Bitter almonds along with Introduction, chemistry, structure, pharmacognostic features, pharmacology, contraindications, side effects, toxicity, cyanide poisoning, symptoms, treatment, complications and case study...
Cyanogenetic glycosides are plant compounds containing hydrocyanic acid. Amygdalin, isolated from bitter almonds in 1830, is a prominent example. These glycosides contain derivatives of mandelonitrile that yield hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde upon hydrolysis. Over 110 plant families contain cyanogenetic glycosides, with Rosaceae being prominent. While not exhibiting specific pharmacological activity, some cyanogenetic glycosides like amygdalin and prunasin are used as flavorings. Identification involves hydrolysis releasing hydrocyanic acid, changing sodium picrate to sodium purpurate. Bitter almonds contain the cyanogenetic glycoside amygdalin, which produces hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde upon
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Colophony, also known as rosin, is obtained from the distillation residue of pine resin from species of pine trees. It is produced in North America, Northern Europe, Pakistan, and India. Colophony is a pale yellow to brown solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and acetic acid. Its major constituent is abietic acid, it has a melting point between 75-85°C, and can be identified through chemical tests involving acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid or copper acetate. Colophony has pharmaceutical uses as a diuretic and in ointments and plasters, and industrial uses in varnishes, soaps,
Glycosides are organic natural compounds found in many plants and some animals. They contain a sugar (glycone) moiety and a non-sugar (aglycone or genin) moiety linked by a glycosidic bond. The sugar is usually beta-D-glucose but can also be galactose, mannose, rhamnose, or digitoxose. Glycosides have therapeutic effects due to the aglycone part, and the sugar moiety facilitates absorption and transport of the aglycone. Glycosides are hydrolyzed to release the active aglycone. They are used traditionally and in modern medicines for various purposes such as cardiac effects, laxatives, analgesics, and
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
The document summarizes information about the plant Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca or Periwinkle. It is native to Madagascar but cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. The plant contains important anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves and roots. Vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease while vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. The flowers may also be used as a gentle laxative or gargle.
Cyanogenetic glycosides are plant compounds containing hydrocyanic acid. Amygdalin, isolated from bitter almonds in 1830, is a prominent example. These glycosides contain derivatives of mandelonitrile that yield hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde upon hydrolysis. Over 110 plant families contain cyanogenetic glycosides, with Rosaceae being prominent. While not exhibiting specific pharmacological activity, some cyanogenetic glycosides like amygdalin and prunasin are used as flavorings. Identification involves hydrolysis releasing hydrocyanic acid, changing sodium picrate to sodium purpurate. Bitter almonds contain the cyanogenetic glycoside amygdalin, which produces hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde upon
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Colophony, also known as rosin, is obtained from the distillation residue of pine resin from species of pine trees. It is produced in North America, Northern Europe, Pakistan, and India. Colophony is a pale yellow to brown solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and acetic acid. Its major constituent is abietic acid, it has a melting point between 75-85°C, and can be identified through chemical tests involving acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid or copper acetate. Colophony has pharmaceutical uses as a diuretic and in ointments and plasters, and industrial uses in varnishes, soaps,
Glycosides are organic natural compounds found in many plants and some animals. They contain a sugar (glycone) moiety and a non-sugar (aglycone or genin) moiety linked by a glycosidic bond. The sugar is usually beta-D-glucose but can also be galactose, mannose, rhamnose, or digitoxose. Glycosides have therapeutic effects due to the aglycone part, and the sugar moiety facilitates absorption and transport of the aglycone. Glycosides are hydrolyzed to release the active aglycone. They are used traditionally and in modern medicines for various purposes such as cardiac effects, laxatives, analgesics, and
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
The document summarizes information about the plant Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca or Periwinkle. It is native to Madagascar but cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. The plant contains important anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves and roots. Vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease while vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. The flowers may also be used as a gentle laxative or gargle.
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The catechu is an example of hydrolysable tannins which gets easily hydrolysed by action of enzymes and acids.
Senna is the dried leaflets of Cassia angustifolia used as a laxative. It is mainly cultivated in parts of India like Tinnevelly, Madurai, and Ramnathpuram. Senna contains anthraquinone glycosides like sennoside A and B which are responsible for its purgative effects by increasing intestinal motility and reducing water absorption. The document details the pharmacognostic features, chemical constituents, extraction methods, uses, and adulterants of senna.
Gentian is a plant whose dried rhizome and roots are used as a bitter tonic. It contains several bitter glycosides such as gentiopicrin, which has an intensely bitter taste and is used to stimulate digestion. Gentian grows in central and southern Europe and Asia, and its rhizomes are harvested in autumn after 2-5 years of growth. Microscopically, transverse sections of gentian rhizome show a porous wood surrounded by parenchyma cells containing oil globules and calcium oxalate needles. Gentian is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and other gastrointestinal issues.
Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar moiety bonded to a non-sugar aglycon portion. They are classified based on the chemical nature of the aglycon, the nature of the sugar moiety, and the type of linkage between the glycon and aglycon. Glycosides are isolated using the Stas-Otto method involving successive extraction with alcohol and precipitation with lead acetate. Cardiac glycosides contain steroidal aglycons and are isolated from plants like Nerium oleander through alcoholic extraction, precipitation, and partitioning between organic solvents. Anthraquinone glycosides are isolated through successive extraction of the plant material with organic solvents and purification by column
Alkaloidal amines ephedra, colchicum Pharmacognostic studyDivya Sree M S
This document provides information on the alkaloidal plants Ephedra and Colchicum. It describes their biological sources, geographical sources, cultivation methods, macroscopic and microscopic features, main chemical constituents including Ephedrine in Ephedra and Colchicine in Colchicum, chemical tests to identify the constituents, and traditional uses including as a bronchodilator and to treat gout respectively.
quality control test for soft gelatin capsule and minim per gram factorSUJIT DAS
This document discusses quality control testing of soft gelatin capsules. Soft gelatin capsules contain an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) encapsulated within an outer gelatin shell. They undergo various tests to check attributes like shape, size, color, thickness, leakage, disintegration, and content uniformity. Content uniformity involves weighing capsules individually, extracting the contents, weighing the shells to calculate net contents. Other tests described include disintegration testing in tubes, weight variation testing of random capsules, and factors that influence leakage like gelatin strength and viscosity.
Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from incisions made on several species of Styrax trees native to Southeast Asia. There are two main types - Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin and Siam benzoin from Styrax tonkinesis. Sumatra benzoin contains a higher amount of benzoic and cinnamic acids which give it an aromatic odor. Siam benzoin contains mainly coniferyl benzoate and has a vanilla-like odor. Both types are used as expectorants and antiseptics in preparations like compound tincture of benzoin. They are also used industrially to add fragrance to products.
Belladonna herb consists of dried leaves and other aerial parts of Atropa belladonna Linn. from the Solanaceae family. It is found in England, Europe, and the western Himalayas of India. Belladonna is cultivated at altitudes of 1400 m from crushed berries. The leaves are harvested and dried while retaining their green color. Belladonna contains alkaloids like hyoscyamine and atropine and is used as a sedative, to treat asthma, colic, motion sickness, and pain.
Swathi Gariganti is an assistant professor at Sree Dattha Institute of Pharmacy who teaches subjects related to pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. This document provides details about the plant Catharanthus roseus including its synonyms, biological source, geographical source, history of use, cultivation and collection methods, macroscopic and microscopic characters, chemical constituents, uses, and dose. It also summarizes information on the cultivation, collection, and chemical constituents of Rauwolfia serpentina.
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
Pharmacognosy OF LIQUORICE(Saponin Glycoside)ALOK SINGH
This document summarizes information about the plant liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is grown in sub-Himalayan regions and parts of Europe. Microscopically, it exhibits cork layers, medullary rays, phloem fibers, xylem vessels and fibers, and parenchyma cells containing starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. It contains saponin glycosides and glycyrrhetinic acid. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant, and mineralocorticoid properties and is used in cough syrups, lozenges, and to mask bitter tastes in medicines. Its saponins aid absorption of some drugs. Adulterants include
This document provides information about syrups, including their definition, types, components, preparation methods, and packaging. A syrup is defined as a concentrated aqueous preparation of sugar or sugar substitute, which may contain flavorings or medicinal substances. The main types are simple syrups containing only sugar and water, and medicated syrups which also contain therapeutic agents. Syrups are prepared primarily by dissolving ingredients with heat or agitation and commonly contain preservatives for stability. Their packaging involves filling bottles, sealing, labeling, and other processes to ensure safety and extended shelf life.
Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about GUAR GUM that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from the various plant sources. GUAR GUM consists of seed gum produced from the powdered endosperm of the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Linn belonging to family Leguminosae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from vegetable source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of GUAR GUM
2. Biological Sources of GUAR GUM
3. Geographical Sources of GUAR GUM
4. Preparation of GUAR GUM
5. Description of GUAR GUM
6. Chemical Constituents of GUAR GUM
7. Chemical Test of GUAR GUM
8. Uses of GUAR GUM
Tolu balsam is a resin obtained from trees native to Colombia and other parts of South and Central America, as well as countries where it has been introduced, like parts of Africa. It is collected by making incisions in the tree trunk from which a yellowish-brown exudate is gathered. Chemically, tolu balsam contains resin esters, volatile oils including benzyl benzoate, cinnamic acid, and other constituents. It has a characteristic vanilla-like odor and is used in perfumes, cough mixtures, and as a topical antiseptic.
