Alteration is defined as any change to a document which gives it a different effect from
that it originally possessed. If change is made after execution of a document and without
the consent of the other party or concerned person, then such change is called fraudulent
alteration. Document examiners must be able to identify documents that were altered to change the conditions of a contract or other legal entity.
Alterations can take the form of erasures and replacement and/or insertion of material into a document.
This document discusses various methods for examining documents to detect alterations or forgeries. It describes how erasures, overwritten text, and chemical treatments can be detected through microscopic analysis, ultraviolet light, infrared photography, and digital image processing. Chromatography and ink libraries can be used to match ink between known and questioned documents. Paper composition can also provide clues through features like watermarks.
This document discusses various methods used to alter documents, including erasure and obliteration. It notes that erasures can be detected under microscopic examination but may not reveal the original text. Obliteration through chemicals is invisible to the naked eye but can be seen under microscopy. Infrared luminescence examination can determine if different inks were used for original text versus obliterated text, but recovery is impossible if the same ink was used.
1) Manual typewriters produce identifiable characteristics over time such as misaligned or damaged letters that can be used to match documents to a specific machine.
2) Electric typewriters use either a daisy wheel or golf ball to print letters, which deteriorate with use and produce flaws that appear across documents from the same machine.
3) Printers are more difficult to trace to a specific device than typewriters, but laser printers may transfer tiny scratches that offer identifying evidence.
Questioned document analysis examines physical evidence from documents like handwriting, typewriting, photocopies, and ink to determine authenticity or identify forgeries. Characteristics like defects in typewriter parts or marks from printer components can be matched between documents. Security features in currency and documents include microprinting, security threads, and special inks. Forgeries are categorized as traced, simulated, freehand, or lifted depending on the method used. Handwriting analysis examines unique writing habits and patterns to determine authorship.
The document discusses standards required for handwriting comparisons. It states that collected standards, which are genuine documents written naturally, are preferred over request standards which are written at the request of investigators. It provides guidance on obtaining adequate samples, including getting 20-25 signatures or 4-5 handwritten pages and samples within 2-3 years unless health has changed. When getting request standards, the writer should be dictated to, the writing conditions duplicated, and the questioned writing kept isolated to avoid influencing the samples.
VSC VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATAOR FORENSIC APPLICATIONS BY SHAILESH CHAUBEY STUDENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE & CRIMINOLOGY FROM BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY JHANSI UTTAR PRADESH INDIA . THIS PPT SHOWS ABOUT THE FEATURES, APPLICATIONS , CASE LAWS & NEED OF VSC IN FORENSIC ASPECTS FOR DOCUMENT EXAMINATION & HANDWRITING . THIS PRESENTATION WILL HELP TO GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT VSC BY VARIOUS SLIDES.
Forensic examination of stamp, seal and other mechanical impressionskiran malik
Document examiners must analyze all physical evidence on documents, including seals, stamps, and other impressions. Impressions can provide important clues, as paper retains impressions well over time. Seals, stamps, and other tools have long been used to authenticate documents by leaving unique impressions in wax, ink, or directly in paper. Characteristics like defects, wear patterns, and individual styles can help determine if a questioned impression originated from a particular physical source like a specific seal or stamp.
This document discusses various methods for examining documents to detect alterations or forgeries. It describes how erasures, overwritten text, and chemical treatments can be detected through microscopic analysis, ultraviolet light, infrared photography, and digital image processing. Chromatography and ink libraries can be used to match ink between known and questioned documents. Paper composition can also provide clues through features like watermarks.
This document discusses various methods used to alter documents, including erasure and obliteration. It notes that erasures can be detected under microscopic examination but may not reveal the original text. Obliteration through chemicals is invisible to the naked eye but can be seen under microscopy. Infrared luminescence examination can determine if different inks were used for original text versus obliterated text, but recovery is impossible if the same ink was used.
1) Manual typewriters produce identifiable characteristics over time such as misaligned or damaged letters that can be used to match documents to a specific machine.
2) Electric typewriters use either a daisy wheel or golf ball to print letters, which deteriorate with use and produce flaws that appear across documents from the same machine.
3) Printers are more difficult to trace to a specific device than typewriters, but laser printers may transfer tiny scratches that offer identifying evidence.
Questioned document analysis examines physical evidence from documents like handwriting, typewriting, photocopies, and ink to determine authenticity or identify forgeries. Characteristics like defects in typewriter parts or marks from printer components can be matched between documents. Security features in currency and documents include microprinting, security threads, and special inks. Forgeries are categorized as traced, simulated, freehand, or lifted depending on the method used. Handwriting analysis examines unique writing habits and patterns to determine authorship.
The document discusses standards required for handwriting comparisons. It states that collected standards, which are genuine documents written naturally, are preferred over request standards which are written at the request of investigators. It provides guidance on obtaining adequate samples, including getting 20-25 signatures or 4-5 handwritten pages and samples within 2-3 years unless health has changed. When getting request standards, the writer should be dictated to, the writing conditions duplicated, and the questioned writing kept isolated to avoid influencing the samples.
