This document discusses bladder injury, including causes, classifications, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, medical and nursing management. Bladder injury usually results from blunt or penetrating trauma and can be classified as contusion, intraperitoneal rupture, extraperitoneal rupture, or a combination. Signs include inability to void, hematuria, pain, and rigid abdomen. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging, and cystography. Treatment depends on type and severity of injury but generally involves stabilizing the patient, facilitating urinary drainage, controlling pain, and educating on self-care.

1. BLADDER INJURY
K A N C H A N K U S A T H A

2. • Bladder injury simply means trauma to the bladder
arises usually with some mechanical force that may be
blunt or penetrating one.
• Traumatic injury to the bladder is uncommon

3. CAUSES
• Road traffic accidents
• Blow, kick or fall
• Stabs, gunshot injuries
• Endoscopic trauma
• Instrumentations e.g.. during hysterectomy,
herniotomy, excision of rectum, LSCS etc.

4. CLASSIFICATION
1. Contusion of bladder
2. Intraperitoneal rupture
3. Extra peritoneal rupture
4. Combination intraperitoneal and extra peritoneal
bladder rupture

5. 1. Contusion
Damage sustained to bladder mucosa and muscularis
without loss of wall continuity

6. Intraperitoneal
Rupture
It occurs when the
bladder is full of urine
and the lower
abdomen sustains
blunt trauma.
Occurs in 20% of
bladder rupture

7. Extraperitoneal
Rupture
It occurs when the lower
bladder is perforated by a
bony fragment during
pelvic fracture or with a
sharp instrument during
surgery.
Occurs in 80% of bladder
rupture cases

8. Clinical Manifestation
• Inability to void
• Hematuria; presence of blood at urinary meatus
• Shock and hemorrhage, pallor, rapid and increasing
pulse rate
• Suprapubic pain and tenderness
• Rigid abdomen indicates intraperitoneal rupture

9. Diagnostic Procedure
• Physical examination; abdominal and genitourinary
• Plain x-ray shows ground glass appearance
• Retrograde cystography
• CT scan abdomen

10. Medical Management
• Treatment instituted for shock and hemorrhage.
• Surgical intervention carried out for Intraperitoneal
and Large extra peritoneal rupture.
• Small extra peritoneal bladder ruptures will heal
spontaneously with indwelling suprapubic or urethral
catheter drainage.
• Medications: Analgesics, Antibiotics, Antispasmodics

11. Nursing Management
• Stabilizing Circulatory Volume
–Monitor vital signs and CVP frequently as indicated
by condition.
–Establish I.V. access, and replace blood and fluids as
ordered.

12. • Facilitating Urinary Elimination
–Inspect urethral meatus for blood, and, if present, do
not catheterize, but prepare for diagnostic evaluation
and suprapubic cystostomy.
–Obtain urine specimen, if possible, and assess for
degree of hematuria and presence of infection.

13. CONT.…..
–Prepare patient for surgical repair by assisting with
preoperative workup and describing postoperative
experiences.
–Postoperatively, maintain patency and flow of
indwelling urinary catheters.
–Inspect suprapubic incision and drain area for
bleeding, extravasation of urine, or signs of
infection.

14. • Controlling Pain
–Administer analgesics as ordered
–Assess patient's response to pain control medications.
–Position for comfort (usually semi-Fowler's position) if
not contraindicated by other injuries, and prevent
pulling of catheter tubing.

15. • Relieving Fear
–Provide information to the conscious patient
throughout the stabilization and evaluation phase;
prepare for surgery if impending.
–Keep patient's family or significant others informed of
condition and progress.
–Provide information on long-term outcome of
treatment.

16. • Patient Education and Health Maintenance
–Teach patient to care for indwelling catheters that
will remain in place during healing or after surgery.
–Empty frequently.
–Clean catheter and insertion area with soap and
water.
–Inspect urine for blood, cloudiness, or
concentration.

17. CONT.…
–Drink plenty of fluids to keep urine flowing.
–Teach patient to report signs and symptoms of UTI.
–Instruct patient (after surgical repair of bladder
rupture) that bladder capacity may be temporarily
decreased causing frequency and nocturia; this
resolves over time.