Biomass refers to organic matter produced by plants and can be used as a renewable energy source. There are various types of biomass including wood/agricultural products, solid waste, landfill gas, ethanol, and biodiesel. Biomass can be converted into useful energy through direct combustion or thermo-chemical, biochemical, and other processes. Common conversion methods include anaerobic digestion of wet biomass to produce biogas, gasification and pyrolysis of dry biomass through thermal processes, and fermentation to produce ethanol or methane.

1. CONVERSIONO
FBIOMASS

2. INTRODUCTION
All plants materials produced through photosynthesis via carbon
dioxide fixation is biomass.
Major source of biomass is agricultural waste, residue, fuel wood, and
industrial waste.
Biomass can be use as energy source directly through combustion or
converted into gaseous, liquid and solid fuel.
In present scenario of biomass conversion to useful energy products,
selection of biomass suitable for specific use.

3. WHAT IS
BIOMASS?
Biomass is organic matter produced plants
•It includes Terrestrial Plants(which are grows on land) and
Aquatic Plants(which are grow in water). It includes forest
crops and residues, crops grown for their energy content on
energy farms and animal manure.
•Coal, oil and natural gas takes millions of year for there
formation but are considered as renewable source because
of plant life renews and add to it self every year.

4. BIOMASS
•Biomass is a renewable energy source because its supplies
are not limited. We can always grow trees and crops, and
waste will always exist.
•Biomass gets its energy from the sun. During a process
called photosynthesis, sunlight gives plants the energy they
need to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and
sugars. These sugars, called carbohydrates, these supply
plants and the animals that eat plants with energy.

5. BIOMA
SS
Solar energy
Photosynthe
sis
Bioma
ss
Energy
Generation
Source:- goog

6. DIAGRAM OF BIOMASS
SOURCES
Source:- goog

7. TYPES OF
BIOMASS
1. WOOD AND AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS
2. SOLID WASTE
3. LANDFILL GAS AND BIOGAS
4. ETHANOL
5. BIODIESEL
Text book:- non-conventional renewable resource

8. WOOD AND AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS
•Most biomass used today is home grown energy. Wood-
Logs, chips, bark, and sawdust accounts for about 44
percent of biomass energy.
•Agricultural waste products like fruit pits and corncobs.
Wood and wood waste are used to generate electricity. Much of the
electricity is used by the industries making the waste; it is not
distributed by utilities, it is a process called cogeneration. Paper mills
and saw mills use much of their waste products to generate steam and
electricity for their use.

9. SOLID
WASTE
Burning trash turns waste into a usable form of energy. One
ton (2,000 pounds) of garbage contains about as much heat
energy as 500 pounds of coal. Garbage is not all biomass;
perhaps half of its energy content comes from plastics,
which are made from petroleum and natural gas. Power
plants that burn garbage for energy are called waste-to-
energy plants. These plants generate electricity much as
coal plants do, except that combustible garbage not coal is
the fuel used for their boilers.

10. LANDFILL GAS AND BIOGAS
Bacteria and fungi are not picky eaters. They eat dead plants and
animals, causing them to rot or decay. A fungus on a rotting log is
converting cellulose to sugars to feed itself. Although this process is
slowed in a landfill, a substance called methane gas is still produced
as the waste decays.

11. ETHANOL
Ethanol is an alcohol fuel (ethyl alcohol) made by fermenting the
sugars and starches found in plants and then distilling them. Any
organic material containing cellulose, starch, or sugar can be made
into ethanol.

12. BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is a fuel made by chemically reacting alcohol with vegetable
oils, animal fats, or greases, such as recycled restaurant grease. Most
biodiesel today is made from soybean oil.

13. CATEGORIZED THE BIOMASS
These different type of biomass are divided into different categorizes.
There are 2 categorizes
1. Dry Biomass
2. Wet Biomass
Text book:- non-conventional renewable resource

14. DRY
BIOMASS
Dry biomass consists of tree chips, paper, various other plant matter such
as corn, soybean, sorghum, sunflower, oats, barley, wheat and hay.
Tress, bagasse, grass, municipal solid waste etc are also part of dry
biomass

15. WET BIOMASS
Wet biomass tends to be in water or to stay moist
Examples are water plants, animal wastes, Municipal sewerage plant, industrial
waste stream plants and biodiesel oil
Treated with hydrogasification at high pressure and low temperatures to produce a
gas or biofuel oil

16. BIOMASS
CONVERSION
These biomass resources are fall into 3 categories:-
1. Biomass in its traditional form
2. Biomass from non-traditional
3. Ferment the biomass

17. CONVERSION
PROCESS
In Traditional solid biomass is directly burn and get energy
In non-traditional biomass is converted into ethanol and methanol to
be used as liquid fuel.
By fermentation biomass is converted into gaseous fuel.

