Introduction to Hydrothermal Liquefaction of biomass, History of HTL technology, HTL biocrude calculation, HTL Vs pyrolysis, Activities on HTL in the University of Agder.
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a process that converts wet waste streams into biooil by heating them under high pressure and temperature conditions. This allows organic materials in the waste to break down into biooil and gases while inorganic materials precipitate out. The process has been studied since the 1920s and tested at pilot scale in recent decades. It shows potential to process over 120 million tons of wet wastes in the US annually into biofuels equivalent to over 15 billion gallons of gasoline. However, further work is needed to commercialize HTL by reducing capital costs, improving energy recovery, processing precipitates and biooil upgrading before HTL can widely provide a renewable alternative to waste disposal and liquid fuels.
Biomass Based Products (Biochemicals, Biofuels, Activated Carbon)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Biomass use is growing globally. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass (organic matter that can be converted into energy) may include food crops, crops for energy, crop residues, wood waste and byproducts, and animal manure. It is one of the most plentiful and well-utilized sources of renewable energy in the world. Broadly speaking, it is organic material produced by the photosynthesis of light. The chemical materials (organic compounds of carbons) are stored and can then be used to generate energy. The most common biomass used for energy is wood from trees. Wood has been used by humans for producing energy for heating and cooking for a very long time.
See more at: http://goo.gl/ruqLkS
Website: http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Activated Carbon from biomass, Activated Carbon from Waste Biomass, Applications of biomass gasification, Best small and cottage scale industries, Bio-based Products from Biomass, Bio-briquette Manufacturing Process, Biochemical Conversion of Biomass, Biochemical conversion process, Biochemicals from biomass, Bioenergy (Biofuels and Biomass), Bioenergy Conversion Technologies, Bioenergy: biofuel production chains, Biofuel and other biomass based products, Biofuel briquettes from biomass, Biofuel from plant biomass, Biofuel production, Biofuels Production from Biomass, Biofuels from biomass, Biomass and Bioenergy Biomass Technology, Biomass based activated carbon, Biomass Based Products, Biomass based products making machine factory, Biomass based products Making Small Business Manufacturing, Biomass based products manufacturing Business, Biomass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biomass Bio fuel Briquettes, Biomass Briquette Production, Biomass Cultivation and Biomass Briquettes, Biomass energy, Biomass Energy and Biochemical Conversion Processing, Biomass fuel, Biomass gasification, Biomass Gasification Technology, Biomass Gasifier for Thermal and Power applications, Biomass in the manufacture of industrial products, Biomass Processing & Biomass Based Profitable Products, Biomass Processing Industry in India, Biomass Processing Projects, Biomass Processing Technologies, Biomass resources and biofuels potential, Biomass-based chemicals, Biomass-Based Materials and Technologies for Energy, Business guidance for biomass processing industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Opportunities in Biomass Energy Sector, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan: Biomass Power Plant, Business start-up, Chemical production from biomass, Complete Book on Biomass Based Products, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing Energy on the Farm: Biomass and Agriculture, How does biomass work, How to start a biomass processing plant, How to Start a Biomass processing business?
This document reviews biodiesel production methods using chemical and biological catalysts. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification, where triglycerides from oils react with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. This reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Key process variables that affect conversion rates include the type of catalyst, substrate, temperature, solvent, molar ratios, and glycerol byproduct removal. While base catalysis is most common, acid and enzyme methods allow processing of low-quality feedstocks. Alternative acyl acceptors like methyl acetate and dimethyl carbonate also show promise. Overall, optimizing catalysts, substrates, and process conditions can improve biodiesel
This presentation discusses producing bio-fuel from solid green waste via pyrolysis. It introduces biomass as a renewable energy source and describes pyrolysis as a thermo-chemical process that converts biomass into bio-oil, bio-char, and gas. Fast pyrolysis of green waste between 650-1000°C produces the highest yield of bio-oil. While pyrolysis fuel has advantages over fossil diesel, its production costs remain higher. Further technological advances are needed to make pyrolysis economically competitive with traditional energy sources.
biomas pyrolysis,its features properties methods and current context in India and world with life cycle analysis.Biomass as renewable energy source for pollution free environment and sustainable development of society.Biochar for farming and Bagesse for cogeneration in industries
This document discusses ethanol production from corn and cellulosic sources. It begins by explaining corn ethanol production via dry milling and wet milling processes. Dry milling involves grinding the whole corn kernel and liquefying the starch before fermentation. Wet milling separates the kernel into fiber, germ, and starch components. The document then discusses cellulosic ethanol production, which involves breaking down the lignocellulose structure of plant biomass into fermentable sugars.
This document discusses biofuels as an alternative sustainable energy source. It defines biofuels as fuels derived from biological carbon fixation, including biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, and biohydrogen. Examples of plants used for biodiesel production are mentioned, such as neem, karanj, mesquite, mahua, rubber, and castor. Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process of esterification. Algae biodiesel is also discussed as a potential replacement for crop-based biodiesels. Biogas is produced through the breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic digesters and is comprised primarily of methane.
The document describes a gasification process that involves multiple steps. Waste is fed into a combustion chamber heated to 1000°C to produce fuel gas. The gas then passes through a melting pot heated to 1400°C to remove heavy metals. Emissions are treated through a wet scrubber, SCR system, and bag and HEPA filters before being discharged. Operational temperatures at different levels of the process are listed, along with diagrams of equipment like the waste heat boiler and melting pot structure.
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a process that converts wet waste streams into biooil by heating them under high pressure and temperature conditions. This allows organic materials in the waste to break down into biooil and gases while inorganic materials precipitate out. The process has been studied since the 1920s and tested at pilot scale in recent decades. It shows potential to process over 120 million tons of wet wastes in the US annually into biofuels equivalent to over 15 billion gallons of gasoline. However, further work is needed to commercialize HTL by reducing capital costs, improving energy recovery, processing precipitates and biooil upgrading before HTL can widely provide a renewable alternative to waste disposal and liquid fuels.
Biomass Based Products (Biochemicals, Biofuels, Activated Carbon)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Biomass use is growing globally. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass (organic matter that can be converted into energy) may include food crops, crops for energy, crop residues, wood waste and byproducts, and animal manure. It is one of the most plentiful and well-utilized sources of renewable energy in the world. Broadly speaking, it is organic material produced by the photosynthesis of light. The chemical materials (organic compounds of carbons) are stored and can then be used to generate energy. The most common biomass used for energy is wood from trees. Wood has been used by humans for producing energy for heating and cooking for a very long time.
See more at: http://goo.gl/ruqLkS
Website: http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Activated Carbon from biomass, Activated Carbon from Waste Biomass, Applications of biomass gasification, Best small and cottage scale industries, Bio-based Products from Biomass, Bio-briquette Manufacturing Process, Biochemical Conversion of Biomass, Biochemical conversion process, Biochemicals from biomass, Bioenergy (Biofuels and Biomass), Bioenergy Conversion Technologies, Bioenergy: biofuel production chains, Biofuel and other biomass based products, Biofuel briquettes from biomass, Biofuel from plant biomass, Biofuel production, Biofuels Production from Biomass, Biofuels from biomass, Biomass and Bioenergy Biomass Technology, Biomass based activated carbon, Biomass Based Products, Biomass based products making machine factory, Biomass based products Making Small Business Manufacturing, Biomass based products manufacturing Business, Biomass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biomass Bio fuel Briquettes, Biomass Briquette Production, Biomass Cultivation and Biomass Briquettes, Biomass energy, Biomass Energy and Biochemical Conversion Processing, Biomass fuel, Biomass gasification, Biomass Gasification Technology, Biomass Gasifier for Thermal and Power applications, Biomass in the manufacture of industrial products, Biomass Processing & Biomass Based Profitable Products, Biomass Processing Industry in India, Biomass Processing Projects, Biomass Processing Technologies, Biomass resources and biofuels potential, Biomass-based chemicals, Biomass-Based Materials and Technologies for Energy, Business guidance for biomass processing industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Opportunities in Biomass Energy Sector, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan: Biomass Power Plant, Business start-up, Chemical production from biomass, Complete Book on Biomass Based Products, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing Energy on the Farm: Biomass and Agriculture, How does biomass work, How to start a biomass processing plant, How to Start a Biomass processing business?
