This document discusses bioreactors, which are vessels that house living organisms used to synthesize or break down substances. It describes key components and considerations in bioreactor design, including preventing contamination, optimal mixing and mass transfer, and controlling factors like temperature and pH. Recent advances include using scaffolds to seed cells at high densities. Ideal bioreactors are aseptic with controlled conditions and sampling abilities. Types of bioreactors mentioned are stirred tank, airlift, packed bed, fluidized bed, photobioreactor, and membrane bioreactors. Parameters like agitation, aeration, foaming, temperature, pH, and sterilization are also covered.
The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is the Fermentor or Bioreactor. A bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated to form the desired products. it is a containment system designed to give right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism.
A fermentor usually refers to the containment system for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells, while a bioreactor grows the eukaryotic cells (mammalian, insect cells, etc).
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is the Fermentor or Bioreactor. A bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated to form the desired products. it is a containment system designed to give right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism.
A fermentor usually refers to the containment system for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells, while a bioreactor grows the eukaryotic cells (mammalian, insect cells, etc).
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
This PPT dicusses about the Stirred Tank Bioreactor and its features mainly used in Fermentation process.
Useful for students doing their Bachelor's in Life Science
Bioreactor and applications of bioreactorsAmjad Afridi
What is a bioreactor:?
An closed apparatus use for growing organisms (yeast, bacteria, or animal cells) under controlled conditions.
Used in industrial processes to produce pharmaceuticals, vaccines, or antibodies.
Also used to convert raw materials into useful byproducts such as in the bioconversion of corn into ethanol.
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
This PPT dicusses about the Stirred Tank Bioreactor and its features mainly used in Fermentation process.
Useful for students doing their Bachelor's in Life Science
Bioreactor and applications of bioreactorsAmjad Afridi
What is a bioreactor:?
An closed apparatus use for growing organisms (yeast, bacteria, or animal cells) under controlled conditions.
Used in industrial processes to produce pharmaceuticals, vaccines, or antibodies.
Also used to convert raw materials into useful byproducts such as in the bioconversion of corn into ethanol.
A bioreactor is a type of fermentation vessel that is used for the production of various chemicals and biological reactions. It is a closed container with adequate arrangement for aeration, agitation, temperature and pH control, and drain or overflow vent to remove the waste biomass of cultured microorganisms along with their products.
The function of the fermenter or bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be cell biomass,metabolite and bioconversion Product. It must be so designed that it is able to provide the optimum environments or conditions that will allow supporting the growth of the microorganisms. The design and mode of operation of a fermenter mainly depends on the production organism, the optimal operating condition required for target product formation, product value and scale of production.
The choice of microorganisms is diverse to be used in the fermentation studies. Bacteria, Unicellular fungi, Virus, Algal cells have all been cultivated in fermenters. Now more and more attempts are tried to cultivate single plant and animal cells in fermenters. It is very important for us to know the physical and physiological characteristics of the type of cells which we use in the fermentation. Before designing the vessel, the fermentation vessel must fulfill certain requirements that is needed that will ensure the fermentation process will occur efficiently. Some of the actuated parameters are: the agitation speed, the aeration rate, the heating intensity or cooling rate, and the nutrients feeding rate, acid or base valve. Precise environmental control is of considerable interest in fermentations since oscillations may lower the system efficiency, increase the plasmid instability and produce undesirable end products.
Many important bio-products are produced by means of fermentation where microbial, plant or animal cells are employed to produce them as their metabolites.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
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Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
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holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
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solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
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2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
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but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
1. Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Bioreactor overview
D H SANI
Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Department
2. Bioreactor
Bioreactor is a culture vessel in
which living organisms synthesize
useful substances or break down
harmful ones.
This process can either be aerobic
or anaerobic.
4. Considerations in designing Bioreactors
• The design must preclude foreign contamination.
• Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
• Adequate mass transfer.
• Clearly defined flow conditions.
• Feeding of substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
• Suspension of solids.
• Gentle heat transfer.
• Compliance with design requirements.
5. Recent advance in bioreactor design
• Scaffold is necessary for seeding at high cell densities and
homogeneous distribution of cells.