18. BIOMASS
CONVERSION
Conversions can take place may ways
1. Direct combustion
2. Thermochemical conversion
3. Biochemical Conversion
Text book:- non-conventional renewable resource

19. BIOMASS CONVERSION
TECHNOLOGIES
There is wide verities of conversion technologies is available for
manufacturing premium fuel from biomass
1. Anaerobic digestion
2. Fermentation
3. Chemical reduction
4. Thermal process
5. Oil extraction
Text book:- non-conventional renewable resource

20. BIOMASS CONVERSION
TECHNOLOGY

21. DIRECT COMBUSTION
The direct combustion of biomass in presence of oxygen/air to
produce heat and by products is called direct combustion.
The complete combustion of biomass into ash is called incineration.
This heat energy in the product gases or in the form of steam can be
used for various applications like space heating or cooling, power
generation, process heating in industries or any other application
Some processing, such as cleaning, chopping, etc. may be needed for
handling or air pollution avoidance

22. THERMOCHEMICAL
CONVERSION
The thermo chemical reaction can convert the organic biomass into
more valuable and
convenient form of products as gaseous and liquid fuels, residue and
by-products etc.
These processes can be carried out in following ways:
1. Gasification
2. Pyrolysis
3. liquifaction
Text book:- non-conventional renewable resource

23. BIOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES
In biochemical processes the bacteria and micro organisms are used
to transform the raw biomass into useful energy like methane and
ethane gas.
Following organic treatments are given to the biomass:
1) Fermentation of biomass (Aerobic digestion)
2) Anaerobic digestion of biomass
Text book:- non-conventional renewable resource

24. CATEGORIZED THE
PROCESSES
These are further categorizes the processes into 2 types
1. Wet processes
2. Dry processes
Text book:- non-conventional renewable resource

25. WET PROCESSES
Anaerobic digestion

26. WET
PROCESSES
Anaerobic digestion:
The anaerobic digestion or anaerobic fermentation process involves
the conversion of decaying wet biomass and animal waste into biogas
through decomposition process by the action of anaerobic bacteria.
Biogas is produced by the bacterial decomposition of wet sewage
sludge, animal dung or green plants in the absence of oxygen but
digestion takes much longer time.
The natural decay process anaerobic decomposition can be speeded
up by using thermally insulation, air tight tank and heating system.
Optimum temperature 35oc for complete decomposition of animal or
human residue in 10 days.
The residue left after digestion is valuable fertilizer.

27. ADVANTAGES OF
BIOMASS
•Biomass is perennial source of renewable energy and it can be
repeatedly grown and obtained as biomass.
•Biomass is non pollutant of atmosphere.
•Production of biomass not only gives fuels but it also gives good
quality organic manures which when used in farms give bumper
crops.
•Methane gas produced from biomass is used as domestic fuel in gas
stoves.
•Biomass is available everywhere and no needs of any transportations.
•Methane gas can be used to run engines and generator and electricity
can generate.

28. ADVANTAGES OF
BIOMASS
•The biomass can be grown in near by seas and lakes. The lands can
be spread for food crops.
•I.C. Engines can be run on biogas produced from biomass.
•Biomass can be used for plastics and pharmaceutical products.
•Use of biomass keeps surroundings clean and healthy without insects
and pests.

29. DISADVANTAGES OF
BIOMASS
•Biomass contains 50-90% water and it is heavy. Hence transportation
if needed is very difficult.
•Direct combustion of biomass produces smokes and smells.
•Calorific value of biomass if burnt in the raw form is very less.
•Biogas plants need lots of care and maintenance for its successful
operations.
•It is economical if raw biomass such as cow dung is not freely
available.
•Biomass conversion plants such as biogas are necessary to convert
raw biomass into useful energy forms.
• Biogas plants occupy larges land areas.
•If the biomass is required to be transported over long distances, the
cost transportation is very high.