This document reviews biodiesel production methods using chemical and biological catalysts. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification, where triglycerides from oils react with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. This reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Key process variables that affect conversion rates include the type of catalyst, substrate, temperature, solvent, molar ratios, and glycerol byproduct removal. While base catalysis is most common, acid and enzyme methods allow processing of low-quality feedstocks. Alternative acyl acceptors like methyl acetate and dimethyl carbonate also show promise. Overall, optimizing catalysts, substrates, and process conditions can improve biodiesel
This presentation discusses producing bio-fuel from solid green waste via pyrolysis. It introduces biomass as a renewable energy source and describes pyrolysis as a thermo-chemical process that converts biomass into bio-oil, bio-char, and gas. Fast pyrolysis of green waste between 650-1000°C produces the highest yield of bio-oil. While pyrolysis fuel has advantages over fossil diesel, its production costs remain higher. Further technological advances are needed to make pyrolysis economically competitive with traditional energy sources.
biomas pyrolysis,its features properties methods and current context in India and world with life cycle analysis.Biomass as renewable energy source for pollution free environment and sustainable development of society.Biochar for farming and Bagesse for cogeneration in industries
This document discusses ethanol production from corn and cellulosic sources. It begins by explaining corn ethanol production via dry milling and wet milling processes. Dry milling involves grinding the whole corn kernel and liquefying the starch before fermentation. Wet milling separates the kernel into fiber, germ, and starch components. The document then discusses cellulosic ethanol production, which involves breaking down the lignocellulose structure of plant biomass into fermentable sugars.
This document discusses biofuels as an alternative sustainable energy source. It defines biofuels as fuels derived from biological carbon fixation, including biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, and biohydrogen. Examples of plants used for biodiesel production are mentioned, such as neem, karanj, mesquite, mahua, rubber, and castor. Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process of esterification. Algae biodiesel is also discussed as a potential replacement for crop-based biodiesels. Biogas is produced through the breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic digesters and is comprised primarily of methane.
The document describes a gasification process that involves multiple steps. Waste is fed into a combustion chamber heated to 1000°C to produce fuel gas. The gas then passes through a melting pot heated to 1400°C to remove heavy metals. Emissions are treated through a wet scrubber, SCR system, and bag and HEPA filters before being discharged. Operational temperatures at different levels of the process are listed, along with diagrams of equipment like the waste heat boiler and melting pot structure.
This document discusses biodiesel, its history and production process. It begins by defining biodiesel as a fuel made from oils and fats that can be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel. It then discusses biodiesel's origins in Rudolf Diesel's intent for his engine to run on peanut oil. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and methanol. It notes the challenges of sourcing feedstocks and developing technologies to handle multiple feedstock types for biodiesel production.
Biomass gasification for hydrogen productionMd Tanvir Alam
Biomass gasification can be used to produce hydrogen fuel through thermal conversion processes. Gasification involves heating biomass with limited oxygen to produce syngas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gases. Several pathways exist to convert biomass to hydrogen through gasification. Research has demonstrated hydrogen yields of up to 60% by volume from biomass gasification using fluidized beds and catalysts. Economic analyses show biomass gasification can competitively produce hydrogen compared to natural gas reforming. With environmental and economic benefits, biomass gasification is a promising option for renewable hydrogen production.
2014 fallsemester introduction-to_biofuels-ust(dj_suh)Hiền Mira
This document provides an introduction to biofuels, including definitions of biomass and bioenergy. It discusses various biomass sources and conversion pathways to produce biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The strengths and challenges of different biofuel types are outlined. Key aspects of producing cellulosic bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass are summarized, such as pretreatment methods, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification processes.
This document summarizes information about biodiesel, including what it is, its properties, production methods, economics, and experimental work. There are three main methods to produce biodiesel through transesterification of oils and fats. The document outlines the experimental procedure used, including titration to determine the sodium hydroxide needed and the multi-step production process. Test results are shown comparing the density of biodiesel produced from different seed oils. Current biodiesel research aims to improve crop yields and find new feedstocks like human waste or genetically modified microbes.
The document discusses a method for producing synthesis gas (syngas) from gasification of bagasse. Bagasse is a waste product from sugar production that is abundant in India. Syngas produced from bagasse gasification can be used as an alternative fuel source for power generation and other industrial processes. The method involves pyrolyzing bagasse in a free-fall reactor to produce char, and then gasifying the char in a packed bed reactor to produce syngas, which consists mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Experimental results show that syngas yield increases with higher temperature and smaller bagasse particle size during pyrolysis.
Biogas can be generated from organic wastes through anaerobic digestion to provide a renewable source of energy. It has the benefits of dealing with waste management issues while also producing a clean fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity and transportation. The biogas production process involves several steps of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis by which bacteria break down biomass into methane and carbon dioxide gas. Common feedstocks and their expected biogas yields are listed to evaluate production potential from various resources.
Recent developments in microbial fuel cellsreenath vn
Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are an environmental friendly energy conservative technology that not only helps in generating power from waste but also in remediating the environmental pollution. This paper reviews some technological aspects and developments of microbial fuel cells. A brief history of abiotic to biological fuel cells and subsequently, microbial fuel cells is presented. Secondly, the development of the concept of microbial fuel cell into a wider range of derivative technologies, called bio electrochemical systems, is described by introducing briefly microbial electrolysis cells, microbial desalination cells and microbial electro synthesis cells. The focus is then shifted to electroactive biofilms and electron transfer mechanisms involved with solid electrodes. Carbonaceous and metallic anode materials are then introduced, followed by the discussion on electro catalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction and its behavior in neutral media. Cathode catalysts based on carbonaceous, platinum-group metal and platinum-group-metal-free materials are presented, along with membrane materials with a view to future directions.
The document summarizes an experimental study analyzing the emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME). Key findings include:
- Tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that neat MOME biodiesel produced lower carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and particulate emissions than petrodiesel, but higher oxides of nitrogen emissions.
- Emissions generally improved with increasing percentages of MOME biodiesel blended with petrodiesel.
- The study concludes that MOME biodiesel is a viable alternative fuel that provides emission benefits over petrodiesel.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological sources such as agricultural waste, sugarcane, corn, and algae. They include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Biofuels offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing foreign oil reliance. However, they also have disadvantages like potentially higher food prices and shortages if too much cropland is used for fuel production rather than food. Common biofuels include bioethanol from sugar cane or corn fermentation, biodiesel from vegetable or animal fats, and biogas from organic waste digestion.
Biofuels provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and are becoming increasingly important. There are several types of biofuels like biogas produced from anaerobic digestion, bioethanol commonly from sugarcane or corn, and biodiesel usually from oils. Countries like Brazil and India have developed biofuel industries using their agricultural resources. New technologies allow extraction of oils from plants like jatropha and algae for biodiesel production. Microalgae have the highest oil yield per hectare and could potentially meet global fuel demands if commercially produced. Overall, biofuels offer environmental and economic benefits but large-scale production faces challenges.
