this presentation will help u with understanding basic elements of the bloc diagram and how to reduce multi loop block diagram with some suitable numerical example.
Root locus is a graphical representation of the closed-loop poles as a system parameter is varied.
It can be used to describe qualitatively the performance of a system as various parameters are changed.
It gives graphic representation of a system’s transient response and also stability.
We can see the range of stability, instability, and the conditions that cause a system to break into oscillation.
This presnetation gives complete idea about block diagram representation and reduction techniques to find transfer function. Also gives complete idea about Signal flow graph method to find transfer function.
Biomedical Control systems-Block Diagram Reduction Techniques.pptxAmnaMuneer9
This is all about block diagram reduction in the course Biomedical Control Systems. Its about reducing systems into transfer functions, and figuring out how to convert analog resistors, capacitors and inductors into the frequency domain by Laplace transformation.
This paper outlines fundamental topics related to classical control theory. It moves from modeling simple mechanical systems to designing controllers to manage said system.
Root locus is a graphical representation of the closed-loop poles as a system parameter is varied.
It can be used to describe qualitatively the performance of a system as various parameters are changed.
It gives graphic representation of a system’s transient response and also stability.
We can see the range of stability, instability, and the conditions that cause a system to break into oscillation.
This presnetation gives complete idea about block diagram representation and reduction techniques to find transfer function. Also gives complete idea about Signal flow graph method to find transfer function.
Biomedical Control systems-Block Diagram Reduction Techniques.pptxAmnaMuneer9
This is all about block diagram reduction in the course Biomedical Control Systems. Its about reducing systems into transfer functions, and figuring out how to convert analog resistors, capacitors and inductors into the frequency domain by Laplace transformation.
This paper outlines fundamental topics related to classical control theory. It moves from modeling simple mechanical systems to designing controllers to manage said system.
Block diagram reduction techniques in control systems.pptNANDHAKUMARA10
Rule 1 − Check for the blocks connected in series and simplify.
Rule 2 − Check for the blocks connected in parallel and simplify.
Rule 3 − Check for the blocks connected in feedback loop and simplify.
Rule 4 − If there is difficulty with take-off point while simplifying, shift it towards right.
Rule 5 − If there is difficulty with summing point while simplifying, shift it towards left.
Rule 6 − Repeat the above steps till you get the simplified form, i.e., single block.
This powerpoint presentation is for the subjects Control systems and engineering and the topic covered is the whole Block diagram analysis with the examples.
Vibration and frequency measuring instrumentsPrashant thakur
This presentation is about the basic concepts of vibration & Frequency measuring instruments and their types.
The slides contains the best picture as example of the theory portion.
This presentation is about the basic haptic technology. what it is? how it works?? & what are the terms we need to know to make full understanding of this technology.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
1. ‼ Control
• The meaning of control is to regulate, direct or command a system so that
a desire objective is obtained.
‼ Control system
• It is an amalgamation of different physical elements linked in such a
manner so as to regulate, direct or command itself to obtain certain
objectives.
or
• Control system is a science, which deals with mechanisms, devices or
objects joined together for the interaction with the aim to achieve the
desired results.
2. Input: The applied signal or excitation signal that is applied to control system
to get a specified output is called input
Output: The actual response that is obtained from a control system due to
the application of the input is termed as Output
Fig. 1 Cause and effect relationship between the input and output
Control ActionInput Output
A control system must have
• Input
• Output
• Way to achieve input and output objectives
• Control action
3. ‼ Block Diagram
• The shorthand pictorial representation of the cause-and –effect relationship
between the input and output of a physical system is known as block
diagram.
Input
G(s) C(s)R(s)
OutputBlock
Fig. 1.1 A simple Block
Fig. 1.62 Block Diagram with gain
4. ‼ Definition of basic elements of the block diagram
• Summing point : Its is a small circle with appropriate plus and minus sign
associated with the arrows entering the circle. The output is the algebraic
sum of the inputs. There is no limit on the number of inputs entering a
summing point.
+
+
+
-
+
X(s) X(s) C(s)
Z(s)
C(s)
Y(s)
Y(s)
Fig. 1.3 Summer with Two
Inputs
Fig. 1.4 Summer with Three
Inputs
5. X(s) and Y(s) are inputs while C(s) is
output.
C(s) = X(s) + Y(s)
C(s)
X(s) ,Y(s) and Z(s) are inputs while C(s)
is output.
C(s) = X(s) -Y(s) + Z(s)
+
+
X(s) C(s)
Y(s)
Fig. 1.3 Summer with Two Inputs
+
-
+
X(s)
Z(s)
Y(s)
Fig. 1.4 Summer with Three Inputs
6. • Take off Point : A take off point allows the same signal or variable as input
to more than one block or summing point, thus permitting the signal to
proceed unaltered along several different paths to several destinations.
X(s)
X(s)
X(s)
X(s)
Take off point
Fig. 1.5 Take off point
7. • Forward Path : The direction of flow of signal from input to output is
known as forward path.
