The document is a student project on biomass energy. It includes an acknowledgment and certificate sections recognizing the student's completion of the project for his Energy Conservation and Green Building course. The content section outlines key topics covered about biomass energy, including its introduction, sources, conversion methods, types, advantages, and disadvantages. Biomass energy comes from organic materials like plants and waste that can be directly burned or processed into other fuels. While a renewable source, biomass still faces challenges in potential lack of sustainability if not properly managed and high transportation costs over long distances.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
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Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
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Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
4. ACKNOWLEDGMENT :-
I Would Like To Express Special Thanks Of Gratitude To My
Teacher MR. SWAR SIR ,Who Gives Me This Golden
Opportunity To Make This Wonderful Project On The
BIOMASS ENERGY Of The Course (ENERGY CONSERVATION
& GREEN BUILDING ).
I Am Making This Project Not Only For Marks But Also To
Increase My Knowledge.
5. CERTIFICATE
This Is To Certify That Mr. Swapnil Balu Gharat, Third Year
Student Of Civil Engineering In Diploma Of Government Polytechnic ,
Thane.
He Completed The Satisfactorily Course (Energy Conservation &
Green Building ). In An Academic Year 2022-2023 , As Prescribed In
The Curriculum.
Guided By:- MR. SUSHIL SWAR
NAME:- SWAPNIL BALU GHARAT
ENROLLMENT NO. :-2001160049
ROLL NO. :- 15
6. CONTENT
Introduction Of Biomass Energy
Sources Of Biomass Energy
conversion Of Biomass Energy
Types Of Biomass Energy
Advantages Of Biomass Energy
Disadvantages Of Biomass Energy
Reference
7. Introduction To Biomass Energy :-
Biomass Is Organic,
Meaning It Is Made Of
Material That Comes From
Living Organisms, Such As
Plants And Animals. The
Most Common Biomass
Materials Used For Energy
Are Plants, Wood, And
Waste. These Are
Called Biomass
Feedstocks. Biomass
Energy Can Also Be A Non-
Renewable Energy Source.
8. • The Energy From These
Organisms Can Be
Transformed Into Usable
Energy Through Direct And
Indirect Means. Biomass Can
Be Burned To Create Heat
(Direct), Converted
Into Electricity (Direct), Or
Processed Into Biofuel
• Biomass Contains Energy
First Derived From The Sun:
Plants Absorb The Sun’s
Energy
Through Photosynthesis, And
Convert Carbon Dioxide And
Water
Into Nutrients (carbohydrates).
9. SOURCES OF BIOMASS ENERGY :-
Wood And Wood
Processing Wastes—
Firewood, Wood
Pellets, And Wood
Chips, Lumber And
Furniture Mill Sawdust
And Waste, And Black
Liquor From Pulp And
Paper Mills
10. • Biogenic Materials In Municipal Solid Waste—Paper,
Cotton, And Wool Products, And Food, Yard, And
Wood Wastes
• Animal Manure And Human Sewage For Producing
Biogas/Renewable Natural Gas
• Agricultural Crops And Waste Materials—Corn,
Soybeans, Sugar Cane, Switchgrass, Woody Plants,
And Algae, And Crop And Food Processing
Residues, Mostly To Produce Biofuels
11. CONVERSION OF BIOMASS TO ENERGY
Biomass Is Converted To Energy
Through Various Processes,
Including:
Direct Combustion (Burning) To
Produce Heat
Thermochemical Conversion To
Produce Solid, Gaseous, And Liquid
Fuels
Chemical Conversion To Produce
Liquid Fuels
Biological Conversion To Produce
Liquid And Gaseous Fuels
12. Direct combustion Is The Most Common Method For
Converting Biomass To Useful Energy. All Biomass Can Be
Burned Directly For Heating Buildings And Water, For
Industrial Process Heat, And For Generating Electricity In
Steam Turbines.
• Thermochemical conversion Of Biomass Includes
Pyrolysis And Gasification. Both Are Thermal
Decomposition Processes In Which Biomass Feedstock
Materials Are Heated In Closed, Pressurized Vessels
Called Gassifiers At High Temperatures. They Mainly Differ
In The Process Temperatures And Amount Of Oxygen
Present During The Conversion Process
13. Pyrolysis Entails Heating Organic Materials To 800–
900°F (400–500°C) In The Near Complete Absence
Of Free Oxygen. Biomass Pyrolysis Produces Fuels
Such As Charcoal, Bio-Oil, Renewable Diesel,
Methane, And Hydrogen.