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant found naturally in coffee beans, tea leaves, and cocoa beans. It is chemically classified as a methylxanthine and acts as an antagonist of adenosine receptors in the brain. By blocking adenosine receptors, caffeine prevents the slowing of neuronal activity and can increase brain activity levels. It has been used for centuries as a psychotropic drug and CNS stimulant to promote wakefulness, but is now commonly consumed worldwide in coffee, tea, soft drinks, and energy drinks for its energizing effects.
Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant. The main country producers are Brazil, India, and other tropical and subtropical countries. Castor oil contains triglycerides of ricinoleic acid which give it its laxative properties. It is a pale yellow, viscous liquid with a slight odor. Chemically, castor oil is tested for properties like acid value, iodine value, and saponification value. Its main uses are as a cathartic and lubricant in industries like paint, varnish, and soap production.
Elixirs are clear, sweetened liquids containing flavoring substances or active medicinal agents dissolved in water and alcohol. Their primary ingredients include alcohol, water, glycerin, preservatives, sorbital, and flavoring agents. There are two main types - non-medicated elixirs which contain no therapeutic agents, and medicated elixirs which contain active drug ingredients dissolved in the liquid. Elixirs are formulated to be stable, clear solutions and are quality controlled through tests such as measuring alcohol concentration and viscosity. They are commonly used to deliver and mask the taste of other drugs.
Toxicology of cardioactive & cyanogenic glycosides (1)Zainab&Sons
Cardiac glycosides like digoxin are used to treat arrhythmias but can cause toxicity. Digoxin toxicity symptoms include nausea, vomiting, hyperkalemia and arrhythmias. Chronic toxicity is more common in elderly due to reduced clearance. Management involves stabilizing vitals, checking for indications of immune fab and administering the antidote as needed.
Cyanogenic glycosides found in foods like cassava and almonds release hydrogen cyanide during chewing or digestion. Toxicity depends on the amount of cyanide released and can cause vomiting, stomach pain, convulsions or death in severe cases. The body can detoxify low levels of cyanide through enzymatic processes.
Various alk
Toxicology of cardioactive & cyanogenic glycosides (1)Zainab&Sons
Cardiac glycosides like digoxin are used to treat arrhythmias but can cause toxicity. Digoxin toxicity symptoms include nausea, vomiting, hyperkalemia and arrhythmias. Chronic toxicity is more common in elderly due to reduced clearance. Management involves stabilizing vitals, checking for indications of immune fab and administering the antidote as needed.
Cyanogenic glycosides found in foods like cassava and almonds release hydrogen cyanide during chewing or digestion. Toxicity depends on the amount of cyanide released and can cause vomiting, stomach pain, convulsions or death in severe cases. The body can detoxify low levels of cyanide through enzymatic processes.
Various alk
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The catechu is an example of hydrolysable tannins which gets easily hydrolysed by action of enzymes and acids.
Senna is the dried leaflets of Cassia angustifolia used as a laxative. It is mainly cultivated in parts of India like Tinnevelly, Madurai, and Ramnathpuram. Senna contains anthraquinone glycosides like sennoside A and B which are responsible for its purgative effects by increasing intestinal motility and reducing water absorption. The document details the pharmacognostic features, chemical constituents, extraction methods, uses, and adulterants of senna.
Gentian is a plant whose dried rhizome and roots are used as a bitter tonic. It contains several bitter glycosides such as gentiopicrin, which has an intensely bitter taste and is used to stimulate digestion. Gentian grows in central and southern Europe and Asia, and its rhizomes are harvested in autumn after 2-5 years of growth. Microscopically, transverse sections of gentian rhizome show a porous wood surrounded by parenchyma cells containing oil globules and calcium oxalate needles. Gentian is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and other gastrointestinal issues.
Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar moiety bonded to a non-sugar aglycon portion. They are classified based on the chemical nature of the aglycon, the nature of the sugar moiety, and the type of linkage between the glycon and aglycon. Glycosides are isolated using the Stas-Otto method involving successive extraction with alcohol and precipitation with lead acetate. Cardiac glycosides contain steroidal aglycons and are isolated from plants like Nerium oleander through alcoholic extraction, precipitation, and partitioning between organic solvents. Anthraquinone glycosides are isolated through successive extraction of the plant material with organic solvents and purification by column
Alkaloidal amines ephedra, colchicum Pharmacognostic studyDivya Sree M S
This document provides information on the alkaloidal plants Ephedra and Colchicum. It describes their biological sources, geographical sources, cultivation methods, macroscopic and microscopic features, main chemical constituents including Ephedrine in Ephedra and Colchicine in Colchicum, chemical tests to identify the constituents, and traditional uses including as a bronchodilator and to treat gout respectively.
quality control test for soft gelatin capsule and minim per gram factorSUJIT DAS
This document discusses quality control testing of soft gelatin capsules. Soft gelatin capsules contain an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) encapsulated within an outer gelatin shell. They undergo various tests to check attributes like shape, size, color, thickness, leakage, disintegration, and content uniformity. Content uniformity involves weighing capsules individually, extracting the contents, weighing the shells to calculate net contents. Other tests described include disintegration testing in tubes, weight variation testing of random capsules, and factors that influence leakage like gelatin strength and viscosity.
Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from incisions made on several species of Styrax trees native to Southeast Asia. There are two main types - Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin and Siam benzoin from Styrax tonkinesis. Sumatra benzoin contains a higher amount of benzoic and cinnamic acids which give it an aromatic odor. Siam benzoin contains mainly coniferyl benzoate and has a vanilla-like odor. Both types are used as expectorants and antiseptics in preparations like compound tincture of benzoin. They are also used industrially to add fragrance to products.
Belladonna herb consists of dried leaves and other aerial parts of Atropa belladonna Linn. from the Solanaceae family. It is found in England, Europe, and the western Himalayas of India. Belladonna is cultivated at altitudes of 1400 m from crushed berries. The leaves are harvested and dried while retaining their green color. Belladonna contains alkaloids like hyoscyamine and atropine and is used as a sedative, to treat asthma, colic, motion sickness, and pain.
Swathi Gariganti is an assistant professor at Sree Dattha Institute of Pharmacy who teaches subjects related to pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. This document provides details about the plant Catharanthus roseus including its synonyms, biological source, geographical source, history of use, cultivation and collection methods, macroscopic and microscopic characters, chemical constituents, uses, and dose. It also summarizes information on the cultivation, collection, and chemical constituents of Rauwolfia serpentina.
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
Pharmacognosy OF LIQUORICE(Saponin Glycoside)ALOK SINGH
This document summarizes information about the plant liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is grown in sub-Himalayan regions and parts of Europe. Microscopically, it exhibits cork layers, medullary rays, phloem fibers, xylem vessels and fibers, and parenchyma cells containing starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. It contains saponin glycosides and glycyrrhetinic acid. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant, and mineralocorticoid properties and is used in cough syrups, lozenges, and to mask bitter tastes in medicines. Its saponins aid absorption of some drugs. Adulterants include
This document provides information about syrups, including their definition, types, components, preparation methods, and packaging. A syrup is defined as a concentrated aqueous preparation of sugar or sugar substitute, which may contain flavorings or medicinal substances. The main types are simple syrups containing only sugar and water, and medicated syrups which also contain therapeutic agents. Syrups are prepared primarily by dissolving ingredients with heat or agitation and commonly contain preservatives for stability. Their packaging involves filling bottles, sealing, labeling, and other processes to ensure safety and extended shelf life.
Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about GUAR GUM that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from the various plant sources. GUAR GUM consists of seed gum produced from the powdered endosperm of the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Linn belonging to family Leguminosae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from vegetable source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of GUAR GUM
2. Biological Sources of GUAR GUM
3. Geographical Sources of GUAR GUM
4. Preparation of GUAR GUM
5. Description of GUAR GUM
6. Chemical Constituents of GUAR GUM
7. Chemical Test of GUAR GUM
8. Uses of GUAR GUM
Tolu balsam is a resin obtained from trees native to Colombia and other parts of South and Central America, as well as countries where it has been introduced, like parts of Africa. It is collected by making incisions in the tree trunk from which a yellowish-brown exudate is gathered. Chemically, tolu balsam contains resin esters, volatile oils including benzyl benzoate, cinnamic acid, and other constituents. It has a characteristic vanilla-like odor and is used in perfumes, cough mixtures, and as a topical antiseptic.
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant found naturally in coffee beans, tea leaves, and cocoa beans. It is chemically classified as a methylxanthine and acts as an antagonist of adenosine receptors in the brain. By blocking adenosine receptors, caffeine prevents the slowing of neuronal activity and can increase brain activity levels. It has been used for centuries as a psychotropic drug and CNS stimulant to promote wakefulness, but is now commonly consumed worldwide in coffee, tea, soft drinks, and energy drinks for its energizing effects.
Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant. The main country producers are Brazil, India, and other tropical and subtropical countries. Castor oil contains triglycerides of ricinoleic acid which give it its laxative properties. It is a pale yellow, viscous liquid with a slight odor. Chemically, castor oil is tested for properties like acid value, iodine value, and saponification value. Its main uses are as a cathartic and lubricant in industries like paint, varnish, and soap production.