The document summarizes various processes for biodiesel production, with a focus on transesterification. It describes four main methods - pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, dilution, and transesterification. Transesterification, which is the reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of an acid or base catalyst, is identified as the most common industrial process. The key steps of transesterification including catalyst selection, reaction conditions, and separation of biodiesel and glycerol are outlined. Post-production processes like refining, washing, drying and additive treatment are also summarized to purify the biodiesel and meet fuel standards.
Biomass pyrolysis produces bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. It involves heating biomass like wood or agricultural waste in the absence of oxygen. Fast pyrolysis at 450-1000°C yields 60% bio-oil that can be upgraded to fuels or chemicals. Syngas and biochar are also produced. Biochar improves soil quality and stores carbon long-term. The document discusses pyrolysis process parameters, products, applications, and provides an example of its environmental and energy benefits compared to fossil fuels according to a life cycle analysis. Bottlenecks to commercializing biomass energy in India include supply chain and policy issues.
Torrefaction is a thermal pretreatment process that improves the properties of biomass for energy applications. It involves heating biomass to 200-300°C in an inert environment to remove moisture and make it hydrophobic. This increases the energy density and grindability of biomass while producing a uniform, stable fuel. Torrefaction decomposes hemicellulose while maximizing the energy yield of the solid product. The process addresses issues with raw biomass like high moisture content and reactivity. Further research is needed to develop commercial torrefaction systems and optimize process parameters to produce ideal torrefied biomass for various end uses like power generation and pelletization.
The document discusses first generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, vegetable oils, and animal fats using conventional techniques. Some examples given are ethanol, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and biogas. While they provided early alternatives to fossil fuels, first generation biofuels face sustainability challenges as they compete with food production and may not provide significant environmental benefits over fossil fuels. Future research focuses on second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like lignocellulosic biomass and algae.
The document discusses the production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil through a process of trans-esterification. It notes that Jatropha is a suitable source of oil for biodiesel production because the plants are drought resistant, pest resistant, and can yield 27-40% oil from their seeds. The process of converting Jatropha oil to biodiesel through trans-esterification has already been developed and tested in Pakistan. Biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil through this process is economically feasible when grown on a large scale.
This document provides an overview of biorefineries. It defines a biorefinery as a refinery that converts biomass into energy and other beneficial byproducts. The document then discusses the uses of biorefineries, how they function, and the types of biorefineries including classification based on platforms, products, feedstocks, and processes used. It also describes the major biorefinery platforms of thermochemical/syngas and biochemical/sugar, and important feedstocks like sugar, starch, and lignocellulosic materials. Gasification and types of gasifiers and fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstock are also summarized.
1) Algal biodiesel has several advantages over traditional biodiesel sources like corn or soybeans, as algae can produce significantly higher oil yields per acre and does not require valuable agricultural land.
2) There are three main methods to extract oil from algae for biodiesel production - pressing, chemical extraction using solvents like hexane, and supercritical CO2 extraction which is the most efficient but also the most expensive.
3) The oil extracted from algae can be converted into biodiesel fuel through a process called transesterification, where the algal oil reacts with ethanol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerol.
This document discusses the production of biodiesel through a base-catalyzed transesterification process. It begins with an introduction about the need for alternative fuels and defines biodiesel as a monoalkyl ester produced from vegetable or animal fats. It then covers the advantages of biodiesel such as reduced emissions. The document proceeds to explain the transesterification chemical process and raw materials used like non-edible oils. It provides details of the base-catalyzed production procedure involving reaction, separation of biodiesel and glycerin, and washing. Applications of biodiesel include use as a fuel in locomotives, aircraft, generators and cleaning of oil spills. The conclusion emphasizes base-cat
The document discusses bio-energy generation from food waste through hydrothermal liquefaction. It begins by introducing the process of hydrothermal liquefaction, which converts wet biomass into bio-oil under moderate temperature and high pressure, mimicking natural fossil fuel formation. It then discusses how food waste can be converted into energy through various waste-to-energy techniques, focusing on hydrothermal liquefaction. Hydrothermal liquefaction holds advantages as it can process high-moisture feedstocks like food waste to produce bio-oil with energy densities similar to coal, potentially offsetting the need for fossil fuels.
IRJET- Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process (HTL) of Sugarcane Bagasse for the P...IRJET Journal
1. The study investigated the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sugarcane bagasse to produce bio-oil.
2. HTL was conducted at 250°C for 30 minutes, producing bio-oil yields of 7.9%, 6.3%, and 7% respectively from three trials.
3. Analysis found the bio-oils contained less oxygen and nitrogen and had heating values ranging from 46.3-51 MJ/kg, making them potential renewable fuels.
This document discusses biodiesel, its history and production process. It begins by defining biodiesel as a fuel made from oils and fats that can be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel. It then discusses biodiesel's origins in Rudolf Diesel's intent for his engine to run on peanut oil. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and methanol. It notes the challenges of sourcing feedstocks and developing technologies to handle multiple feedstock types for biodiesel production.
Biomass gasification for hydrogen productionMd Tanvir Alam
Biomass gasification can be used to produce hydrogen fuel through thermal conversion processes. Gasification involves heating biomass with limited oxygen to produce syngas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gases. Several pathways exist to convert biomass to hydrogen through gasification. Research has demonstrated hydrogen yields of up to 60% by volume from biomass gasification using fluidized beds and catalysts. Economic analyses show biomass gasification can competitively produce hydrogen compared to natural gas reforming. With environmental and economic benefits, biomass gasification is a promising option for renewable hydrogen production.
2014 fallsemester introduction-to_biofuels-ust(dj_suh)Hiền Mira
This document provides an introduction to biofuels, including definitions of biomass and bioenergy. It discusses various biomass sources and conversion pathways to produce biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The strengths and challenges of different biofuel types are outlined. Key aspects of producing cellulosic bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass are summarized, such as pretreatment methods, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification processes.
This document summarizes information about biodiesel, including what it is, its properties, production methods, economics, and experimental work. There are three main methods to produce biodiesel through transesterification of oils and fats. The document outlines the experimental procedure used, including titration to determine the sodium hydroxide needed and the multi-step production process. Test results are shown comparing the density of biodiesel produced from different seed oils. Current biodiesel research aims to improve crop yields and find new feedstocks like human waste or genetically modified microbes.
The document discusses a method for producing synthesis gas (syngas) from gasification of bagasse. Bagasse is a waste product from sugar production that is abundant in India. Syngas produced from bagasse gasification can be used as an alternative fuel source for power generation and other industrial processes. The method involves pyrolyzing bagasse in a free-fall reactor to produce char, and then gasifying the char in a packed bed reactor to produce syngas, which consists mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Experimental results show that syngas yield increases with higher temperature and smaller bagasse particle size during pyrolysis.
Biogas can be generated from organic wastes through anaerobic digestion to provide a renewable source of energy. It has the benefits of dealing with waste management issues while also producing a clean fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity and transportation. The biogas production process involves several steps of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis by which bacteria break down biomass into methane and carbon dioxide gas. Common feedstocks and their expected biogas yields are listed to evaluate production potential from various resources.
Recent developments in microbial fuel cellsreenath vn
Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are an environmental friendly energy conservative technology that not only helps in generating power from waste but also in remediating the environmental pollution. This paper reviews some technological aspects and developments of microbial fuel cells. A brief history of abiotic to biological fuel cells and subsequently, microbial fuel cells is presented. Secondly, the development of the concept of microbial fuel cell into a wider range of derivative technologies, called bio electrochemical systems, is described by introducing briefly microbial electrolysis cells, microbial desalination cells and microbial electro synthesis cells. The focus is then shifted to electroactive biofilms and electron transfer mechanisms involved with solid electrodes. Carbonaceous and metallic anode materials are then introduced, followed by the discussion on electro catalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction and its behavior in neutral media. Cathode catalysts based on carbonaceous, platinum-group metal and platinum-group-metal-free materials are presented, along with membrane materials with a view to future directions.
