Blood basics
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The document discusses the components of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It provides facts about blood such as the average amount of blood in the human body and the relative proportions of blood components. It describes how blood type is determined genetically from parents and the main blood types (A, B, AB, and O). The document also discusses blood transfusions and compatibility based on blood type. It covers the Rh factor and uses of blood evidence in forensic investigations.
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This document provides information about evaluating semen quality through various tests and examinations. It describes how to collect and transport semen samples, the normal characteristics of semen, and different abnormalities that can be detected through physical, microscopic, biochemical and other analyses of semen samples. The goal of semen analysis is to assess male fertility and detect any issues that may be causing infertility.
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2. There are several types of donations including voluntary unpaid donations, donations from friends/family of patients, and paid donations. Donors can also donate for their own future planned medical procedures.
3. Prior to donation, potential donors undergo screening including testing for transmissible diseases and a medical history/physical exam to ensure the donation is safe. Donors must wait specified periods between donations depending on what they donate.
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Preanalytical errors can occur during blood collection and processing, affecting patient care. Phlebotomy involves collecting blood, typically by venipuncture or capillary puncture. Proper collection methods and handling are important to ensure specimen quality and accurate test results. Trained personnel must follow specific procedures and consider factors like patient physiology, collection sites, tube types and additives, and transport conditions.
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Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the precursors of gametes that originate outside the developing embryo and migrate to the developing gonads. PGCs in mammals originate in the endodermal epithelium of the yolk sac and migrate through the dorsal mesentery using amoeboid movement to reach the genital ridges by the fifth week. In the genital ridges, the sex chromosomes determine if the PGCs will differentiate into either oogonia in females, which arrest in meiosis I, or gonocytes in males, which enter mitotic arrest until birth. PGCs are spherical and larger in size with a large nucleus and migrate from their site of origin to the developing gon
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This document discusses electrophoresis, which is a technique used to separate charged particles like proteins through an electrolyte under the influence of an electric field. It describes how electrophoresis was discovered and some of the major types used like agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis involves preparing an agarose gel on a glass slide, applying a serum sample and dye, running a current through the gel, then fixing, staining and observing the separated protein bands. The document outlines the procedure for agarose gel electrophoresis and lists some factors that affect separation. It also provides examples of how interpreting the results of electrophoresis can help diagnose conditions like multiple myeloma, nephrotic syndrome and cirrhosis.
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This document provides an introduction to blood collection, including the importance of proper techniques and safety precautions. It discusses the learning objectives, which focus on correct collection methods, specimen integrity, and quality assurance. Types of specimens that can be collected include whole blood, plasma, serum, and differences between them. Anticoagulants prevent clotting to obtain certain specimens. Venous blood is preferred but arterial or capillary can also be collected with proper training and procedures.
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Types of punctures
Skin punctures like fingersticks and heel sticks are commonly used to obtain small blood samples from patients. Heel sticks are preferred for infants less than 1 year old because the heel has more tissue and no nerves, bones, or tendons nearby.
Earlobe punctures are mainly used to measure bleeding time by introducing a small wound and timing how long it takes to stop bleeding. Normal bleeding time is 1-3 minutes.
When performing punctures, it is important to clean the site, use the proper lancet or needle size for the patient, and control blood flow to obtain an adequate sample for testing while minimizing patient discomfort.
Human Cloning
The document discusses various perspectives on human cloning including ethical, religious, and scientific issues. It outlines three main types of cloning: DNA cloning which transfers DNA between organisms, reproductive cloning used to create copies of organisms, and therapeutic cloning which produces stem cells for research and treatment. While cloning may help address medical problems, it also raises concerns about the perspective of human life and dignity. Religiously, some view human cloning as violating God's will by separating reproduction from marriage.
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5th year (Blood bank and blood transfusion).pptx
The document discusses the history and science of blood banking and transfusion. It covers early attempts at blood transfusions dating back to ancient times. Major milestones include the discovery of the ABO blood group system in 1900 and the Rh system in 1940. The document also examines blood group inheritance and genetics. It provides details on the ABO and Rh blood group systems, including antigens, antibodies, donation compatibility, and inheritance patterns.
Blood
Blood and lymph are two important body fluids. Blood consists of plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It undergoes coagulation to prevent blood loss after injury. Blood grouping is based on antigens on red blood cells and is important for safe blood transfusions. Rh grouping involves the Rh antigen and is also a key factor. Lymph is fluid that transports nutrients and immune cells between tissues.
Circulatory System Bio 11 (1).pdf
The document summarizes key aspects of the circulatory system, including blood and its components. It discusses how blood transports substances around the body using blood and lymph as transport fluids. It also describes the components of blood like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Furthermore, it outlines the structure and function of the heart and how blood is circulated from the heart to the lungs and throughout the body in two circuits.
Types of blood groups and scope of genetics
This document discusses blood group types and the scope of genetics. It describes the four main blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. The ABO blood group system and Rh blood group system are the two most important classification systems. Genetics has many important applications including understanding inheritance, disease risk, identity testing, treating diseases, understanding human origins, agriculture, ancient history, blood transfusions, prenatal testing, drug sensitivity, and pharmaceutical development.
Blood
Blood has three main functions: transport, protection, and regulation. It transports gases, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste throughout the body. Blood also protects the body through white blood cells that destroy pathogens and platelets that initiate clotting. Additionally, blood helps regulate pH, water balance, and other processes. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, each with distinct roles in these important functions.
Blood types infographic
If a doctor talks about your blood type, usually he or she is referring to two things: your type in the ABO system and Rhesus (Rh) factor. Human blood type is determined by antigens on the red blood cells. An antigen is a structure on the cell surface that causes a human immune response reacts to if the structure is foreign to the person’s body. Consequently, blood type match is of crucial importance. The donor’s blood type is identified at the Blood Centre, and the patient’s blood type is determined before transfusion. Here is everything you need to know!
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Blood basics
- 1. Forensic Science T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/
- 2. What makes up our blood? • RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells. • WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens. • PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. • PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
- 3. Blood Facts The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy. There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell. http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html
- 4. Genetics of Blood Types • Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. • You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER. • These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.
- 5. What are blood types? There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations. Blood Types AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
- 6. How common is your blood type? 46.1% 38.8% 11.1% 3.9%
- 7. Blood Transfusions A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness. Who can give you blood? Universal Donor People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type. People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type. Rh + Can receive + or Rh - Can only receive Universal Recipient
- 8. Rh Factors • Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. • The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. • If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html A+ AB+ BAB+ ABO+ O-
- 9. Blood Evidence • Blood samples – Can be analyzed to determine blood type and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects. • Blood droplets – Can be analyzed to give clues to the location of a crime, movement of a victim, and type of weapon. • Blood spatter – Can be analyzed to determine patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime might have happened.
- 10. Microscopic Views Fish Blood Bird Blood Horse Blood Frog Blood Cat Blood Dog Blood Human Blood Snake Blood
Editor's Notes
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