Elixirs are clear, sweetened liquids containing flavoring substances or active medicinal agents dissolved in water and alcohol. Their primary ingredients include alcohol, water, glycerin, preservatives, sorbital, and flavoring agents. There are two main types - non-medicated elixirs which contain no therapeutic agents, and medicated elixirs which contain active drug ingredients dissolved in the liquid. Elixirs are formulated to be stable, clear solutions and are quality controlled through tests such as measuring alcohol concentration and viscosity. They are commonly used to deliver and mask the taste of other drugs.
Toxicology of cardioactive & cyanogenic glycosides (1)Zainab&Sons
Cardiac glycosides like digoxin are used to treat arrhythmias but can cause toxicity. Digoxin toxicity symptoms include nausea, vomiting, hyperkalemia and arrhythmias. Chronic toxicity is more common in elderly due to reduced clearance. Management involves stabilizing vitals, checking for indications of immune fab and administering the antidote as needed.
Cyanogenic glycosides found in foods like cassava and almonds release hydrogen cyanide during chewing or digestion. Toxicity depends on the amount of cyanide released and can cause vomiting, stomach pain, convulsions or death in severe cases. The body can detoxify low levels of cyanide through enzymatic processes.
Various alk
Toxicology of cardioactive & cyanogenic glycosides (1)Zainab&Sons
Cardiac glycosides like digoxin are used to treat arrhythmias but can cause toxicity. Digoxin toxicity symptoms include nausea, vomiting, hyperkalemia and arrhythmias. Chronic toxicity is more common in elderly due to reduced clearance. Management involves stabilizing vitals, checking for indications of immune fab and administering the antidote as needed.
Cyanogenic glycosides found in foods like cassava and almonds release hydrogen cyanide during chewing or digestion. Toxicity depends on the amount of cyanide released and can cause vomiting, stomach pain, convulsions or death in severe cases. The body can detoxify low levels of cyanide through enzymatic processes.
Various alk
Cyanide poisoning occurs when organisms are exposed to cyanide ions, which halt cellular respiration. Common sources of cyanide poisoning include hydrogen cyanide gas and cyanide salts. If inhaled, cyanide causes loss of consciousness, seizures, respiratory failure, and cardiac arrest. The standard antidote kit uses amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate to convert cyanide to less toxic compounds. Hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt edetate also bind cyanide. Oxygen therapy alone does not cure cyanide poisoning but can help the body metabolize low doses more quickly.
Poisoning is common in young children, with 60% occurring in those under 6 years old. The most frequent poisons ingested are kerosene, cleaning agents, carbon monoxide, and prescription medications. Poisoning can cause symptoms like vomiting, altered mental status, and metabolic acidosis. Proper management includes decontamination, supportive care, and antidotes when available. Education of parents about safe storage of household toxins can help prevent accidental poisoning in children.
This document provides an overview of organophosphorus and organochlorine compounds. It discusses their classification, mechanisms of action, toxicokinetics, signs and symptoms of poisoning, and treatment approaches. Organophosphorus compounds are commonly used as pesticides and act by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Signs include muscarinic, nicotinic and CNS effects. Treatment involves atropine, oximes, and supportive care. Organochlorines like DDT were widely used as pesticides but persist and accumulate in tissues. They interfere with nerve impulses and can cause CNS hyperexcitability, convulsions and respiratory depression. No antidote exists and treatment is supportive. Both
Disorders of amino acid metabolism can occur due to deficiencies in enzymes involved in amino acid breakdown. Phenylketonuria results from a lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase, causing phenylalanine to build up. Maple syrup urine disease is caused by a deficiency in branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase, leading to the accumulation of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Albinism is a disorder of tyrosine metabolism due to absent or defective tyrosinase enzyme, resulting in a lack of melanin pigment in hair, skin, and eyes.
this presentation was done by a final year biochemistry student at northern Caribbean university in Jamaica. It focuses on several popular Jamaican botanical foods and toxins present and the biochemistry of the effect of these toxins.
Ethylene glycol, propanol forensic aspects m b singh 2020balaji singh
This document summarizes information about the toxicity of ethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, and barbiturates. It describes their mechanisms of action, signs and symptoms of poisoning, diagnosis, treatment including antidotes, postmortem findings, and some medico-legal aspects. Ethylene glycol poisoning results in metabolic acidosis and kidney damage from calcium oxalate crystals. Fomepizole or ethanol are used as antidotes by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase. Isopropyl alcohol causes CNS depression while barbiturates act by enhancing GABA inhibition in the brain. Supportive care is important for management of poisoning.
This document provides information on new medications available for use by MFD medics. It includes the drug class, description, indications, contraindications, dosing and administration for Etomidate, Fentanyl, Haloperidol, Hydroxocobalamin, Methylprednisolone, Ondansetron, Rocuronium, Thiamine, and Vecuronium. Each drug entry includes key details about onset/duration of action, adverse reactions, and special considerations.