The document summarizes an experimental study analyzing the emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME). Key findings include:
- Tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that neat MOME biodiesel produced lower carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and particulate emissions than petrodiesel, but higher oxides of nitrogen emissions.
- Emissions generally improved with increasing percentages of MOME biodiesel blended with petrodiesel.
- The study concludes that MOME biodiesel is a viable alternative fuel that provides emission benefits over petrodiesel.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological sources such as agricultural waste, sugarcane, corn, and algae. They include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Biofuels offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing foreign oil reliance. However, they also have disadvantages like potentially higher food prices and shortages if too much cropland is used for fuel production rather than food. Common biofuels include bioethanol from sugar cane or corn fermentation, biodiesel from vegetable or animal fats, and biogas from organic waste digestion.
Biofuels provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and are becoming increasingly important. There are several types of biofuels like biogas produced from anaerobic digestion, bioethanol commonly from sugarcane or corn, and biodiesel usually from oils. Countries like Brazil and India have developed biofuel industries using their agricultural resources. New technologies allow extraction of oils from plants like jatropha and algae for biodiesel production. Microalgae have the highest oil yield per hectare and could potentially meet global fuel demands if commercially produced. Overall, biofuels offer environmental and economic benefits but large-scale production faces challenges.
The document summarizes various processes for biodiesel production, with a focus on transesterification. It describes four main methods - pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, dilution, and transesterification. Transesterification, which is the reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of an acid or base catalyst, is identified as the most common industrial process. The key steps of transesterification including catalyst selection, reaction conditions, and separation of biodiesel and glycerol are outlined. Post-production processes like refining, washing, drying and additive treatment are also summarized to purify the biodiesel and meet fuel standards.
Biomass pyrolysis produces bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. It involves heating biomass like wood or agricultural waste in the absence of oxygen. Fast pyrolysis at 450-1000°C yields 60% bio-oil that can be upgraded to fuels or chemicals. Syngas and biochar are also produced. Biochar improves soil quality and stores carbon long-term. The document discusses pyrolysis process parameters, products, applications, and provides an example of its environmental and energy benefits compared to fossil fuels according to a life cycle analysis. Bottlenecks to commercializing biomass energy in India include supply chain and policy issues.
Torrefaction is a thermal pretreatment process that improves the properties of biomass for energy applications. It involves heating biomass to 200-300°C in an inert environment to remove moisture and make it hydrophobic. This increases the energy density and grindability of biomass while producing a uniform, stable fuel. Torrefaction decomposes hemicellulose while maximizing the energy yield of the solid product. The process addresses issues with raw biomass like high moisture content and reactivity. Further research is needed to develop commercial torrefaction systems and optimize process parameters to produce ideal torrefied biomass for various end uses like power generation and pelletization.
The document discusses first generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, vegetable oils, and animal fats using conventional techniques. Some examples given are ethanol, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and biogas. While they provided early alternatives to fossil fuels, first generation biofuels face sustainability challenges as they compete with food production and may not provide significant environmental benefits over fossil fuels. Future research focuses on second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like lignocellulosic biomass and algae.
The document discusses the production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil through a process of trans-esterification. It notes that Jatropha is a suitable source of oil for biodiesel production because the plants are drought resistant, pest resistant, and can yield 27-40% oil from their seeds. The process of converting Jatropha oil to biodiesel through trans-esterification has already been developed and tested in Pakistan. Biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil through this process is economically feasible when grown on a large scale.
This document provides an overview of biorefineries. It defines a biorefinery as a refinery that converts biomass into energy and other beneficial byproducts. The document then discusses the uses of biorefineries, how they function, and the types of biorefineries including classification based on platforms, products, feedstocks, and processes used. It also describes the major biorefinery platforms of thermochemical/syngas and biochemical/sugar, and important feedstocks like sugar, starch, and lignocellulosic materials. Gasification and types of gasifiers and fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstock are also summarized.
1) Algal biodiesel has several advantages over traditional biodiesel sources like corn or soybeans, as algae can produce significantly higher oil yields per acre and does not require valuable agricultural land.
2) There are three main methods to extract oil from algae for biodiesel production - pressing, chemical extraction using solvents like hexane, and supercritical CO2 extraction which is the most efficient but also the most expensive.
3) The oil extracted from algae can be converted into biodiesel fuel through a process called transesterification, where the algal oil reacts with ethanol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerol.
This document discusses the production of biodiesel through a base-catalyzed transesterification process. It begins with an introduction about the need for alternative fuels and defines biodiesel as a monoalkyl ester produced from vegetable or animal fats. It then covers the advantages of biodiesel such as reduced emissions. The document proceeds to explain the transesterification chemical process and raw materials used like non-edible oils. It provides details of the base-catalyzed production procedure involving reaction, separation of biodiesel and glycerin, and washing. Applications of biodiesel include use as a fuel in locomotives, aircraft, generators and cleaning of oil spills. The conclusion emphasizes base-cat
The document discusses bio-energy generation from food waste through hydrothermal liquefaction. It begins by introducing the process of hydrothermal liquefaction, which converts wet biomass into bio-oil under moderate temperature and high pressure, mimicking natural fossil fuel formation. It then discusses how food waste can be converted into energy through various waste-to-energy techniques, focusing on hydrothermal liquefaction. Hydrothermal liquefaction holds advantages as it can process high-moisture feedstocks like food waste to produce bio-oil with energy densities similar to coal, potentially offsetting the need for fossil fuels.
IRJET- Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process (HTL) of Sugarcane Bagasse for the P...IRJET Journal
1. The study investigated the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sugarcane bagasse to produce bio-oil.
2. HTL was conducted at 250°C for 30 minutes, producing bio-oil yields of 7.9%, 6.3%, and 7% respectively from three trials.
3. Analysis found the bio-oils contained less oxygen and nitrogen and had heating values ranging from 46.3-51 MJ/kg, making them potential renewable fuels.
Microbial catalysis of syngas fermentation into biofuels precursors - An expe...Pratap Jung Rai
Search for environment-friendly sustainable energy sources is of global interest due to continuous depletion of fossil fuels resources and excessive carbon dioxide emissions. Syngas fermentation is one of the promising sustainable alternative for liquid biofuel and chemical production from energy content wastes/byproducts. This study mainly focuses on acetic acid and ethanol production via fermentation, using hydrogen and carbon dioxide as substrates to mimic syngas. A laboratory scale, batch fermentation was performed at different headspace pressure ranged from 0.29 to 1.51 bar, 1200 rpm stirrer speed, and 22±1.4ºC.
Formation of acetic acid and ethanol were found significant. The maximum acetic acid concentration 68 mmol/L was obtained at 1176 hours and 1.12 bar headspace pressure. However, maximum ethanol concentration of 15 pA*s was found at 1297 hours and 1.51 bar headspace pressure. Ethanol consumption was observed during first 553 hours. Maximum H2 consumption rate was 0.153 mmol/h•gVS during 478-527 hours at 1.12 bar headspace pressure, which was 51 times higher than that obtained during first 71 hours at 0.29 bar headspace pressure (0.003 mmol/h• gVS). The total consumed hydrogen gas measure as COD (CODHydrogen) was equivalent to the increase in bulk liquid COD, 11.02 gCOD and 11.44 gCOD; in which 68% of CODHydrogen was converted to acetic acid (7.44 gCOD). A significant influence of headspace pressure and dissolved hydrogen concentration were observed on the volumetric mass (H2) transfer coefficient (kLa) and the solubility of hydrogen in the inoculum (CH). The maximum kLa and CH of 0.082 h-1 (R2 = 0.995) and 1.2 10-3 mol/L were found at 1.12 bar headspace pressure and 89 mmol/L dissolved hydrogen concentration, respectively. The calculated biomass yields ranged from 0.001-0.066 and 0.001-0.059 gVSS/gCOD, for acetic acid and ethanol formation, respectively, when the assumption of free energy efficiency use in growth was changed from 0.1 to 1.