VSC VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATAOR FORENSIC APPLICATIONS BY SHAILESH CHAUBEY STUDENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE & CRIMINOLOGY FROM BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY JHANSI UTTAR PRADESH INDIA . THIS PPT SHOWS ABOUT THE FEATURES, APPLICATIONS , CASE LAWS & NEED OF VSC IN FORENSIC ASPECTS FOR DOCUMENT EXAMINATION & HANDWRITING . THIS PRESENTATION WILL HELP TO GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT VSC BY VARIOUS SLIDES.
Forensic examination of stamp, seal and other mechanical impressionskiran malik
Document examiners must analyze all physical evidence on documents, including seals, stamps, and other impressions. Impressions can provide important clues, as paper retains impressions well over time. Seals, stamps, and other tools have long been used to authenticate documents by leaving unique impressions in wax, ink, or directly in paper. Characteristics like defects, wear patterns, and individual styles can help determine if a questioned impression originated from a particular physical source like a specific seal or stamp.
This document discusses indented writing and methods for deciphering it. Indented writing refers to depressions on paper created by writing pressure. Methods to reveal indented writing include using oblique light, pencil shading, and electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA). ESDA is a non-destructive technique that uses static electricity to make indentations visible, even on papers up to 60 years old. It was used in a case to reveal an address from a bank robbery note that helped police arrest the suspect.
The document discusses the external morphology of the human ear by examining its structure, how pressure affects it, and the procedure used to compare ears.
forensic questioned document examinationkiran malik
Power point presentation basically related to document examination in forensic science laboratories, related various facilities and was related to expert evidences.
Individual handwriting characteristics are unique to each person and include things like stroke direction and curvature, pen pauses where the pen stops touching the page, pen lifts where the pen is removed from the page, placement of dots, crossings, and punctuation, hesitations seen in vertical or curved lines, embellishments added for style, abbreviations of common letters or words, and distinctive ways of making the cross on "t" and dot on "i". These characteristics are developed unconsciously over time and differ between genuine and forged writing.
Mechanical impressions like those from typewriters, checkwriters, rubber stamps, and seals can be examined to determine features for identification purposes. Typewriter impressions are examined based on measurements of the typeface, size, and defects. Checkwriter impressions consider standard and variable text. Rubber stamp and seal examinations analyze microscopic features, defects, and wear patterns for identification. Equipment like UV light, infrared imaging, lasers, microscopes, and photography are used to aid the examination and comparison of mechanical impressions.
The document discusses various techniques used in handwriting and document analysis. It covers topics such as historical dating of documents, fraud investigation, analysis of paper/ink, techniques for examining forgeries and alterations, and comparing handwriting samples. The core techniques include analyzing characteristics of handwriting style, paper fibers, ink composition, indentations, and marks from copying/printing devices. The goal is to determine the authenticity and origin of questioned documents through scientific examination and comparison with known samples.
age of document , document, paper, writing matter, typescript, printed matter, signature and handwriting, typewriter and various types of type writing devices
Poroscopy and edgeoscopy are fingerprint identification techniques that examine sweat pore and ridge edge details. Poroscopy studies the distinctive patterns of sweat pores on fingerprints, which are unique to each individual. Edgeoscopy analyzes ridge edge alignments and shapes. These techniques allow identification to be made from partial or unclear fingerprints left at crime scenes. A 1912 case in France demonstrated poroscopy's use in identifying suspects from blurred fingerprints left at a burglary.
A comparison microscope allows two specimens to be viewed simultaneously through two connected microscopes. This avoids having to switch between specimens under a single microscope. Comparison microscopes are useful in fields like forensics, paleontology, and archaeology for comparing ballistics evidence, tool marks, and other small objects. They were pioneered in firearms examination in the 1920s and allow examiners to compare unique striations on bullets and cartridge casings to link them to specific guns. The microscope uses an optical bridge between two microscopes to combine their images into a single eyepiece for side-by-side comparison.
This document summarizes the key components and capabilities of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). It discusses the goals of understanding AFIS, how fingerprints are acquired and processed, different types of fingerprint searches, system accuracy, current issues and limitations, and emerging technologies like mobile AFIS.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of fingerprints. It discusses how fingerprints develop in the womb, the three main fingerprint patterns (arch, loop, and whorl), and the ridge and minutia details that make each fingerprint unique. It also outlines the three main types of fingerprints that can be found at crime scenes: patent prints formed through transfers of colored materials, latent prints through sweat or oil, and plastic prints on pliable surfaces.
This document discusses questioned document examination, which analyzes documents with suspicious authenticity using scientific methods. It outlines the history and methodology of the field, including the ACE method of analysis, comparison, and evaluation. Common types of questioned documents that may be examined include wills, checks, agreements, receipts, ID cards, licenses, currency notes, and suicide notes.
Tool marks evidence plays an important role in forensic science. Tool marks are impressions or marks left on surfaces by tools and can be used to identify the specific tool that made the mark. There are different types of tool marks such as impressions, abrasions, cuts, and drill holes. Tool marks contain both class characteristics common to groups of tools and unique individual characteristics. Tool marks are collected using methods like photography, casting, and test marks. Examiners compare both class and individual characteristics of tool marks using various techniques like microscopy and superimposition to determine if two marks have a common origin.
Tool marks are impressions left on a softer surface by a tool due to forcible contact. They can be individually unique due to wear and tear on tools. There are four main types of tool marks: compression, striated, combination, and repetitive/multi-stroke marks. Tool marks are examined based on their class, sub-class, and individual characteristics. Proper collection involves photography, tracing, and lifting impressions. A variety of chemical reagents can be used to restore obliterated tool marks on different material surfaces like metals, wood, leather, and rubber.