This document discusses different types of diabetes and antidiabetic drugs. It describes that diabetes is classified into two main types - type 1 caused by lack of insulin production and type 2 caused by insulin resistance. It summarizes the mechanisms and uses of various oral antidiabetic drugs like sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and others. It also provides details about insulin administration and synthesis of representative drugs like glipizide and metformin.
This document provides information on the clinical features and management of methanol, aluminium phosphide, benzodiazepine, and cocaine poisoning. It describes the mechanisms of toxicity, signs and symptoms, toxic dose thresholds, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches for each type of poisoning including gastric lavage, activated charcoal, antidotes like ethanol, flumazenil and supportive care. Complications involve the central nervous system, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system and mortality is high for aluminium phosphide poisoning.
1. Alcohol is produced by fermentation of sugars and its pharmacological actions include local irritation, effects on cardiovascular and respiratory systems, hypoglycemia, impacts on temperature regulation and more.
2. Chronic alcoholism can lead to complications like cirrhosis of the liver, hypertension, cardiomyopathy and more. Treatments include naltrexone, acamprosate, topiramate and disulfiram.
3. Methanol poisoning results in symptoms like vomiting, headache and can cause blindness or death if not treated. Treatments include gastric lavage, ethanol administration, fomepizole, hemodialysis and folate therapy.
why people immediately or fastly died when they exposed or swallowed cyanide beacause their respiration inhibited.why it is inhibited here is the explanation .....
Cyanide poisoning can occur from industrial, natural, or environmental sources. Current antidotes like nitrites and hydroxocobalamin are effective but have limitations for mass casualty situations. A new intramuscular injectable antidote is needed. Sulfanegen salts show promise as they are highly water soluble and effective in mouse studies. Sulfanegen forms salts with amines like ethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine that have over 1M solubility, allowing effective intramuscular dosing to treat multiple cyanide victims rapidly in a mass casualty scenario.
This document provides an overview of different classes of diuretic drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension and congestive heart failure. It discusses the pharmacology, mechanisms of action, uses, side effects and nursing considerations for each class including: loop diuretics like furosemide, thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide, potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone, osmotic diuretics like mannitol, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide. It also covers how to apply the nursing process when caring for patients taking diuretics by assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing and evaluating care.
The document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat gastrointestinal conditions. It describes the major drug classes that affect gastric acid secretion for treating peptic ulcers, including histamine H2 receptor antagonists, antacids, proton pump inhibitors, mucosal protectants, and prostaglandin analogs. It provides examples of drugs in each class and their mechanisms of action and indications. It also discusses the nursing considerations for administering these anti-ulcer drugs.
This document discusses evaluation and treatment approaches for various medical conditions and complications that may arise from poisonings, including hypothermia, hyperthermia, acid-base disorders, convulsions, agitation, and electrolyte imbalances. It provides details on evaluating vital signs and laboratory tests, the various methods for decontamination of the skin, eyes, and gastrointestinal tract, as well as recommendations for treatment of specific conditions like hypothermia, hyperthermia, acidosis, seizures, and delirium.
Galenical Preparations .. by Dr. Duryab JamilDr. DURYAB
Galenical preparations are medicines prepared according to formulas of Galen that contain mainly herbal or vegetable matter. They are prepared through extraction of active plant principles using solvents like water or alcohol. Common types include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, oils, and extracts. Extraction methods involve comminution, penetration of the plant material by the solvent, dissolution and diffusion of active principles, and separation from insoluble material. Key terms include menstruum (solvent), marc (insoluble plant material), and various extraction techniques like percolation, expression, filtration, and distillation. Common classes of compounds extracted include volatile oils, resins, gums, glucosides, alkaloids
Decongestants are medications used to relieve nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages. The most common active ingredients are pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine. Intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines can also help with congestion symptoms. Regular long-term use of decongestants should be avoided due to risk of side effects like loss of smell. They work by activating alpha-adrenergic receptors in the nasal mucosa. Common decongestant brands are listed. People with certain medical conditions should avoid decongestants due to risk of interactions or side effects.
Forensic Pharmacy, Forensic Pharmacist and Ethics ... By Dr Duryab JamilDr. DURYAB
Forensic pharmacy involves applying drug and pharmaceutical sciences to legal issues. Forensic pharmacists work in litigation, regulation, and criminal justice by scrutinizing prescriptions, detecting drug diversion, and monitoring patients for substance abuse. They also give educational presentations on drug abuse prevention. In Pakistan, the first pharmacy program began in 1948 and focused on supplying the pharmaceutical industry and retail pharmacies. Retail pharmacists dispense prescription drugs, advise customers, and manage staff and inventory. Ethical guidelines govern prescription handling, pharmaceutical marketing and sales, research involving human subjects, and ensuring drug access and development benefits humanity.