Acetic acid and ethanol were dominant final product whereas other organic acids were almost constant and insignificant throughout the experiment. This implies that the microbial fermentation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide at headspace pressure ranged from 0.29-1.51 bar, 1200 rpm stirrer speed, and 22±1.4ºC, can be performed with digested food waste sludge for efficient acetic acid and ethanol production.
TITLE PAGETABLE OF CONTENTSContentsTITLE PAGE1TABLE OTakishaPeck109
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
TITLE PAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
LIST OF FIGURES 5
LIST OF TABLES 6
LIST OF EQUATIONS 7
Abstract 8
1.0. Introduction 9
2.0. Microalgae harvesting method 10
2.1. Common harvesting technology 10
2.1.1. Centrifugation 10
2.1.2. Sedimentation 11
2.1.3. Flocculation 11
2.1.4. Flotation 13
2.1.5. Filtration 14
2.2. New Emerging Microalgae Biomass Harvesting Techniques 15
2.2.1. Flocculation using magnetic microparticles 16
2.2.2. Flocculation by natural biopolymer 17
2.2.3. Electrical approach 18
3.0. Extraction and Analysis of Lipid from Microalgae Biomass 20
3.1. Lipid extraction 21
3.1.1. Mechanical extraction 21
3.1.2. Chemical/solvent extraction 23
3.1.3. New emerging green solvents systems and process intensification techniques for lipids extraction from microalgae 25
4.0. Heterogeneous transesterification catalysts 29
4.1. Solid Bases Transesterification 33
4.2. Solid Acids Transesterification 35
4.3. Heterogeneous transesterification of algae oil 36
5.0. Reactors 44
5.1. Influence of reactor design and operating conditions 44
6.0. Conclusions 51
References 54
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Flowsheet for biodiesel production from microalgae. Some intensified process techniques highlighted may reduce some downstream steps as it would render the dewatering step unneeded. i.e. MAE – Microwave assisted extraction (MAE), Enzyme assisted extraction (EAE), Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), Surfactant assisted extraction 27
Figure 2:Flow sheet of an oscillatory baffled reactor and it mixing features. Also illustrating the solid acid catalyst PrSO3H-SBA-15 undergoing no oscillation but sedimentation and or with about 4.5Hz oscillation traped in the baffles. Figures exuracted from (Eze et al., 2013) 47
Figure 3: Diagram of membrane reactors for producing biodiesel in transesterification reaction through (a) Solid acid catalyst and (b) base catalysts.49
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Performance comparison of flotation techniques14
Table 2: Performance comparison of filtration methods15
Table 3: Performance of flocculation using biopolymer17
Table 4: performance comparisons for microalgae biomass harvesting by various electrical methods operated in just 1 hour19
Table 5: Reported catalyst used for heterogenous transesterification reaction on various feedstocks30
Table 6: The effect of calcination temperature on the performance of WO3/ZrO2 catalyst (Jothiramalingam & Wang, 2009).39
Table 7: Literature review on biodiesel production via heterogenous catalyst41
LIST OF EQUATIONS
Equation 1: Chemical equation showing production of biodiesel from any bio oil 32
Equation 2: Reaction mechanism of transesterification via base catalyst (denoted Y) in the equation. 33
Abstract
The dwindling rate of our fossil fuel reserves and general believe of major contribution of CO2 emissions which is linked to the climate change due to the burning of such carbon sources in engines eithe ...
Presentation on a novel accelerated composting process.Kiran Parmar
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This document summarizes a project studying the use of red mud and pure metal oxides as potential catalysts for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste. The goal is to find a cheaper alternative to the commercial Ceria Zirconia catalyst. HTL converts biomass into liquid biofuel using water at high pressure and temperature. Previous studies show Ceria Zirconia improves biooil yield but is costly to reuse. Red mud, a low-cost byproduct, contains metal oxides that could achieve the desired base chemistry. The project will compare the impact of red mud and pure metal oxide catalysts to Ceria Zirconia on biooil production from food waste.
The document describes a study on enhancing biohydrogen production from carbohydrate-rich industrial wastewater under anaerobic conditions. A pilot-scale Monitoring Based Agitable Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (MAUASB) reactor was constructed and operated for 5 months using sugar industry wastewater as the substrate. The maximum COD removal efficiency was 81% at pH 5.0, and hydrogen production peaked at 272.4 ml on the 8th day at pH 5.1 before decreasing due to methanogenesis. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using the MAUASB reactor to treat sugar wastewater and produce biohydrogen as a renewable energy source.
Dynamic Heat Transfer modeling, and Simulation of Biomass Fermentation during...ijtsrd
The study focuses on the modeling of the temperature profile during the fermentation of beer and the selection of the modelled temperature to simulate the growth of a microorganism, the consumption of proteins and the formation of aromatic compounds ketone and esters . The objective of the study was to determine how to select the best temperature for beer fermentation and how a portion of the biochemical reaction occurs with the controlled selected temperature. Finite element modelling has been used for heat transfer modelling and COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.3 has been used for implementation. Version 17 of MATLAB was used to simulate biochemical changes with the chosen temperature. The simulated results showed that at high coolant flow, a low temperature profile was recorded over the fermentation time. As such, the observed temperatures were 1.2m3 hr, 1.3m3 hr and 1.6m3 h, 20 oC, 18 oC and 12.5 oC, respectively. The modelled vorticity results also indicated that at a flow rate of 1.2m3 hr, there was a consistent flow of liquid around the agitation center relative to other coolant flows. Isoleucine was exhausted after 13hr at 12.5°C, 80hr at 18°C and 16hr at 20°C from the start of fermentation. The simulated results also indicated that ethyl acetate had reached a hold back value of 0.114mol m3 at 70hr at 12.5oC, 30hr at 18oC, and 22hr at 20oC. However, isoamyl acetate retained a retention value of 0.0105 mol m3 until the initial concentration of sugar and amino acids was exhausted throughout fermentation at all selected temperatures. Valine decreased to nearly 195hr at 12.5°C, 120hr at 18°C and 85hr at 20°C. The simulated nutrient results were again shown to be zero in 210hr at 12.5°C, 110hr at 18°C and 90hr at 20°C of luicine consumption. Bayisa Dame Tesema | Solomon Workneh | Carlos Omar "Dynamic Heat Transfer modeling, and Simulation of Biomass Fermentation during Beer Processing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38009.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/38009/dynamic-heat-transfer-modeling-and-simulation-of-biomass-fermentation-during-beer-processing/bayisa-dame-tesema
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3) Each process has advantages - gasification produces a high-quality syngas, pyrolysis flexibility to produce liquid fuels, and HTC higher solid yields than dry pyrolysis. Overall, these carbonization methods have potential for environmentally-friendly conversion of biomass into
ethanol production from crude glycerol Sonia Patel
1) The document presents a feasibility study for the production of bioethanol from glycerol using Enterobacter aerogenes TISTR1468. It discusses the process selection, raw materials, design constraints, and site location analysis.