This document provides an overview of fingerprint development and composition. It discusses the different types of fingerprints, including latent prints invisible to the eye, visible prints made with colored substances, and plastic prints made in soft materials. It also outlines the major components of sweat, including water, inorganic ions, proteins, lipids, and amino acids. Fingerprint residue is described as a complex three-dimensional matrix made up of these compounds that can change over time. The document provides background information on fingerprint science concepts for a forensic dermatoglyphics course.
Erasures can be accomplished through either abrasive or chemical means. Abrasive erasures disturb the paper's surface finish and evidence may be visible under normal light or a microscope. Some samples require side lighting to detect erasures, placing a light source at an angle to the paper's surface. Erasures are also categorized as either chemical, where chemicals remove ink content to allow rewriting, or physical, where blades or pins alter the paper's surface and ink dispersion.
This document provides an overview of the examination of seal impressions in forensic science. It discusses the different types of stamps and seals, the characteristics of impressions they make, and the examination process forensic document examiners follow. This includes examining the questioned impression under a microscope, comparing it to test impressions made with the known stamp or seal, and looking for defects and features that could indicate a match or non-match. The goal is to determine whether a questioned impression was or was not made by a particular stamp or seal.
This document discusses indented writing and methods for deciphering it. Indented writing refers to depressions on paper created by writing pressure. Methods to reveal indented writing include using oblique light, pencil shading, and electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA). ESDA is a non-destructive technique that uses static electricity to make indentations visible, even on papers up to 60 years old. It was used in a case to reveal an address from a bank robbery note that helped police arrest the suspect.
The document discusses the external morphology of the human ear by examining its structure, how pressure affects it, and the procedure used to compare ears.
forensic questioned document examinationkiran malik
Power point presentation basically related to document examination in forensic science laboratories, related various facilities and was related to expert evidences.
Individual handwriting characteristics are unique to each person and include things like stroke direction and curvature, pen pauses where the pen stops touching the page, pen lifts where the pen is removed from the page, placement of dots, crossings, and punctuation, hesitations seen in vertical or curved lines, embellishments added for style, abbreviations of common letters or words, and distinctive ways of making the cross on "t" and dot on "i". These characteristics are developed unconsciously over time and differ between genuine and forged writing.
Mechanical impressions like those from typewriters, checkwriters, rubber stamps, and seals can be examined to determine features for identification purposes. Typewriter impressions are examined based on measurements of the typeface, size, and defects. Checkwriter impressions consider standard and variable text. Rubber stamp and seal examinations analyze microscopic features, defects, and wear patterns for identification. Equipment like UV light, infrared imaging, lasers, microscopes, and photography are used to aid the examination and comparison of mechanical impressions.
The document discusses various techniques used in handwriting and document analysis. It covers topics such as historical dating of documents, fraud investigation, analysis of paper/ink, techniques for examining forgeries and alterations, and comparing handwriting samples. The core techniques include analyzing characteristics of handwriting style, paper fibers, ink composition, indentations, and marks from copying/printing devices. The goal is to determine the authenticity and origin of questioned documents through scientific examination and comparison with known samples.
age of document , document, paper, writing matter, typescript, printed matter, signature and handwriting, typewriter and various types of type writing devices
Poroscopy and edgeoscopy are fingerprint identification techniques that examine sweat pore and ridge edge details. Poroscopy studies the distinctive patterns of sweat pores on fingerprints, which are unique to each individual. Edgeoscopy analyzes ridge edge alignments and shapes. These techniques allow identification to be made from partial or unclear fingerprints left at crime scenes. A 1912 case in France demonstrated poroscopy's use in identifying suspects from blurred fingerprints left at a burglary.
A comparison microscope allows two specimens to be viewed simultaneously through two connected microscopes. This avoids having to switch between specimens under a single microscope. Comparison microscopes are useful in fields like forensics, paleontology, and archaeology for comparing ballistics evidence, tool marks, and other small objects. They were pioneered in firearms examination in the 1920s and allow examiners to compare unique striations on bullets and cartridge casings to link them to specific guns. The microscope uses an optical bridge between two microscopes to combine their images into a single eyepiece for side-by-side comparison.
This document summarizes the key components and capabilities of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). It discusses the goals of understanding AFIS, how fingerprints are acquired and processed, different types of fingerprint searches, system accuracy, current issues and limitations, and emerging technologies like mobile AFIS.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of fingerprints. It discusses how fingerprints develop in the womb, the three main fingerprint patterns (arch, loop, and whorl), and the ridge and minutia details that make each fingerprint unique. It also outlines the three main types of fingerprints that can be found at crime scenes: patent prints formed through transfers of colored materials, latent prints through sweat or oil, and plastic prints on pliable surfaces.
This document discusses questioned document examination, which analyzes documents with suspicious authenticity using scientific methods. It outlines the history and methodology of the field, including the ACE method of analysis, comparison, and evaluation. Common types of questioned documents that may be examined include wills, checks, agreements, receipts, ID cards, licenses, currency notes, and suicide notes.