Analgesic and Antipyretic by Dr duryab jamilDr. DURYAB
The document discusses various analgesic and antipyretic drugs including paracetamol, aspirin, and dipyrone. It provides details on their structures, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and other properties. Paracetamol is an analgesic with weak anti-inflammatory effects that works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes. Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that blocks cyclooxygenase and prevents prostaglandin synthesis. Dipyrone is a painkiller and fever reducer with anti-inflammatory effects whose precise mechanism is unknown but may involve inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the brain and spinal cord.
Silver nitrate is a colorless or white crystalline solid that was discovered in the 13th century. It has a variety of industrial and medical uses. In medicine, it is used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and to treat wounds and burns on the skin. It has also been used as an agent to remove warts and prevent blindness in newborns. Industrially, silver nitrate is used in processes like electroplating jewelry, coating mirrors, and manufacturing dyes, inks, explosives, and photographic emulsions. It must be handled with care due to its toxicity.
Tannins are complex polyphenolic substances that occur naturally in many plants. They were first coined by Seguin in 1796 to describe substances in plant extracts that reacted with animal hides to prevent decay and allow conversion to leather. Tannins are usually present as mixtures that are difficult to separate since they do not crystallize. They include gallitannins, ellagitannins, and free gallic acid. Tannins have several medicinal uses including as astringents, to stop bleeding, reduce inflammation, and prevent cancer.
1. The document discusses drugs abuse and addiction, outlining various impacts. It describes how drug abuse starts with misuse but can lead to addiction, defined as an inability to stop using drugs even when it causes harm.
2. Addiction results from drug-induced changes in the brain that impair control and decision making. Factors like family history, early drug use, and mental health issues can increase addiction risk. Signs of addiction include drug use interfering with responsibilities and relationships.
3. Long term, drug abuse can cause medical complications like disease and mental illness. It also has social impacts like family disruption, crime, and financial costs that strain individuals and society. Addiction treatment aims to address both physical and psychological dependence.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
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3. Chemical constituents:
● Fats; oleic acid , palmitic acid, linolic fatty acid
● Glycoside; Cyanogenic glycoside 2.5-4% (Amygdalin)
● Vitamins: vit E, vitB complex (riboflavin etc),
● minerals, flavanols, etc.
Uses:
cough, spasms, pain,itching,constipation,demulcent in skin lotin
,sedative due to HCN.
4. ● The main chemical
components of bitter almond
oil are benzaldehyde and
hydrocyanic (prussic acid).
● Benzaldehyde does not occur
as such in the plant, but is
formed, together with
hydrogen cyanide, by the
hydrolytic cleavage of the
glycoside amygdalin.
CHEMISTRY 💚💚
6. ● Anticancer properties :
Amygdalin, one of the most important compounds of bitter
almond, has been known to be a unique substance to treat
cancer for over 100 years. It is thought to be the cause of
anticancer properties that can contribute to treating different
cancers.
● Antimicrobial properties:
Different extracts of bitter almond can exert different
antimicrobial effects. Of these extracts, methanolic extract was
found to exert more optimal effects on Bacillus subtilis and
Staphylococcus aureus.
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
7. ● Traditional uses of bitter
almond:
Bitter almond is highly valuable in
traditional and modern medicine .
In Iranian traditional medicine,bitter
almond essential oil is used to treat
burns and wounds and to protect
stomach, bitter almond ointment or
essential oil is used to treat acne,
joint pain, hair loss.
8. ● Allergy to almonds or its
products.
● Pregnancy/Lactation:Con
sumption of bitter
almond or laetrile is not
recommended in
pregnant or
breast-feeding women.
● Surgery: Bitter almond
can slow down the
nervous system.
Contraindications
● It contains a poisonous
chemical called hydrocyanic
acid (HCN). Serious side
effects can occur such as
slowing of the nervous
system, breathing problems,
and death.
● headache, dizziness, vomiting,
bradycardia, severe lactic
acidosis, acidosis,
hypotension, liver damage,
walking, fever, seizure, and
coma
SIDE EFFECTS
10. Toxicity of Bitter Almonds :
Do not use bitter almond. Bitter almond
is considered LIKELY UNSAFE when
taken by mouth. It contains a poisonous
chemical called hydrocyanic acid (HCN).
Serious side effects can occur such as
slowing of the nervous system, breathing
problems, and death.
11. ● Bitter almond can be toxic and
might cause sleepiness and
drowsiness.
● Medications that cause
sleepiness are called sedatives.
● Taking bitter almond along with
sedative medications might
cause too much sleepiness.