• Hydrotreating Is Used To Process Bio-Oil (Produced
By Fast Pyrolysis) With Hydrogen Under Elevated
Temperatures And Pressures In The Presence Of A
Catalyst To Produce Renewable Diesel, Renewable
Gasoline, And Renewable Jet Fuel.
14. Gasification Entails Heating Organic materials to 1,400–
1700°F (800–900°C) with injections of controlled amounts of
free oxygen and/or steam into the vessel to produce a carbon
monoxide and hydrogen rich gas called synthesis gas or
syngas. Syngas can be used as a fuel for diesel engines, for
heating, and for generating electricity in gas turbines. It can
also be treated to separate the hydrogen from the gas, and the
hydrogen can be burned or used in fuel cells. The syngas can
be further processed to produce liquid fuels using the
Fischer–Tropsch process.
15. A chemical conversion process known as transesterification is
used for converting vegetable oils, animal fats, and greases
into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), which are used to
produce biodiesel.
Biological conversion includes fermentation to convert
biomass into ethanol and anaerobic digestion to
produce renewable natural gas. Ethanol is used as a vehicle
fuel. Renewable natural gas—also
called biogas or biomethane—is produced in anaerobic
digesters at sewage treatment plants and at dairy and
livestock operations. It also forms in and may be captured
from solid waste landfills. Properly treated renewable natural
gas has the same uses as fossil fuel natural gas.
16. TYPES OF BIOMASS ENERGY
Biomass feedstocks include dedicated
energy crops, agricultural crop
residues, forestry residues, algae, wood
processing residues, municipal waste,
and wet waste (crop wastes, forest
residues, purpose-grown grasses,
woody energy crops, algae, industrial
wastes, sorted municipal solid waste
[MSW], urban wood waste, and food
waste).
17. ADVANTAGES :-
1). Biomass is a clean, renewable energy source. Its initial
energy comes from the sun, and plants or algae biomass
can regrow in a relatively short amount of time. Trees,
crops, and municipal solid waste are consistently available
and can be managed sustainably.
2) If trees and crops are sustainably farmed, they can
offset carbon emissions when they absorb carbon dioxide
through respiration. In some bioenergy processes, the
amount of carbon that is re-absorbed even exceeds
the carbon emissions that are released during fuel
processing or usage.
18. 3). Many biomass feedstocks, such as switchgrass, can
be harvested on marginal lands or pastures, where they
do not compete with food crops.
4). Unlike other renewable energy sources, such as wind
or solar, biomass energy is stored within the organism,
and can be harvested when it is needed.
19. DISADVANTAGES :-
If biomass feedstocks are not replenished as quickly as they
are used, they can become non-renewable. A forest, for
instance, can take hundreds of years to re-establish itself.
This is still a much, much shorter time period than a fossil
fuel such as peat. It can take 900 years for just a meter (3
feet) of peat to replenish itself.
Most biomass requires arable land to develop. This means
that land used for biofuel crops such as corn and soybeans
are unavailable to grow food or provide natural habitats.
20. Forested areas that have matured for decades (so-called
“old-growth forests”) are able to sequester more carbon
than newly planted areas. Therefore, if forested areas are
not sustainably cut, re-planted, and given time to grow and
sequester carbon, the advantages of using the wood for fuel
are not offset by the trees’ regrowth.
Most biomass plants require fossil fuels to be economically
efficient. An enormous plant under construction near Port
Talbot, Wales, for instance, will require fossil fuels
imported from North America, offsetting some of the
sustainability of the enterprise.
21. Biomass has a lower “energy density” than fossil fuels. As
much as 50% of biomass is water, which is lost in the
energy conversion process. Scientists and engineers
estimate that it is not economically efficient to transport
biomass more than 160 kilometers (100 miles) from where
it is processed. However, converting biomass into pellets
(as opposed to wood chips or larger briquettes) can
increase the fuel’s energy density and make it more
advantageous to ship.
Burning biomass releases carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants and
particulates. If these pollutants are not captured and
recycled, burning biomass can create smog and even
exceed the number of pollutants released by fossil fuels.
