This document provides information about block diagrams and signal flow graphs. It defines block diagrams as pictorial representations showing the functions of each component and the flow of signals in a system. Blocks represent mathematical operations on input signals to produce outputs. Signal flow graphs also show the flow of signals between nodes in a system and the relationships between signals. The document outlines rules for manipulating block diagrams using block diagram algebra and provides Mason's rule for solving signal flow graphs to determine a system's transfer function based on path and loop gains.

1. Block Diagrams and Signal
Flow graphs

2. 
2
Lesson Plan
S.N DATE TOPIC DATE
ENGAGED
REMARKS
PLANNED
1.1 Block diagrams and signal flow graphs:
Introduction
1.2 Transfer functions
1.3 Problems
1.4 Block diagram algebra
1.5 Examples
1.6 Signal Flow graphs
1.7 Examples
1.8 Examples
Dept.of ECE,MITE,Moodabidri

3. Block Diagram

 It is the pictorial representation of the functions
performed by each component and of the flow of the
signals.

4. Block
 All system variables are linked to each other through
functional blocks in block diagram.
 Block is a symbol for the
mathematical operation on the
input signal to the block that produces the output.
 Blocks are connected by arrows to indicate the direction
of the flow of signals.
 Arrowhead pointing towards the block is input and
away from the block is given by the product of input
signal and transfer function in the block.

5. 

6. Summing point:
These are used to add 2 or more signals in the
system. 
A circle with a cross is the symbol.
Plus or minus sign indicates whether the signal is
to be added or subtracted.

7. Branch Point/Take
away
The point from which the signal from a block goes
concurrently to other blocks.

8. Closed loop transfer
function
 A transfer function which encompasses an entire
control system is called a closed loop transfer
function
 There are 2types of feedback loops:
Positive feedback and negative feedback

9. Negative Feedback system
 Summing point is used to make comparison between the
controlled variable C(s) and the reference input R(s) so that
an actuating signal E(s) is 
produced.
 If the feedback transfer function H(s) is unity, then it is
called unity feedback system.
 For a unity feedback system, E(s) is error signal

10. 
E(s) = R(s) – C(s).H(s)
System output: C(s) = E(s).G(s)
Therefore, C(s) = [R(s)-C(s).H(s)]G(s)
= G(s).R(s) – C(s)H(s)G(S)
C(s) + C(s)H(s)G(S) = G(S).R(s)
C(S)[1+ H(s)G(s)] = G(S).R(s)
Transfer function, C(s)/R(s) = G(s)/[1 + G(s).H(s)]

11. 
Positive feedback system
E(s) = R(s) + C(s).H(s)
System output: C(s) = E(s).G(s)
Therefore, C(s) = [R(s) +C(s).H(s)]G(s)
= G(s).R(s) + C(s)H(s)G(S)
C(s) - C(s)H(s)G(S) = G(S).R(s)
C(S)[1- H(s)G(s)] = G(S).R(s)
Transfer function, C(s)/R(s) = G(s)/[1 - G(s).H(s)]

12. Rules of Block Diagram


13. 

14. 

15. 

37. 
Signal Flow Graph
 SFG depicts the flow of signal from one point of a
system to another and gives the relationships among the
signals.
 It consists of a network in which nodes are connected by
directed branches.
 Each node represents a system variable and each branch
connected between 2 nodes acts as a signal multiplier.
 Each branch has gain and when the signal pass through
a branch, it gets multiplied by the gain of the branch.

38. Rules to solve SFG


39. 

40. Automatic Control by Meiling CHEN 40
Mason’s Rule
Mason’s gain rule is as follows: the transfer function of a system with signal-
input, signal-output flow graphs is
T(s) 
p11  p22  p33 

Δ=1-(sum of all loop gains)+(sum of products of gains of all combinations if 2
nontouching loops)- (sum of products of gains of all combinations if 3
nontouching loops)+…
A path is any succession of branches, from input to output, in the direction of
the arrows, that does not pass any node more than once.
A loop is any closed succession of branches in the direction of the arrows that
does not pass any node more than once.
Automatic control

41. EXERCISE -1

44. EXERCISE -2