Interactions :
12. What is cyanide?
● Cyanide is one of the most famous poisons. it’s developed a reputation for causing
an almost immediate death.
● Cyanide can refer to any chemical that contains a carbon-nitrogen (CN) bond.
● Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a Deadly forms of cyanide found in bitter-almonds
Symptoms of cyanide poisoning?
● overall weakness
● nausea
● confusion
● headache
● difficulty breathing
● seizure
● loss of consciousness
● cardiac arrest
13. TREAMENT for Cyanide Poisoning
The first step to treating a suspected case of cyanide poisoning is to identify
the source of exposure. This will help your doctor or other healthcare provider
determine the appropriate decontamination method.
If you have ingested cyanide, you may be given activated charcoal to help
absorb the toxin and safely clear it from your body.
Cyanide exposure can affect oxygen intake, so your doctor may administer 100
percent oxygen via a mask or endotracheal tube.
In severe cases, your doctor may administer one of two antidotes:
● cyanide antidote kit
● hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit)
14. ● The cyanide antidote kit consists of three medications given together: amyl nitrite,
sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate. The amyl nitrite is given by inhalation for 15 to
30 seconds, while sodium nitrite is administered intravenously over three to five
minutes. Intravenous sodium thiosulfate is administered for about 30 minutes.
●
● Hydroxocobalamin will detoxify cyanide by binding with it to produce nontoxic vitamin
B-12. This medication neutralizes cyanide at a slow enough rate to allow an enzyme
called rhodanese to further detoxify cyanide in the liver.
Complications
If left untreated, acute or chronic cyanide poisoning may cause:
● seizure
● cardiac arrest
● coma
● In some cases, cyanide poisoning may result in death.
15. CASE STUDY ❤📃📜📜📜🏷
INTRODUCTION 💚💚💚💚💚
There is a report of pediatric case of cyanide
intoxication after bitter almond ingestion, and
discussion of pathophysiological elements and
clinical management of this poisoning.
16. OBSERVATION 🍁🍁🍂
A 5-year-old boy, with no significant
medical history, has been brought
by his mother at the pediatric
emergency department because
developing since 2 h dizziness,
confusion, somnolence, and
vomiting. Thereafter, he had
generalized tonic-clonic seizures
and became comatose. Five hours
earlier, the child had deliberately
ingested about 10 bitter almonds
17. On arrival in the emergency room,
the patient was unconscious,
spontaneously mobilizing its
members. He has a Glas gow
coma and miosisof the
pupilsintight. He was tachypneic,
with peripheral oxygen saturation
at 98%. He has normal pulse and
blood pressure.
18. The child has been
transferred to the intensive
care unit. He was monitored
and supported on oxygen.
Three hours later, he
recovered with normal
breathing and neurological
status.
19. DISCUSSION 💚💚💚💚
Bitter almonds contain up to 5.3% amygdalin. The toxicity of amygdalin is directly
attributable to the release of hydrogen cyanide. This release occurs through the action of
enzymes (hydrolase). Chewing the amends increases production of cyanide.
Hydrolysis is slow in acidic conditions but fast and complete in alkaline ones. This
chemical feature probably explains the delay of onset of symptoms in cyanide poisoning.
It is the time necessary of passage of the bolus from the stomach to the duodenum,
which means from the acid to the alkaline medium.
Toxic action is an on specific inhibition of many enzyme (mitochondrial cytochrome
oxidase), anearly impairmentof calcium homeostasis and intra cellular peroxidation of
nerve membranes. Accordingly, clinical manifestations of acute cyanide poisoning are
often nonspecific and mainly reflect oxygen deprivation of heart and brain such as
confusion, dizziness, and the cardio-respiratory collapse in severe poisoning case.
20. In patient, neurological
manifestations were the
main symptoms of the
clinical picture. Dizziness
and confusion at first and
complicated later by
seizures and coma.
21. The administration of hydroxocobalamin is recommended in severe cyanide
poisoning. It constitutes the antidote of choice, which detoxifies cyanide
by binding it to form cyanocobalamin, a nontoxic compound excreted in the
urine.
Our patient was hospitalized in pediatric intensive care unit and his vital
signs were strictly monitored. He rapidly responded to a treatment with
oxygen and correction of his metabolic acidosis. The neurologic recovery
was obtained in 3 h.
22. Conclusion 💕💕💕💕
Manifestations of cyanide poisoning by ingestion of
cyanogenic foods are not specific. Its severity
depends on both quantity of cyanogenic food ingested
and the delay of management. Medical professional
should be able to recognize cyanide poisoning despite
its rare occurrence because early diagnosis and
treatment are the successful way to reduce
morbimortality. Oxygen administration should be
rapid as well as specific antidotes in severe poisoning.