This document discusses several applications of bacteria. It describes how genetically engineered Caldicellulosiruptor bescii was used to directly convert untreated switchgrass into ethanol. It also discusses how bacteria can be used in the pharmaceutical industry, such as the antibiotic teixobactin. Bacteria play important roles in food production, such as Lactobacillus species in the dairy industry. Bacteria are also used in bioremediation to remove pollutants from the environment, for example by degrading hydrocarbons from oil spills.

1. Applications of bacteria
in

3. Grass to fuel conversion by genetically
engineered
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii
 The thermophilic anaerobic C. bescii was first isolated in
1990 from a geothermally heated freshwater pool in
Russia and has since been found in similar environments
in other parts of the world.

4.  a bacterium that can convert plant matter into
sugars, and added genes from another anaerobic
bacterium, Clostridium thermocellum, that can
convert the sugars into ethanol.
 also genes for lactate dehydrogenase (an enzyme),
which produces lactate from glucose instead of the
desired ethanol product, and other enzymes, to cut
down on the amount of acetate produced in the end
product are added.

5.  the direct conversion of untreated switchgrass, a non-
food renewable feedstock, to ethanol are successfully
demonstrated.
 The end fermented fuel was 70% ethanol with 38% less
acetate compared to what would have been produced
with the wild-type C. bescii.
 represents a new paradigm for consolidated
bioprocessing, offering the potential for carbon neutral,
cost-effective, sustainable fuel production

6. the applications of bacteria in the
pharmaceutical field
 Teixobactin was isolated from a newly identified gram
positive bacteria.
 can kill species including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
 Moreover, the researchers have not yet found any
bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic.

9. The Production of edible vaccines by
using bacteria

10. The role of bacteria in the
genetically modifying of plants

12. Bacteria in food production
The most important bacteria in food manufacturing
are Lactobacillus species, also referred to as lactic
bacteria.
 Some applications of bacteria in food:
 Dairy industry
 Meat industry, Lactic bacteria develop the flavor and
color of the products.
 Wine industry, lactic bacteria convert the unstable malic
acid that is naturally present in wine into the stable lactic
acid. This gives the stability that is characteristic of high-
quality wines that improve on storage.

13. The role of bacteria in bioremediation
 Microbial bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes (or
microbial metabolism) to remove pollutants.
 Bioremediation has been used to remove agricultural
chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers) that leach from soil into
groundwater and the subsurface.
 Certain toxic metals and oxides, such as selenium and
arsenic compounds, can also be removed from water by
bioremediation.

14.  mercury is used in industry and is also a by-product of
certain processes, such as battery production.
 Methyl mercury is usually present in very low
concentrations in natural environments, but it is highly
toxic because it accumulates in living tissues.
 Several species of bacteria can carry out the
biotransformation of toxic mercury into nontoxic forms
such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, can convert Hg+2
into elemental Hg0, which is nontoxic to humans.

15.  Bioremediation is also used to clean up the regions in
which oil leaching has been detected.
 bioremediation is promoted by the addition of inorganic
nutrients that help bacteria to grow.
 Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria feed on hydrocarbons
in the oil droplet, breaking down the hydrocarbons.
 Some species, such as Alcanivorax borkumensis, produce
surfactants that solubilize the oil, whereas other bacteria
degrade the oil into carbon dioxide.

17. Thank you