2) A continuous process is proposed using two main fermenters in series. Mass and energy balance calculations show the process can produce 15,000 tonnes of ethanol per year.
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This document reviews various techniques for optimizing biogas production and upgrading biogas quality through CO2 removal. It discusses pretreatment of substrates, co-digestion, use of serial digesters, and different methods for biogas upgrading including pressure swing adsorption, membrane separation, and CO2 absorption to purify biogas. The optimization of biogas production and upgrading is important as biogas can be a substitute for conventional fossil fuels but the presence of CO2 and other components can reduce its quality and economic feasibility for certain applications.
Biomass is a renewable energy resource that can be converted into bioenergy through various thermochemical and biochemical processes. Thermochemical processes like pyrolysis and gasification involve heating biomass to produce syngas, bio-oil, and char. Gasification occurs with limited oxygen and produces a combustible gas mixture. Biochemical processes include anaerobic digestion and fermentation. Anaerobic digestion breaks down biomass without oxygen to produce biogas and digestate. Fermentation converts biomass into biofuels like bioethanol. Both thermochemical and biochemical conversion technologies are being improved to promote bioenergy development by upgrading fuel quality and enhancing reaction mechanisms.
This document discusses anaerobic co-digestion of meat processing waste streams and the potential for integrating it with hydrothermal liquefaction. It begins by motivating the study based on significant volumes of dissolved air flotation sludge waste generated by meat processors annually. It then provides details on the methodology used to investigate co-digesting this sludge with stockyard waste. The results obtained show enhanced biomethane generation from co-digestion. Moving forward, the document proposes coupling hydrothermal liquefaction to the process as a means of residue treatment and energy recovery from biocrude and biochar coproducts. Optimization work aims to maximize yields of these streams for favorable energetic performance of the integrated system.
En el marco de la jornada Microalgas, ¿una fuente de petróleo verde?, organizada con IMDEA y celebrada el 8 de abril en EOI, Escuela de Organización Industrial, René H. Wijffels, profesor de la Universidad de Wageningen en Holanda, presenta su trabajo sobre biodiesel producido por microalgas, la factibilidad de este estudio y la biorafinería de las microalgas. Finalmente concluye con la presentación de las diversas fases de investigación hasta llegar a la producción de biocombustibles, alimentos y productos químicos.
1) Switchgrass was pyrolyzed with and without a ZSM-5 catalyst to produce bio-oil.
2) Without a catalyst, the bio-oil contained many oxygenated compounds and acids but no hydrocarbons.
3) With the catalyst, aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, toluene, and xylenes were produced, which are components of gasoline and petrochemicals. The catalyst also increased bio-oil yield while decreasing char.
Microbial Disintegration of Bio-Waste for Hydrogen Generation for Application...IRJET Journal
This document discusses methods of producing hydrogen through microbial action on waste biomass as a renewable and cleaner alternative to conventional hydrogen production. It begins with an introduction describing the need for sustainable energy sources and hydrogen fuel cells. The document then reviews biological hydrogen production through various microbial processes including direct and indirect biophotolysis using algae or cyanobacteria, photofermentation using purple bacteria, and dark fermentation. It notes these biological methods can utilize biomass waste as a feedstock while producing hydrogen with lower emissions than natural gas or coal methods. The document focuses on using extreme thermophilic bacteria to efficiently produce hydrogen from renewable resources like crop waste or organic municipal waste.
This document discusses energy from biomass. It defines biomass as organic matter produced by plants through photosynthesis. Biomass can be converted into energy through direct conversion, thermo-chemical conversion (gasification and liquefaction), or biochemical conversion (anaerobic digestion and fermentation). Anaerobic digestion is the production of biogas through decomposition of waste in the absence of oxygen. Biogas contains methane and can be an energy source. The document also discusses factors that affect biogas production and different types of biogas plants.
1) AMT has developed an innovative microwave pre-treatment technology for anaerobic digestion that uses microwave volumetric heating to rapidly and uniformly heat liquid feedstocks.
2) Early results show the technology generates 30% more total biogas, reduces retention time by 50%, and increases total biogas production from the same facility by 60%.
3) The technology directly addresses the industry need to increase methane yields by 30% and improves the profitability of anaerobic digestion plants after the removal of subsidies.
Optimization of key factors affecting biogas production from milk waste using...Lasbet Mohamed
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the percentages of the essentials nutriments needed for the
biomethanization gave the values of 48.28%, 2.857% (75.65 mg /kg P) and 5.56% for the total organic carbon, phosphorus and
nitrogen, respectively. The biogas formed is flammable, so very
rich in methane (62%).
Electricity Generation from Biogas Produced in a Lab-Scale Anaerobic Digester...inventionjournals
The sludge produced during wastewater treatment should be stabilized in order to minimize the damage to the environment. This study includes the evaluation of sludge stabilization and biogas formation by anaerobic digestion in order to generate electricity using stirling motor.The study was carried out with the raw sludge form the thickener of the wastewatertreatment plant. The main aim of the study is to provide sludge stabilization resulting biogas production by reduction of organic matter and to generate electricity. Anaerobic digestion studies were carried out using a laboratory scale anaerobic reactor with a volume of 7L.Under themesophilic condition, the sludge age was maintained at 10 days during the first 20 days of operation, while the reactor was operated for 90 days until the end of the run, with a sludge age of 20 days.The results have changed in the range of 42-52% after the organic matter reduction obtained from the anaerobic digestion. Concentrations of 3735.7300 ppm, 5060.5768 ppm, and 6951.4013 ppm biogas were obtained. Biogas was turned on by mechanical energy with a Stirlingmotor and then turned to direct current and the lamps with 3V 20mA each were run for 60 minutes
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Hydrothermal liquefaction for bio oil and chemicals -an overview march 2019
1. Hydrothermal Liquefaction for Bio-oil and Chemicals :
An Overview
HTL
Souman Rudra
Associate Professor
University of Agder, Norway.
2. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Contents
2
HTL Process Overview
• History of HTL
• Available Technologies
• Advantage of HTL
HTL pathway
• Chemistry and conditions
• Process simulation
Refining Technologies for HTL biocrude
• Separation procedure
• HTL biocrude upgradation
HTL Vs Pyrolysis
Activities at UiA
Summery
3. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Subcritical
Conditions
HTL PROCESS
Supercritical
Conditions
HTL Bio-Crude
HTL Process
Overview
3
4. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
4
• High temperature, high pressure thermochemical process
(280-420oC, 10-25MPa)
• Feedstock can be directly converted without an energy
consuming drying step
• With or without catalyst
• The main products are a bio-crude, solid residue, water-soluble
fraction and gases
HTL Process Overview
Why Hydrothermal Conversion ?
• water properties change drastically - from polar → a
polar solvent - dissociation constant ↑↑
• many biomass streams are “wet”
• seen as robust technology
•Toor, S.S Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 36, January 2012, Pages 327-332
5. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
5
1920’s 1970’s 1990’s 2000
2010 to
Present
History of Hydrothermal Liquefaction
• The concept of using hot
water and alkali catalysts
• Concept of HTL proposed.
• First patent in 1925
• Appell and co-worker at Pittsburgh Energy
Research Center.
• Albany Biomass Liquefaction Experimental
Facility at Albany, Oregon, US.
• Multiple R&D projects, including Shell Oil
• Focus dry, lignocellulosic biomass.
• Yutaka's group at “National Institute for
Resources and Environment” in Japan.
• PNNL picks up the baton. Developed
complementary Catalytic HTL
• “Stranded in pilot scale phase”
• Explosion of interest in HTL
development and commercialization.
• Lgnite Energy Resources , Altaca
Energy , Steeper Energy, Nabros
Energy.
6. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Available
Technologies
7. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
HTL
Advantages
No feed drying
No reducing gas
Suitable for all
kind of
biomasses
95%+ carbon efficient
upgrading step
Recycle of aqueous
Byproduct
Footprint is less than
other biological
conversion process
Confirmed 1-
stage Upgrading
Process is robust
and non-biological
Advantages of HTL
7
8. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Chemistry,
conditions, and
products of the
HTL process
8
9. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
HTL Pathway
Simplified Reaction Mechanism for Biomass Degradation
“Short intermediates” are formed by aldol
splitting
a lower molecular weight than glucose and
often with carbonyl groups and C-C double
bonds
The degradation of cellulose to glucose is
hydrolysis.
Formation of furfurals from fructose is
multiple water elimination
free radical degradation, which is formed by
decarboxylation of organic acids
9
10. HTL Pathway
Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Carbohydrate degradation and protein
degradation of biomass in supercritical water.
Via the Maillard reaction glucose or its
consecutive products could react with amino
acids or its consecutive products
These types of reactions lead to nitrogen
containing cyclic organic compounds.
Increase in the DOC
Higher nitrogen compound content in the
products of HTL, which support the above fact.
10
11. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Algae for HTL
Characteristics for algae used for hydrothermal liquefaction process
• Lipid is one of the major class of bio-macromolecules in algae
• Most algae proteins consist of polymers of the amino acid with
C1H1.56O0.3N0.26S0.006,
which has calculated calorific value of 24 MJ kg-1 (d.b.)
• Algae carbohydrates are monosaccharide polymers with elemental composition
C1H1.67O0.83, which has calculated calorific value of 17 MJ kg-1 (d.b.), 11
12. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Refining Technologies for HTL biocrude
❑ To address utilization of petroleum refining
technologies for upgrading biomass-derived feedstocks
from fast pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction.
❑ For example:
• Hydrotreating
• Hydrocracking
• Catalytic cracking
❑ Fuel products are the focus, but chemical or chemical
feedstock products will also be considered.
Fuels or Products from HTL
❖ Clean liquid biofuels for transportation
• Gasoline
• Diesel
• Jet fuel
• TBD
❖ Organic chemical products
• Hydrocarbons
• Oxygenates
12
13. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Separation procedure
Raw Material
Collected product
Shake and centrifuge
(Oil+acetone)
phase
Solid phase
Oil + residual water
phase
Solid
residue
Gas product
Liquefaction
Rotary Evaporation
Drying@105 oC for
24 hrs.
(Oil+acetone)+solid phase
Vacuum Filtration
2-3ml diethyl ether
Water phase Oil + DEE Centrifuge Oil phase
Water phase
• Elemental analysis
• Proximate analysis
• Heating value
• Moisture content
• Ash content
• Particle size
• GC analysis
• TC analysis
• TOC
analysis
• GC-MS
analysis
• Elemental
analysis
• ICP analysis
• Elemental analysis
• GC-MS, FTIR
• Heating value
• Water content-KF
• TGA
• Ash content
13Ref: Toor, S.S
14. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Hydrotrement
Refinary
Centrifuge
Phenolic
Extraction
Hydrogen feed
Bio Fuel
Bnzene,
Toluene,
Ethylbenzene, and
Xylenes (BTEX) compounds
H2, N2, O2
CO2, Ethene
And
….
HTL for chemicals
Top 10 chemicals in liquid products from the HTL assisted with various chemicals (area %). [Ref: Junying Chen ]
14
16. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
16
Continuous HTL Systems
Why Continuous?
1. Thermal Transience
2. Difficulty in decoupling temperature and
pressure
3. Different contact pattern
4. Significant distance towards actual
industrial implementation.
Douglas C.Elliott
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
17. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
17
Continuous HTL Systems
Energy ratio vs. bio-crude yields for the continuous HTL
studies
State diagram of water reporting temperature and pressure of
the continuous HTL
Ref: Daniele Castello
18. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Continuous HTL Systems
Steeper Energy, Aalborg UniversityDesigned, built, and commissioned by Merrick
18
20. Impact of resident time on biocrude yield
Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
20
Ref: Wim Brillman
21. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Biocrude yields Analysis
Fast and isothermal HTL in subcritical conditiontimHomogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst effects on biocrude yield from HTL of
algae with respect to temperature (Yu et al., 2014).
21
22. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nannochloropsis
oculata
Chlorella vulgaris Dunaliella
tertiolecta
Desmodesmus sp. Spirulina platensis Scenedesmus Porphyridium
cruentum
Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria
(Spirulina)
Defatted
scenedesmus
Laminaria
Saccharina
Enteromorpha
prolifera
C H N S O Heating value (MJ/kg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nannochloropsis
oculata
Chlorella vulgaris Dunaliella
tertiolecta
Desmodesmus sp. Spirulina platensis Scenedesmus Porphyridium
cruentum
Spirulina Cyanobacteria
(Spirulina)
Defatted
scenedesmus
Laminaria
Saccharina
Enteromorpha
prolifera
C H N S O Heating value (MJ/kg)
CHNOS [%] and HHV of algae feedstock
CHNOS [%] and HHV of algae HTL biocrude
Feedstock and Biocrude yields Analysis
22
23. Changes in H/C and O/C after HTL. Changes in H/C and N/C after HTL
HTL Biocrude Analysis
23
24. Fast Liquefaction in Continues process
Could reduce the process costand reactor sizes significantly if it is
taken into n industrial level
Advanced refining methods as well as biomass slurry feeding
systems would be a requirement
High heating rates would be a requirement
Continues process is still at laboratory level
Numerous research groups working on it around the world
Has produced biocrude with HHV from 33-39 MJ/kg while catalyst
supported process has produced biocrude with HHV up to 45 MJ/kg
Majority of the HTL research is performed with
long residence times ranging from 30-60 mins
and temperature from 300-350 °C.
Fast Liquefaction has very short residence times
of 30 s to 5 mins and high heating rates up to
585°C/min
Literature shows a fast liquefaction produces bio
crude as quality as the conventional liquefaction
Possibility of reduction in size of reactors,
reduced energy consumption and feasibility of
the process
Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
24
25. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Impact of the Heating rate on the yield
Reactor
type
Temp:
(°C)
Residence
time(min)
Press:
(MPa)
Catalyst Biomass
loading
(wt%)
N (%) HHV
(MJ/kg)
Yield %
Batch 300-
350
5 NR No 16 5 32.1–
36.7
34–58
Batch 300-
350
1-3 ±40 No 32 2-6 33.3–
36.7
13–66
Continues 250-
350
3-5 15-20 No 1-10 6.3-
7.8
27.9–
33.8
<10–
41.7
Continues 350 15 20 No 17-35 4-4.7 39.4–
40.1
38–
63.6
Continues 300-
380
0.5-4 18 No 1.5 2.35-
3.9
36.6–
39.3
23.13–
38.0
A comparison of batch and continues process
25
26. R&D efforts to improve oil properties
Nitrogen content of the bio crude is one of the
main issues encountered .
Nitrogen in biocrude can lead to NOx emissions
and could harm engines when biodiesel is used
as a fuel.
Feedstock with high protein content could lead
to generate biocrude with high nitrogen content
Generally, biocrude from microalgae and
macroalgae has nitrogen content of 3.7-9 %
Hydrotreated biofuel has much less nitrogen
content, although its not as less as petroleum
fuel
Number of techniques are used to reduce
nitrogen content in biocrude
Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Wim Brilman
26
28. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
28
HTL Bio-Crude to Different fuels
Claus Uhrenholt Jensena et al. (2017), Fuel Process Technology, 159, 376-385
Claus Uhrenholt Jensena et al. (2016), Fuel, 165, 536-543 Pedersen et al (2017). Applied Energy
GC–MS chromatograms of the distillate fractions. Chromatograms have
been normalized to highest peak.