Tool marks evidence plays an important role in forensic science. Tool marks are impressions or marks left on surfaces by tools and can be used to identify the specific tool that made the mark. There are different types of tool marks such as impressions, abrasions, cuts, and drill holes. Tool marks contain both class characteristics common to groups of tools and unique individual characteristics. Tool marks are collected using methods like photography, casting, and test marks. Examiners compare both class and individual characteristics of tool marks using various techniques like microscopy and superimposition to determine if two marks have a common origin.
Tool marks are impressions left on a softer surface by a tool due to forcible contact. They can be individually unique due to wear and tear on tools. There are four main types of tool marks: compression, striated, combination, and repetitive/multi-stroke marks. Tool marks are examined based on their class, sub-class, and individual characteristics. Proper collection involves photography, tracing, and lifting impressions. A variety of chemical reagents can be used to restore obliterated tool marks on different material surfaces like metals, wood, leather, and rubber.
This document provides an overview of fingerprint development and composition. It discusses the different types of fingerprints, including latent prints invisible to the eye, visible prints made with colored substances, and plastic prints made in soft materials. It also outlines the major components of sweat, including water, inorganic ions, proteins, lipids, and amino acids. Fingerprint residue is described as a complex three-dimensional matrix made up of these compounds that can change over time. The document provides background information on fingerprint science concepts for a forensic dermatoglyphics course.
Erasures can be accomplished through either abrasive or chemical means. Abrasive erasures disturb the paper's surface finish and evidence may be visible under normal light or a microscope. Some samples require side lighting to detect erasures, placing a light source at an angle to the paper's surface. Erasures are also categorized as either chemical, where chemicals remove ink content to allow rewriting, or physical, where blades or pins alter the paper's surface and ink dispersion.
This document provides an overview of the examination of seal impressions in forensic science. It discusses the different types of stamps and seals, the characteristics of impressions they make, and the examination process forensic document examiners follow. This includes examining the questioned impression under a microscope, comparing it to test impressions made with the known stamp or seal, and looking for defects and features that could indicate a match or non-match. The goal is to determine whether a questioned impression was or was not made by a particular stamp or seal.
This document discusses three areas of criminal sciences: document examination, graphoscopy, and dactyloscopy. It describes how document examination analyzes documents to determine authenticity and identifies authors. Graphoscopy studies handwriting to verify signatures and identify forgeries. Dactyloscopy examines fingerprints using their unique ridge characteristics to determine identity with absolute certainty.
This document outlines an experiment to use paper chromatography to separate the components of black ink. The objectives are to observe that black ink consists of other pigments and how different pigments separate based on their solubility. Paper chromatography works by using a mobile phase, like a water-alcohol solution, to carry ink components through a stationary phase, like chromatography paper, at different rates based on their solubility. The procedure involves spotting black ink on paper and developing it in a mobile phase. Observations show the separation of ink components like red, blue, and yellow. The conclusion is that black ink gets its color from a mixture of colored inks that separate during chromatography.
This document discusses fingerprint classification and provides details on fingerprint patterns including loops, whorls, arches and their variations. It explains the fingerprint classification formula which uses values assigned to fingerprint patterns on each finger to determine the primary, secondary, sub-secondary and final classifications. These classifications allow fingerprints to be systematically categorized and identified.
Paper chromatography is a technique that uses paper sheets as the stationary phase to separate dissolved chemical substances by their different migration rates across the paper. The principle involves partition chromatography, where substances partition between the water held in paper pores and a mobile phase that passes through the paper. The procedure involves selecting filter paper, preparing the sample, spotting the sample on paper, developing the chromatogram by immersing the paper in a mobile phase, drying the paper, and detecting spots. Paper chromatography has various applications such as analyzing fermentation, checking pharmaceutical purity, and detecting contaminants in foods and drinks.
This document provides information about fingerprint recording, including the materials used, different fingerprint impressions, filling out fingerprint cards, and the procedure for recording fingerprints of both living and dead persons. It discusses plain and rolled impressions, filling out fingerprint cards with subject information, the proper procedure for inking and printing fingers onto a card, and challenges with recording fingerprints of deceased individuals in different post-mortem stages. Common errors, quality checklists, and uses of fingerprinting are also outlined.
The document provides guidance on collecting fingerprints from deceased individuals in different states of decomposition. For recent deaths where the body is still flexible, traditional fingerprinting methods like ink and powder can be used. For bodies in rigor mortis, the fingers may need to be straightened by soaking in hot water, applying pressure, or making cuts to tendons. In advanced decomposition, gelatin or air can be injected under the skin to restore finger shape before fingerprinting. Proper documentation and handling is important to avoid contamination.
Chapter 4 – Physical Evidence
Class Characteristics
When the characteristics of physical evidence are common to a group of objects or
persons, they may be termed class. Regardless of how thoroughly examined, such
evidence can be placed only into a broad category; an individual identification
cannot be made because there is a possibility of more than one source for the
evidence.
Individual Characteristics
Evidence with individual characteristics can be identified as originating with a
particular person or source.
Soil is the natural accumulation of earth materials, such as weathering rocks,
minerals, and decomposing plants, along with pollen.minerals, and decomposing plants, along with pollen.
1. Soil examinations can determine whether soils share a common
origin by comparing color, texture, and composition.
2. Although it is class characteristic evidence, the analysis of soil
evidence can help focus investigations and discredit alibis.
