2.
2
Lesson Plan
S.N DATE TOPIC DATE
ENGAGED
REMARKS
PLANNED
1.1 Block diagrams and signal flow graphs:
Introduction
1.2 Transfer functions
1.3 Problems
1.4 Block diagram algebra
1.5 Examples
1.6 Signal Flow graphs
1.7 Examples
1.8 Examples
Dept.of ECE,MITE,Moodabidri
3. Block Diagram
It is the pictorial representation of the functions
performed by each component and of the flow of the
signals.
4. Block
All system variables are linked to each other through
functional blocks in block diagram.
Block is a symbol for the
mathematical operation on the
input signal to the block that produces the output.
Blocks are connected by arrows to indicate the direction
of the flow of signals.
Arrowhead pointing towards the block is input and
away from the block is given by the product of input
signal and transfer function in the block.
6. Summing point:
These are used to add 2 or more signals in the
system.
A circle with a cross is the symbol.
Plus or minus sign indicates whether the signal is
to be added or subtracted.
8. Closed loop transfer
function
A transfer function which encompasses an entire
control system is called a closed loop transfer
function
There are 2types of feedback loops:
Positive feedback and negative feedback
9. Negative Feedback system
Summing point is used to make comparison between the
controlled variable C(s) and the reference input R(s) so that
an actuating signal E(s) is
produced.
If the feedback transfer function H(s) is unity, then it is
called unity feedback system.
For a unity feedback system, E(s) is error signal
37.
Signal Flow Graph
SFG depicts the flow of signal from one point of a
system to another and gives the relationships among the
signals.
It consists of a network in which nodes are connected by
directed branches.
Each node represents a system variable and each branch
connected between 2 nodes acts as a signal multiplier.
Each branch has gain and when the signal pass through
a branch, it gets multiplied by the gain of the branch.
40. Automatic Control by Meiling CHEN 40
Mason’s Rule
Mason’s gain rule is as follows: the transfer function of a system with signal-
input, signal-output flow graphs is
T(s)
p11 p22 p33
Δ=1-(sum of all loop gains)+(sum of products of gains of all combinations if 2
nontouching loops)- (sum of products of gains of all combinations if 3
nontouching loops)+…
A path is any succession of branches, from input to output, in the direction of
the arrows, that does not pass any node more than once.
A loop is any closed succession of branches in the direction of the arrows that
does not pass any node more than once.
Automatic control