BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OVERVIEW IN INDIAManoj Chaurasia
this upload on bio-medical waste treatment and disposal overview is improved version of my previous upload on the subject. The presentation highlights the bio-medical treatment status at Allahabad, India. The content is the result of my experience gained from routine inspections of various health care facilities located in Allahabad region.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OVERVIEW IN INDIAManoj Chaurasia
this upload on bio-medical waste treatment and disposal overview is improved version of my previous upload on the subject. The presentation highlights the bio-medical treatment status at Allahabad, India. The content is the result of my experience gained from routine inspections of various health care facilities located in Allahabad region.
The health of patients is important to hospitals making it imperative to properly dispose of biomedical waste. Having the proper biomedical waste containers is part of keeping patients safe from illnesses they could contract while in the hospital.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
2. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
Definition
– Anything tested or used on an individual, or any trash
from biological experiments are medical waste
Generated from
– Waste generated by health care facility
– Research facility
– Laboratories
Hazardous health care waste
– 85% waste is non infectious
– 10% are infectious
– 5% are hazardous
4. Biomedical waste Statistics
• Developed Countries- 1-5 kg/bed/day, with variations
among countries.
In India-
• 1-2 kg/bed/day with variation among
Govt. and Private establishments.
• Approximately 506.74 tons/ day wastes generated
• Out of which only 57% waste undergoes proper
disposal
5. Classification of Waste Category as per
WHO standard
WASTE
CATEGORY
TYPE OF WASTE Examples
Category No. 1 Human anatomical waste Tissues, organs, body parts
Category No. 2 Animal waste Generated during
research/experimentation, from
veterinary hospitals
Category No.3 Microbiology and
biotechnology waste
Laboratory cultures, micro-organisms,
human and animal cell cultures, toxins
Category No. 4 Waste sharps hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels,
broken glass
Category No. 5 Discarded medicines and
cyto-toxic drugs
X-rays, Cancer chemotherapy
6. Cont….
WASTE
CATEGORY
TYPE OF WASTE Examples
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste Dressing, bandages, plaster casts, material
contaminated with blood
Category No. 7 Radioactive
Components
Radiotherapy/lab research liquids
Contaminated glass wares, packages,
absorbent papers
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste Generated from any of the infected areas
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash
Category No. 10 Chemical Waste Alcohol, Sulphuric acid, chlorine powder,
Glutaraldehyde, Picric acid, fertilizer,
7. PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH BMW
ORGANISM DISEASES CAUSED RELATED WASTE ITEM
VIRUSES
HIV, Hepatitis B,
Hepatitis A,C,
Arboviruses,
Enteroviruses
AIDS, Infectious
Hepatitis,
Japanese encephalitis,
tick-borne
fevers, etc.
Infected needles,
body Fluids, Human
excreta, Blood.
BACTERIA
Salmonella typhi,
Vibrio cholerae,
Clostridium Tetani,
Pseudomonas,
Streptococcus
Typhoid, Cholera,
Tetanus, Wound
infections,
septicemia, rheumatic
fever, skin
and soft tissue
infections
Human excreta and
body fluid in landfills
and hospital wards,
Sharps such as
needles, surgical
blades in hospital
waste.
8. ORGANISM DISEASES CAUSED RELATED WASTE ITEM
PARASITES
Plasmodium
Cutaneous
leishmaniasis,
Malaria
Human excreta, blood and body fluids in
poorly
managed sewage system of hospitals.
9. OBJECTIVE OF BMW MANAGEMENT
• To minimize the production/generation of
infective waste.
• Recycle the waste after to the extent possible
• Treat the waste by safe environment
friendly/acceptable methods.
• Adequate care in handling to prevent health care
associated infections.
• Safety precautions during handling the BMW.
10. COLOUR CODING OF BAGS
COLOR
CODE
TYPE OF CONTAINER WASTE
CATEGORY
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Yellow Plastic bags 1, 2, 3 and 6 Incineration
Red Disinfected
container/plastic bag
3, 6 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro
Waving/Chemical treatment
Blue/white
transparent
Plastic bags/puncture
proof container
4 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro
waving/chemical treatment,
Destruction & shredding
Black Plastic bag 5, & 9, AND
10 (SOLID)
Disposal in secured land fills
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. LABEL FOR BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
CONTAINERS/BAGS
Note : Label shall be non-washable and prominently
visible.
19. Autoclave
Temperature -not
less than 121 0C
Pressure -15 pounds
per square inch (psi)
Residence time - not
less than 60 minutes
20. Micro wave
• kill bacteria and other
pathogenic organism.
• not be used for cytotoxic,
hazardous or radioactive
wastes, contaminated animal
carcasses, body parts and
large metal items.
21. Disposal of Sharps
• disposed in circular or
rectangular pits.
• covered with a heavy
concrete slab
• When the pipe is full it
can be sealed completely
after another has been
prepared.
22. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1998
The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 2000
The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,
1989
The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
