure.

13. Leptospirosis
• Caused by leptospira interrogans
• Also called weils disease
• Rodents, domestic and wild animals, form the
reservoir of infection
• direct contact with urine from infected animals or
through water, soil or food contaminated with their
urine.
• High fever, headache, bleeding, muscle pain, chills, red
eyes and vomiting are some symptoms.

14. Rickettsial infection
• found in ticks, lice, fleas, mites,
chiggers, and mammals.
• the genera Rickettsiae, include Ehrlichia, Orientia, and
Coxiella.
• Epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, indian tick typhus, Q
fever

15. Lyme disease
• Affect dog and humans
• Caused by borrelia burgdorferi
• Transmission- deer tick( ixodes species)
• causes a rash, often in a bull's-eye pattern, and flu-
like symptoms. Joint pain and weakness in the limbs
can also occur.

16. Arboviral disease
• Japanese encephalitis virus,
• dengue virus, chikungunya fever
• bite of infected arthropods (insects)
• such as mosquitoes and ticks.
• These infections usually occur during warm weather
months, when mosquitoes and ticks are active.

17. Dengue fever
• Also called: breakbone fever
• Aedes mosquitos
• Symptoms high fever,
headache, rash
and muscle and joint pain.
• In severe cases there is serious bleeding and shock,
which can be life threatening.

18. Japanese encephalitis
• caused by the Japanese
encephalitis virus
• spread by the bite of infected
mosquitoes.
• common in rural and agricultural areas.
• causes serious brain swelling with a sudden
headache, high fever and disorientation.

19. Chikungunya fever
• Transmitted by bite of
Aedes aegyptii
• Fever and joint pain
• Muscle pain, headache, fatigue and rash may also
occur.

20. Leishmaniasis
• An infection with leishmania
• parasites spread by sandflies.
• cutaneous, mucocutaneous,
or visceral leishmaniasis.
• Fever, splenomegaly and heparomegaly,weight loss,
etc.

21. Taeniasis
• Caused by T.solium and
T. saginata
• caused by eating
undercooked beef or pork
that contains tapeworm eggs.
• symptoms may include stomach pain, lost appetite,
weight loss and an upset stomach. Tapeworm
segments may be visible as they pass through the anus
and in the faeces.

22. Toxoplasmosis
• Caused by toxoplasm gondii
• Toxoplasmosis results from infection with a common
parasite found in cat faeces and contaminated food.
It can cause serious complications for pregnant
women and people with weakened immune systems.
• Symptoms include muscle pain, fever and headache,
all of which can last for weeks.

23. Anthrax
• Caused by bacillus anthrax
• Humans can become infected
through contact with an infected
animal or by inhaling spores.
• Cutaneous, pulmonary, and intestinal
• Mainly affect dock workers, butchers, abattoirs, farmer
and wool factory workers.

24. Lymphochoriomeningitis
(LCMV)
• Carriers
– Rodents - including pocket pets such as hamsters.
• Symptoms in people
– Mostly a problem in geriatric and immunocompromised
people.
– The early phase - flu-like symptoms
– The late phase – neurologic problems like rabies and rarely
death
• Lawsuit
– PetSmart was sued because they sold a hamster infected with
LCMV to a person who was infected and died of a stroke.
– That person’s liver was transplanted into a man who then died
of LCMV.

25. Monkeypox
• Carriers
– Rats, prairie dogs and rabbits
– Especially when imported from
Africa
• Transmission – direct contact
• Symptoms (carrier)
– Listlessness, respiratory
infection
– Patchy hair loss with scabs
• Symptoms (people)
– Fever and pox-like rash 1-2
weeks after handling rodents

26. Tetanus
• Carriers – animal mouths
and anything not sterile that
can cause a deep puncture
wound
• Transmission – puncture by
tooth or object
• Symptoms (people &
animals)
– Horses & sheep > goats, dogs,
cats, cattle, etc.
– Fever and muscle soreness,
progressing to uncontrolled
muscle contraction
– “sardonic risus” – grimacing
of facial muscles
– p. 8 – not actually “neurologic
signs”

27. Laboratory diagnosis
• Collection of specimens
• Man- Collected according the site of lesions
• Animals-
– Ear specimen in anthrax
– Swabs soaked in blood in anthrax
– Carcass of animal in rabies
– Pooled milk sample in brucellosis
– Piece of kidney in leptospirosis

28. Microscopic examination
– Gram staining- for bacterial zoones
– Electron microscopy- for viruses, chlamydia, rickettsia
– Saline and iodine preparation- for parasitic zoonoses
– KOH mount- for fungal zoonose
– Direct immunofluorescence satin for demonstration
of antigen

29. Culture
• Routine culture on bacteriological ( both
selective and non selective) media for
bacteria.
• Tissue culture and chick embryo for virus
• Sabraud dextrose agar- fungi culture
• The media are observed for growth after
appropriate incubation period and identified
using standard method.

30. Brucellosis-
• Culture media- automated technique BACTE and Bact/
ALERT
• Serology
• SAT
• Detection of IgG antibody (2 ME)
• Brucellosis in animals
• Milk ring test
• Rose bengal card test
• Whey agglutination test

31. Plague
• Transport medium- carry blair medium
• Gram staining- gram negative oval
coccobacillus
• Wayson stain- bipolar or safety pin appearance
• Culture
• Non fastidious organism
• CIN agar (cefsulodin irgasan novobiocin)

32. Leptospira
• Dark ground microscopy
• Silver impregnation method
• Culture
• EMJH medium
• Korthof medium
• Fletchers medium

33. Rickettsiae- weil felix test
• Q fever- highly fastidious not grow routine media
• Inoculate into cell cultures – monkey kidney cells,
human embryonic lung fibroblast or yolk sac

34. Anthrax
• Gram staining- bamboo stick appearance
• Mcfadyean reaction- diagnosis in animal anthrax
• Ascolis thermoprecipitation

35. • Nutrient agar- medusa head appearance
• Gelatin stab agar- fir tree appearance
• Selective media
• Solid medium with pencillin- string of pearl
appearance
• PLET medium

36. Serological method
• Agglutination test
• Precipitation test
• Complement fixation test
• ELISA
• Haemagglutination test
• Radioimmunoassay
• Indirect immunofluorescence
• Neutralisation test

37. Prevention and control
• Detection and treatment of infected cases
• Vaccination of domestic animals
• Pasturisation or boiling of milk
• Proper sterilization of animal products
• Proper purification of water
• Proper disposal of dead animals and their waste
products
• Proper cooking of food of animal origin
• Protective clothing particularly in veterinarian
• Health education
• Personal hygiene
• Education of medical and veterinary personal