3. The pollen in soil or on plants and grass can also be very
significant in determining whether or not a suspect was at the scene.
Locating and Handling Soil Evidence
Soil evidence may be important when the suspect drives or walks on unpaved
areas, so that it is picked up by tire treads or the bottom of shoes and cuffs of
the pants. It may also be recovered in a number of other places, such as the
floor board of the subject's car or on articles in the trunk of his vehicle,
including shovels and blankets.
Preserving Shoe/Footwear Prints
Footwear prints may, or may not be readily visible. If they are not immediately
apparent, turn the lights off and search for them using a flashlight.
Comparing Shoe Print Evidence
SICAR is a software package which classifies, archives, and identifies shoe prints.
Preserving Footwear Impressions
As in the case with footwear prints, the location of footwear impressions should be
photographed as part of the general scene and then with a scale.
Preserving Shoe Impressions in Snow
Dental stone is also the preferred material for casting impressions in snow,
replacing the more difficult and time consuming process of using sulfur, which has to
be heated.
Photographs of footwear impressions at a crime scene
In the first photo only the impressions are shown
In a subsequent photo a ruler will be added to show sizes
Later casts will be made of the impressions
GLASS
Glass is important as physical evidence because of the frequency with which it is
encountered.
A. It is essential that the crime scene technician and investigator
understand the ways in which glass reacts to force.
B. Handling Glass Evidence
Tape should not be used to collect glass evidence and any processing for latent
prints is ordinarily done in the laboratory.
An important question often associated with motor vehicle accidents and hit-
and-run cases involves whether or not the lights of a suspect vehicle were and-run cases involves wheth.
Forgery involves imitating signatures or documents. There are three main types of forgery: simulated forgery which copies signatures freehand, traced forgery which uses tracing methods to exactly replicate signatures, and simple forgery which uses fake names without copying a model. Traced forgeries often show defects like irregular line quality from hesitation and changes in pen pressure. Simulated forgeries may also contain indications of fraud like tremors, blunt letter forms, and lack of spontaneity. Document alterations like erasures, additions, or substitutions can also be used to change meanings fraudulently. Careful examination of writing characteristics is needed to determine the authenticity of signatures and documents.
- Paper is made from wood and cotton fibers and often treated with additives that affect properties like color, strength, and brightness.
- Techniques like measuring thickness, texture, brightness, opacity, and analyzing watermarks can help forensic experts determine paper types and origins.
- A famous example is how radiocarbon dating of the Vinland Map proved it was made in 1434, decades before Columbus' voyage, resolving debates about its authenticity.
The document provides instructions for properly maintaining drafting tools and equipment. It emphasizes the importance of cleaning tools regularly to remove dirt and residue, performing minor repairs when needed, and properly storing tools to prevent damage and extend their usable lifetime. Regular maintenance is key to ensuring tools work efficiently and accurately.
This document provides an overview of examining questioned documents. It discusses examining the paper, ink, writing, stamps, and other features for signs of alteration, addition, or substitution that could indicate a forgery. Features like wire marks, watermarks, erasures, folds, and impressions are analyzed. The goal is to determine if a document's origin, appearance, content, or circumstances raise suspicions about its authenticity by comparing its characteristics. A variety of tools like magnifying glasses, photography, and light analysis can be used to carefully examine documents for any anomalies.
The document discusses forensic document examination, which involves analyzing documents like handwriting, signatures, and printed text to determine authenticity and detect forgeries. It describes techniques like electrostatic detection to find indentations, video spectral comparator to examine inks under different lights, and thin layer chromatography to analyze ink components. The goal is to compare questioned documents to known samples and look for consistent characteristics to identify the writer.
Medico Legal Importance of Questioned Documents in Crime Investigationijtsrd
Forensic handwriting examination has a new frontier the digital signature in biometric modality that uses, for recognition purposes, the anatomic and behavioral characteristics that an individual exhibit when signing her his name. Data such as the dynamically captured direction, stroke, distance, size, pressure and shape of an individual's signature enable handwriting to be a reliable indicator of an indivudul's identity. "Namirial" is an Italian company that created a biometric signature system named "GrafoCerta" sure signature that has a forensic sector particularly suitable for research. In this paper the researcher will try to explain the different characteristics of handwriting examination and examination of questioned document. Dr. Theju Kumar C "Medico Legal Importance of Questioned Documents in Crime Investigation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31013.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31013/medico-legal-importance-of-questioned-documents-in-crime-investigation/dr-theju-kumar-c
Document examiners analyze questioned documents through years of training to recognize individual handwriting characteristics. No two individuals write exactly alike due to unique factors like letter style, spacing, and writing skill. Examiners compare a sufficient number of these characteristics between known and questioned samples to determine authorship, though no single factor is definitive on its own. Proper collection of known writing exemplars is critical for the examination outcome.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
2. ALTERATION
Document examiners must be able to identify documents that were altered to change the conditions of a contract or other
legal entity.
Alterations can take the form of erasures and replacement and/or insertion of material into a document.
Handwriting, typewriting, and other marks on paper can be removed by abrasion or chemical eradication or covered with an
opaque substance. Document examiners need to be able to decipher the material that has been altered or erased.
On numerous occasions documents are altered during their preparation or after their completion with full knowledge of all
parties concerned and without an attempt on the part of anyone to perpetrate fraud.