• Feedback Path: The direction of flow of signal from input to output is
known as forward path.
G1(s) G3(s)G2(s)
Input Output
Fig. 1.6 Forward Path
Fig. 1.6 Forward Path
G1(s) G2(s)
H(s)
+
-
8. ‼ Transfer Function
Transfer Function : It is the ratio of the Laplace transform of output
to the Laplace transform of input (excitation) assuming all the initial
conditions to be zero.
If G(s) be the transfer function of the system, we can write
mathematically
G(s) = Laplace transform of output
Laplace transform of input all initial conditions are zero
C(s)R(s) G(s)
C(s)
R(s) all initial conditions are zero
9. ‼ Properties of Transfer function (TF)
• The ratio of Laplace transform of output to input will all initial conditions to be
zero is known as transfer function of a system.
• Transfer function cannot be defined for non-linear systems.it can be defined
for linear systems only.
• The system poles and zeroes can be determined from its characteristic
equitation.
• The transfer function of a system does not depend on the inputs to the
system.
• Stability can be found from characteristic equation.
10. ‼ Advantages of transfer function :
• Transfer function is a mathematical model and it gives the gain of the
system
• Since Laplace transform is used, the terms are simple algebraic
expressions and differential terms are not present.
• If transfer function of a system in known, the response of the system to any
input can be determined very easily.
• Transfer function helps in the study of stability analysis of the system.
• Poles and zeroes of a system can be determined from the knowledge of the
transfer function of he system. Both poles and zeros have a vital role in the
system’s response.
11. ‼ Disadvantages of transfer function :
• Transfer function can be defined for linear systems only.
• Initial conditions lose their importance since transfer function does not take
into account the initial condition
• No inferences can be drawn about the physical structure of a system from
its transfer function.
12. ‼ Laplace Transform
• The Method of transforming a function from time domain into s domain is
known as Laplace transform, where s is a complex operator denoted by
s = ϭ + ωϳ
In other words, the Laplace transform will change a function in time domain to
s domain.
Multi loop control system
•Multiple loop control means you use multiple feedbacks in a cascade form to
influence your controlling medium. This is more rare and is only required in
specific situations
13. Transformation Original Block Diagram Equivalent Block Diagram
G1 G2
R C
G1G2
R C
C=(G1G2)R
1. Combining blocks in
cascade
2. Combining blocks in
parallel or eliminating
the forward loop
G1±G2
R
C=(G1±G2)R
3. Removing a block
from a forward path
G1
G2
±
+ CR
G1
G2
±
+ CR
G1
R
G2
G1
C
C
±
+
C= G2 (1±
G2
G1 ±1) R
‼ Block Diagram Reduction Rules
14. Transformation Original Block Diagram Equivalent Block Diagram
G1
G2
R
±
C
1±G1G2
G2R C
G2
1±G1G2
( )C = R
4. Eliminating a
feedback loop
5. Removing a block
from a feedback loop
1
G2
G1 G2
±
+
1
G2
G1G2
1±G1G2
)(C = R
G1
G2
R
±
C
6. Rearranging
summing points
C = R± X ± Y
±
R R±Y ++ C
Y
X
±
±
R R±X ++ C
X
Y
±
C = R± X ± Y
15. Transformation Original Block Diagram Equivalent Block Diagram
C = (R ± X) ± Y
= R + (± X ± Y)
Y
C = R + ( ± X ± Y )
±
R
± X ± Y
+ C
+
±
X
X Y
±
R R±X ++ C
±7. Rearranging
summing points
G
R C
C
C = GR
G
G
C
CR
C = GR
8. Moving a take of
point ahead of a block
16. G1 G2
G3
H3
H1
H2
+
-
-
+
-
+
• Removing the feed back loop having feed back path transfer function H2
Example : Find the simplified block diagram of Fig. 1.8 and obtain transfer
function
Fig. 1.8
Fig. 1.9
C
C
R
G3
1+G3H2
G1 G2
H3
H1
+
-
-
+
R
1
2
17. Interchanging the summing points 1 & 2 ,as well as replacing the cascade
block by its equivalent block
G1 G2
H3
H1
+
-
-
+
R G3
1+G3H2
C
Fig. 2.0
H3
-
+
CG3
1+G3H2
G1 G2
1+G1 G2H1
R
Fig. 2.1
18. C
H3
-
+
G1 G2 G3
(1+G1 G2H1 ) (1+G3H2)
R
G1 G2 G3
(1+G1 G2H1 ) (1+G3H2)
G1 G2 G3 H3
(1+G1 G2H1 ) (1+G3H2)
R C
Fig. 2.2
Fig. 2.3
19. G1 G2 G3
(1+G1 G2H1 ) + (1+G3H2) + G1 G2 G3 H3
C R=
C
R
G1 G2 G3
(1+G1 G2H1 ) + (1+G3H2) + G1 G2 G3 H3
=( Transfer Function )