• Scaffold refers to –
Porous Biocompatible Substrate
Provides Support to the Cell
Offers 3D Architecture
• As scaffolds have large, interconnected pores –
cells are distributed quite uniformly during
seeding
medium flow through a construct enhances the mass transfer of
Substrates during cultivation
6. Requirements for Ideal Bioreactor
Aseptic
Vessel
Adequate
Aeration
and
Agitation
Less
Power
consump
-tion
Controlled
Temperature
and pH
Sampling
facilities
Less
Evaporat
-ion
losses
Minimal
use of
Labor
Internal
Smooth
Surface
7. Types of Bioreactors
• Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactor
• Airlift Bioreactor
• Fluidized Bed Bioreactor
• Packed Bed Bioreactor
• Photobioreactor
• Membrane Bioreactor
10. 10
Packed Bed Bioreactor
Higher conversion
Continuous operation
Catalyst stays in the
reactor
Reaction
mixture/catalyst
separation is easy.
Difficult to
clean.
Poor
temperature
control
Undesirable
side reactions
11. 11
Fluidized Bed Bioreactor
Uniform Particle
Mixing
Uniform
Temperature
Gradients
Ability to Operate
Reactor in
Continuous State.
Increased
Reactor Vessel
Size
Pumping
Requirements
and Pressure
Drop
Erosion of
Internal
Components
12. 12
Photo Bioreactor
Higher productivity.
Large surface-to-
volume ratio.
Better control of gas
transfer
uniform temperature
Capital cost is
very high.
The technical
difficulty in
sterilizing
14. Parameters of bioreactor
Agitation
• required for homogeneous distribution of cells in nutrient media.
• can be done by –
magnetic stirrer
turbine impeller
marine impeller
• Maximum stirring rates for suspension : 100-150 rpm
15. Parameters of bioreactor (Cont.)
Aeration
• Aeration is important for microbial growth.
• It can be provided by -
Through bubbling air
By medium perfusion-medium is continuously taken from culture
vessel , passed through oxygenation chamber
(risk of o2 toxicity)
16. Parameters of bioreactor (Cont.)
Foaming
• Foaming causes adhesion of cell to inner surface of vessel.
• Foaming is caused by –
Excretion of high levels of proteins from microbial culture
High rate Agitation
• Foaming is controlled by a Foam breaker or Anti-foaming agent.
17. Parameters of bioreactor (Cont.)
Temperature
• Set at the same point as the body temperature of the host from
which the cell obtained.
• Temperature varies in species -
Cold-blooded vertebrates : 18-25°C
Mammalian cells : 36-37°C
18. Parameters of bioreactor (Cont.)
pH
• pH variation changes the microbial growth and foaming pattern.
• Buffer solution is used to control pH.
• Bicarbonate-CO2 buffer is used to –
Keep the pH medium in a range : 7-7.4
19. Parameters of bioreactor (Cont.)
Viscosity
• viscosity changes with time in any fermentation process.
• Viscosity affects choice of the right impeller.
• viscosity can be determined by using -
Cone and plate viscometers
Coaxial cylinders viscometers
impeller viscometers
20. Parameters of bioreactor (Cont.)
Sterilization
• Sterilization can be done by various methods.
• Heating -
dry heat : 180 C for 1 hr
moist heat : 121 C for 30 min
• Radiation kills bacteria as well as virus -
X-ray ,UV ray
• Chemicals-
formaldehyde ,H2O2, ethylene oxide
• Filtration-
syringe filter , depth filter, screen filter
22. Risk of contamination depends on the
process
Some fermentations are more susceptible to contaminations these
include those that
• Utilize nutrient-rich medium
• Contain slow growing organisms
• Take a protracted length of time
• Performed under moderate temperature and pH ranges.
23. Contamination in fermentation process may
occur due to -
• Contaminated inocula
• Failures in sterilization processes
• Unsterilized fermentation tank itself
• Improper sterilization of fermentation media
• Seals present in fermentation tank
• Mechanical failure
• Improper sterile air supply
24. For successful fermentation, it is very essential to
ensure -
• Sterility of the media containing the nutrients.
• Sterility of incoming and outgoing air.
• Sterility of the bioreactor.
• Prevention of contamination during fermentation.
25. Major Functions of a Bioreactor
Provide
operation free
from
contamination
Maintain a
specific
Temperature
Provide
adequate
mixing and
aeration
Control the pH
of the culture
26. Applications of bioreactor
Genetic Engineering
Cell Therapy
Model System
Viral vaccines
Monoclonal antibodies
Recombinant proteins (glycoprotein)
Cancer Research
Toxicity Testing
Drug Screening and Development
BafflePrevent the effects of vibration. increases fluid velocity and the effective heat transfer.
sparger is to supply oxygen to the growing cells. impeller is a rotor used to increase the pressure and flow of a fluid. homogenization, suspension of solids, dispersion of gas-liquid mixtures, aeration of liquid and heat exchange.
cooling jacketMaintain low temperatures improving quality.
ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, scale up; flexibility; long term stability etc.