An addition or other alteration is made with intent to cheat some party in an otherwise fair and legitimate transaction. When
such an act has been committed, or is suspected, a document examiner may be consulted.
Documents are changed in several ways, and each method requires a separate technique for detection and for the
restoration or decipherment of the original material.
The most common procedures include the removal of portions by erasure, obscuring the writing by opaque marks, and the
addition of material either by interlineation or by extending portions of the document.
3. CONTI…………
Alteration is defined as any change to a document which gives it a different effect from that it originally
possessed. If change is made after execution of a document and without the consent of the other party or
concerned person, then such change is called fraudulent alteration.
Examples of documents frequently altered by adding materials are checks (raising the amount) and wills
(adding conditions, terms, and beneficiaries).
In the case of wills, care should be taken to ascertain that the date has not been altered, since in most
countries the latest dated will is the one legally binding.
There are also page additions to assembled documents. This can be something as “simple” as removing a
staple, inserting or changing a page, then reassembling the document.
In this case the staple should be inspected for signs of bending or manual closure, or in the case of a new
staple conformity to other staples used by the source. The staple holes should also be examined for
irregularities, unexplained tears and extra holes. There have been “ballistics type” examinations of toolmarks
left by staplers on the staples.
4. Features of fraudulent alteration:
These alterations are done in such a way that they may pass unnoticed under regular examination of the
document.
The alteration methods are usually latent or may be so minute that an unskilled or incompetent
examiner may not be able to detect them.
6. ERASURE
It is common knowledge that writing, typewriting, or printing may be removed by either chemicals,
abrasion, or scratching with a sharp instrument like a knife. Not all of these methods are successful in
removing each class of marking medium, but all are encountered in a variety of problems.
Erasures are made by three methods:
The mechanical removal of the ink by scraping the surface until all the visible ink has been removed
The treatment by bleaching solutions that convert the dye into colorless compounds
Removal of the soluble dyestuffs by suitable solvents.
Erasures by means of abrasion or scratching generally leave much more definite traces consisting of
disturbed paper fibers and portions of the original strokes that were not completely removed. These
erasures are consequently more easily detected.
7. An erasure can be either mechanical or chemical.
In a mechanical erasure such as with the traditional “rubber” eraser, an abrasive movement is made
upon the writing to be erased.
In many cases of standard writing materials, abrasion of the paper can be seen either with a microscope
or side light. As a general rule, the better the paper, the less visual sign of erasure, particularly when the
action is done gently.
Microscopic examination can often show signs of fiber movement and traces of the erasing “rubber.”
Indicators of a mechanical erasure can be fiber disturbance often resulting in paper roughness, or
smudging of writing.
9. In a chemical erasure, a solution is placed on the writing. This will not be effective if the ink is permanent.
Chemical eradicators bleach the color from ink and in some cases remove the ink from the paper.
Any treatment of paper with chemical fluids will expand the paper fibers. When the paper dries it does not
go back to its original size but leaves wrinkles at the location of the fluid.
It may be necessary to use oblique lighting to see the wrinkles. Ink eradicators also stain the paper on
which they are applied and may cause the paper to change color.
In many cases these substances remove the ink dye or color agent, but they leave chemical reactions, if not
the entire original writing, in the fibers; the object of an examination is to restore those reactions to
visibility, i.e. to read the obliterated writing.
10. The commonly used chemicals for erasure purpose:
Sodium hypochlorite
Potassium permanganate
Oxalic acid
Stannous chloride solution
Sodium tungstate
sodium hydrosulfite.
Hydrochloric acid
Chemical erasure can also be done with suitable solvents. Ball-point pen inks can be partially or completely
removed from paper by the application of polar solvents such as tetrahydrofurane or acetone etc.
11. Ink written over a chemically treated area will react differently on the affected section of paper. Visual
examination of the paper under magnification should reveal the changes in the paper and the ink.
In any case, evidence of the use of a chemical erasing compound can frequently be found by viewing the
document in UV (both long and short wave); metallic salts have the tendency to retain the erasing
solution at a UV wavelength.
UV, IR, Transmitted light help in the detection of erased material.
12. Abrasion includes erasures usually executed with a rubber eraser or scraped with a sharp object, such as
a knife or razor blade.
Graphite from pencil writing can be more easily erased than colored pencils. Rubber erasers absorb
some of the graphite while spreading the rest of it around the paper, usually leaving a smudge around
the location of the erasure.
The Eberhard Faber Kneaded Rubber Eraser is a plastic rubber eraser that pulls the graphite from the
paper and cleans itself when kneaded. It can completely remove graphite particles from some
documents.
The invention of the Paper Mate Erasable Ink Pen makes it possible to completely remove the erasable
ink from the writing surface when the ink is still wet. Once the ink sets or dries, it cannot be easily
removed.
Water- or alcohol-based ink cannot be easily removed from a document because the ink penetrates the
writing surface and is absorbed into the paper.
Ballpoint ink, which is glycerol-based, does not penetrate as much, but the ink dries quickly and is
difficult to remove. It requires hard rubbing with an abrasive eraser to remove ballpoint ink from a
document.
Writing with a pen over erasures that have destroyed the finish of the paper will cause ink to be
absorbed more readily into the paper, creating a feathering effect.