The GCxGC–MS identifications grouped into families
29. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
29
PYROLYSIS
REACTOR
Biomass
Heat
condenser
Char
Separation
Gas
Bio-oil
BioChar
Flash pyrolysis
No oxygen!
T = 500 degC
few seconds
HTL Vs Pyrolysis
Ref: Eddy Bramer, University of Twente
30. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
30
Pyrolysis Oil Quality Improvement by Catalysis
Ref: Eddy Bramer, University of Twente
HTL Vs Pyrolysis
31. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Pyrolysis Process Parameter HTL Process
400-600 Temperature(°C) 250-370
0-3 Pressure (Mpa) 10-25
1-2 s(fast) 10-30 s (intermediate) Residence time Up to 1 hr
Gas without Oxygen Medium Water
Pyrolysis oil Parameter HTL oil
43-55 Biocrude yield(%) 27-64
45-63 Energy recovery (%) 52-78
16-20 HHV(MJ/kg) 34-38
0.4-13 Nitrogen content(%) 0.3-8
7-40 Oxygen content(%) 5-18
HTL Vs Pyrolysis
31
33. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
HTL setup at University of Agder
TC-9D temperature controller (°C)
SBL-2D
Keison International Ltd. t/a Keison Products
High Pressure Equipment Company
33
34. Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
34
Lab instruments at UiA
Analysis Equipments
Heating Microscope, 1750 °C , Hesse Instruments HR18
Online producer gas analysis CO, CO2, CH4, H2, O2, ABB Advance Optima AO2000
Portable chilled mirror hygrometer for determination of dew point, Omega RHB-1500-C
Gas chromatograph, Varian
Micro gas chromatograph, Varian
Adiabatic bomb calorimeter for measuring the calorific value, Sanyo Gallenkamp
Elemental analyzer C, H and N, PerkinElmer 2400 Series II System
Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC1
Heated muffle furnace for measuring the ash content, 1100 °C, Nabertherm LT 40/11/330
Drying oven for measurement of moisture content, Termaks
Flue gas analysis CO, O2, flue gas temperature and draught, Testo 327-1
Measurement of moisture content by means of conductivity, Testo 606-1
Measurement of moisture content capacitive, Testo 635-1
2 food calorimeters for teaching, from skolebutik.dk
Thermocouples for measuring flue gas temperature etc. with Digitron 2029T
3 pallet scales 1500 kg, Scaleit FM pallet scal
Lab scale Reactors for high pressure experiments
• 41-65 mL systems (350 Bar and 500℃.) - Micro batch reactor systems for parametric
studies.
Biomass analysis Production process
Product separation
and analysis
Bio-oil upgrading
36. Modeling of the HTL process
• Modeling of HTL process by using kinetic data
of the reactions and productsKinetic modelling
• Modeling of HTL process by using
computational fluid dynamics concepts,
turbulence and particle interaction
CFD modelling
• Economic analysis of HTL process using energy
consumption, efficiencies and feasibility
Techno-economic
modelling
Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
36
37. 37
Algae
production
Aquaculture
Bio-gas plant
Bio gas
Algae
Waste Heat
CO2
Process industry
Algaeforfishfood
fish residue
Process:
• CO2 capture from process
industries
• Algae production from
captured CO2
• Waste heat utilization from
process industries
• Aquaculture from waste heat
• Fish residues for Biogas plant
• Bio gas for process industry
Products:
• Fish
• Algae (as food both for fish
and human)
• Bio gas as feedstock for
process industry
CO2 capture and utilization with waste heat integration
38. 38
Algae
production
Aquaculture
Bio-gas plant
HTL plant
Upgrading
UnitBio crude Bio-oil
Bio gas
Algae
Heat
Waste Heat
CO2
CHP unit
Electricity
Heat
Process industry
Heat and Electricity
Algaeforfishfood
fish residue
CO2 capture and utilization with waste heat integration
Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
39. 39
Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Process integration with HTL
The overall process is divided
into four independent sections:
• anaerobic biomass digestion
(biogas plant),
• hydrogen production,
• hydrothermal
liquefaction,and
• upgrading of the biocrude
40. Souman Rudra
Associate Professor
Tore Vehus
Associate Professor
Henrik Kofoed Nielsen
Professor
Gerrit Ralf Surup
PhD Fellow
Lorenzo Riva
PhD Fellow
Madhawa Jayathilake
PhD Fellow
Johan Olav Brakestad
Senior Engineer
Professors
PhDs & Research assistants
Lab staff
Leader
Taimur Aktar
PhD Fellow
Students
Johnny Finjord Mariell Skaten
Nils Randulf Kristiansen
Assistant Professor
Bioenergy And Thermal Energy Group at UiA
https://www.uia.no/en/research/teknologi-og-realfag/ingenioervitenskap/bioenergy-and-thermal-energy 40
41. Summary
HTL – a future “unit operation” in biorefineries ?
Produced biocrude from wide range of feedstocks
CO2 emission and Global warming reduction
Path To Commercialization-
• Standardization in terms of Innovation and implementation
• Scale-up
• Low Cost Components
• Business Model Development
Advance reactor designs and separation improvements
42. 42
Thank you!
Contact : souman.rudra@uia.no
Biorefinery & Bio-Based Chemical, 6th – 7th March 2019
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
43. References:
• Jessica Hoffmann, Souman Rudra, Saqib S.Toor, Lasse A.Rosendahl, Conceptual design of an integrated hydrothermal liquefaction and biogas plant for sustainable bioenergy production,
Bioresource Technology, Volume 129, February 2013, Pages 402-410
• Taimur akter, HTL of Algae Biomass for Biocrude Production, PhD thesis, University of Agder.
• S.S. Toor, et al., Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: a review of subcritical water technologies. Energy. 36(5) (2011), pp. 2328-2342.
• C. Tian, et al., Hydrothermal liquefaction of harvested high-ash low-lipid algal biomass from Dianchi Lake: Effects of operational parameters and relations of products. Bioresource
Technology. 184 (2015), pp. 336-343.
• Daniele Castello et al, Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass: A Critical Review, 2018, Energies
• LJ Snowden-Swan et al. Conceptual Biorefinery Design and Research Targeted for 2022: Hydrothermal Liquefaction Processing of Wet Waste to Fuels. December 2017, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory.
• P. Biller and A.B. Ross, Potential yields and properties of oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different biochemical content. Bioresource Technology. 102(1) (2011),
pp. 215-225
• Patrick Biller et al, Effect of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase recycling on biocrude yields and composition, Bioresource Technology 220 (2016) 190–199
• Garcia Alba L. et al., Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae; Effect of process conditions on yields and on cell behavior, 2012, Energy & Fuels, 26(1), 642-657
• Torri C. et al., Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae; Detailed molecular characterization of HTT oil in view of HTT mechanism elucidation, 2012, Energy & Fuels, 26(1), 658-671
• Yulin Hu et al. Investigation of aqueous phase recycling for improving bio-crude oil yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of algae Bioresource Technology 239 (2017) 151–159
• Michael Washer, Hydrothermal liquefaction, www.merrick.com
• Claus Uhrenholt Jensena et al. Impact of nitrogenous alkaline agent on continuous HTL of lignocellulosic biomass and biocrude upgrading(2017), Fuel Process Technology, 159, 376-385
• T.H. Pedersen, et al., Synergetic hydrothermal co-liquefaction of crude glycerol and aspen wood. Energy Conversion and Management. 106 (2015), pp. 886-891.
43