13. EXAMINATION
The document examiner should make a visual examination of the paper using strong light and magnification to see if
evidence of erasures is present. Use various types of lighting, including daylight, to assist in the detection of disturbed fibers
and residue on the paper.
Inks that have been made invisible by the removal of the colored components can be detected by the luminescence of
whatever remains on or just below the surface.
In all the processes of erasures it is possible that traces will remain that will fluoresce or luminesce when illuminated with
visible light.
Observation will be affected by the luminescence of the paper, which can in some cases be greater than that of the traces of
ink residues.
The laser is a particularly useful tool for erasures on documents because it provides high-intensity illumination.
The application of sharp instrument causes disturbance on the surface finish of paper which can be detected by examining
the document by oblique light.
The soft rubber erasure particles can be detected under microscope or by subjecting the erased area to iodine vapors.
The VSC (video spectral comparator) can be used to decipher the alteration.
14. When an ink dries on the paper, certain components may penetrate more deeply into the surface than
others. If these are not visible, there will be no reason to remove them when mechanical erasure is being
made.
Infrared luminescence can be of value in detecting erasures of other materials such as typewriter ribbon
and stamp and pad inks. In some cases, it is not possible by this method to find out what has been
erased; not every erased ink will produce a luminescent trace.
With or without the aid of a microscope, traces of ink or pencil may be detected and visually pieced
together to identify an erased entry. This is best done with a number of lighting facilities available.
Oblique lighting, exploiting any indentations of remaining writing that may be present, and different
colored filters, to ensure the greatest contrast between the ink and the paper, will be of assistance.
Traces of pencil from an erased entry can be enhanced by photography using high-contrast conditions or
infrared film.
15. Examination with oblique lighting, an electrostatic detection device (EDD), a microscope,
photography, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, or IR luminescence should establish in most instances
that there has been alteration.
There has been some success in viewing erased text by use of an argon-ion laser (introduced
into use in 1977). Best results have been at 488 nm and 514.5 nm using Wratten filters 15 and
22.
Examining the paper with transmitted light may reveal thinner paper in the area of the erasures.
16. RESTORATION OF ERASED MATERIAL
Not all writing can be restored, although modern techniques make it possible to decipher many documents
that have been altered.
Chemical erasure fluids do not affect the line indentation made by the writing instrument, especially if the pen
was a ballpoint or roller ball pen. Indentations can be deciphered using the electrostatic detection apparatus
or other indentation detection methods.
Side-lighting techniques reveal indented writing, which can be photographed.
Iron-based ink that has been chemically erased can be restored through fuming with sulfocyanic acid fumes.
The fumes combine with the iron to reveal the writing, which will appear red.
Iodine fuming requires the process of sublimation, that is, the crystals are heated so they pass directly from
the solid to the gas state. Iodine fuming may intensify the writing impressions. The iodine deposits accumulate
in the writing grooves.
With indelible pencil writing some of the unerased dye can be made more visible by moistening with a fine
spray of alcohol. The alcohol dissolves the remaining fragments of dye, causing them to spread, thereby
reproducing the erased portion.
17. OBLITERATION OR OVERWRITING
Obliteration or blocking out of portions of writing by some opaque material — is seldom used for
fraudulent purposes because of its obviousness. These substances come in different forms, liquid or
dryline.
Liquid Paper, sometimes known as White Out, is the most frequently used substance. It comes in a
variety of colors and is sold under different labels as correction fluid.
Correction pens containing a liquid tempera are also available. Dryline Single Line Correction Film
is manufactured by Liquid Paper.
These tapes are dispensed from a cartridge. When the original altered document is photocopied, it
obscures the alterations. Ultraviolet light will also reveal material under an opaque substance.
Correction tapes cover the written or typed material. Writing or typing can be done on the tape.
obliteration – not to erase a text, but to cover it with a pasted text or to cut it out and paste in the
hole (to maintain uniform paper thickness).
18. Typewriter correcting ribbons (stored on the typewriter, such as on the “Correcting Selectric”) do not
erase mistaken typewriting. They merely cover the mistakes with a white impression that is supposed to
blend into the sheet of paper. Again, concentrated light illumination from beneath the document is
generally sufficient to reading the document. CORRECTING TAPE
In the 1960s correcting tape was popular for typewriters. This was chalk on a paper (special paper was
manufactured for carbon copy correction) which was placed over the mistaken letter. The incorrect letter
was typed, the paper was removed, then the correct letter was typed. In the mid-1990s an advanced lay-
down covering tape was introduced into the market.
19. CORRECTION FLUID
This is used for both typed/printed text and handwriting. In this system liquids were introduced to “paint” over
the letters.
This generally included a white paint in one bottle and trichloroethane, a dilutant, stored in a second bottle.
In most cases it is sufficient to shine a concentrated light through the document to read the original text,
though at times it is necessary to use IR (illuminated from under the document).
Alternative methods suggested have been cracking of the fluid through freezing, and the use of freon.
Although physically removing correcting fluid might sound simple, the legal ramifications of proving the non-
existence of an intermediate layer should be taken into consideration.
The same can be said regarding chemical removal of stains intended to obliterate writing. Correction fluid has
been manufactured in numerous countries; although most often white, in many countries it does come in a
number of different colors to match the paper used (reported in blue, gray, green, off-white/ivory, pink, yellow,
and shades thereof).
20. DECIPHERMENT
A document can be photographed using transmitted light. This is accomplished by placing a document on a
light box and photographing it. In some cases the opaque material leaves an outline of the printed material.
The paper can be sprayed with a solvent that will make it translucent. The spray does not damage the paper
because the paper will return to its original form when dry.
To increase the drying time, lay the paper on a flat surface and place a piece of clear glass over the paper after
spraying it. Use a mirror to read because you will be looking at the back of the paper.
Opaque material can be removed from a document with a solvent such as acetone.
A simple non-destructive new technique for deciphering opaque writing and documenting the scanned
material uses acetate sheets and a photocopier.
Place the document on the photocopier with the opaque material face up. Cover with a piece of black paper
and adjust the toner level to full dark.
Insert a transparency sheet in the paper tray and make a transparent copy. The copy will contain the obscured
material read through the paper.
21. ADDITION
Addition in the document is defined as the insertion of any word, digit etc. which changes the meaning
or value of the document.
These insertions are made in such spaces as may have been left blank in the regular entries either in the
middle or at the bottom of the page.
If the additional matter is written in a small space the size of letters will be smaller and writing will
appear cramped or if space is large enough then letters are in large size to cover up the remaining
space.
In addition alteration the examination can be done to identify the characteristic features of handwriting:
size of letter,
spacing and pen-strokes
Color ink should be made.
22. The lack of uniformity of ink
The work of more than one pen or output device
Crowding, uneven margins, or different spacing
algorithms of a modifying section, if printed
Evidence of the insertion of pages through the
study of the paper and fastening devices
Sharp variation in handwriting;
23. INTERLINEATIONS
Interlineations are defined as the writing between the lines for the purpose of adding to it or correcting
what has been written.
In examining interlineations, the color of ink, quality of pen, size of letters, sequence of crossing strokes,
and the parts of letters which come in contact with the originally written letters should be minutely
studied.
The fraudulent entries are likely to differ from the original or adjacent writing in size, slant, and spacing
and the shade of ink, etc.
24. INSERTIONS
Material is sometimes fraudulently added to a contract or other legal document after it has been signed. This material can
drastically change the intent of the document.
It is more difficult to detect additions that are skillfully added to a document than erasures.
It becomes the task of the document examiner to determine if the addition or alteration was made after the document was
executed.
Alterations may crowd the material that has already been placed on a document. Look for misalignment of material as well as
material that has been squeezed into a limited space.
The writing will be smaller and tighter than the surrounding material, or the material will have a different style of writing or a
different writing instrument.
Handwritten material written by a different writer can indicate a fraudulent entry. Even writing scripted by the same writer
may show significant differences owing to being added after the document was signed.
Typewriter additions can be identified by the slight misalignment that occurs when a document is taken out of a typewriter
and reinserted. It is impossible to exactly align the type vertically and horizontally.
A grid placed over the text will reveal any misalignment, which could indicate that text was added to a document.
25. If a different typewriter was used, a study of the typeface will reveal subtle differences in the characters.
A typewriter is a mechanical device that develops idiosyncrasies. This includes misalignment of letters,
broken serifs, ink-clogged circle letters, and other similar features. The perpetrator may use a similar
style typewriter, but his or her deception can be uncovered by the differences in the idiosyncrasies.
Examine the ink under various types of light, including ultraviolet and infrared, to identify differences.
Colored filters can sometimes show differences.
Thin-layer chromatography will reveal different inks, but this is a destructive test and should never be
conducted without written permission from the court.
26. PAGE SUBSTITUTION
Occasionally an entire page is substituted in a multi-paged document.
When page substitution is suspected, the paper on each page of the document should be carefully compared to determine if
a different type of paper was used. Study each page under various types of lighting because differences in color or texture
may be revealed.
Ultraviolet lighting should also be used because different papers fluoresce differently. Back lighting should also be tried.
Check the size of the paper, the edges for cuts, and the weight, and check the thickness with a micrometer. Check each page
for watermarks.
Look for staple holes or holes from other fastening devices.
Is there an extra set of holes on some pages and not others?
Are there indentations from paper clips on some but not all of the pages?
Are there indentations from writing on a previous page?
Some writers will write on and sign documents starting with the top page with other pages underneath. Are the indentations
consistent from page to page?
27. OVERWRITING
The overwriting may be genuine or fraudulent. Sometimes in order to correct a spelling mistake, to make
writing or figures more legible, or to correct/change some writing, the same writer may overwrite the
strokes or lines.
Such overwriting are generally made boldly and no attempt is made to conceal the overwritten or
overwriting is the habit of a writer, the strokes are drawn carelessly.
The fraudulent overwriting to change the contents of documents are usually made in a careful manner
and every effort is made by the preparator to conceal such changes made by him.
When the original writing instrument and/ or ink are not available, the preparator tries to match the
color of inks and nature of the stroke.
28. Most of the overwriting can be detected by examining the document carefully under direct light, by
oblique light and transmitted light to find out any overlapping and changed intensity of the strokes and
under low power microscope to detect careful joining, traces of original ink beneath the overwritten
stroke and for differentiating inks.
Sometimes an examination with UV rays, IR rays, and color filters may also prove useful for this purpose.
The examiner should never forget to examine the back of the document because overwriting is usually
made cautiously by applying heavy pen pressure causing embossing on the back of paper which may
help a lot to reveal the truth.