Biomass refers to organic material from living or recently living organisms. It includes various plant and animal residues that can be converted into bioenergy through processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation. India has significant biomass potential due to its tropical climate and availability of residues from agriculture, forestry, and waste. While biomass is a renewable source of energy, its use also faces constraints like high costs of production and conversion as well as potential environmental impacts if not sustainably managed.
Biogas as a Alternate Source Of Energy And Creating Awareness Among Rural Pe...IJMER
This document discusses biogas as an alternative energy source and creating awareness among rural people. It provides 3 key points:
1) Biogas is a renewable gas produced from anaerobic digestion of organic waste like animal manure and plant materials. It is a cleaner substitute for firewood and fossil fuels.
2) There is a 3 step process for biogas production - hydrolysis, acidification, and methane formation - involving different bacteria that break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
3) Case studies describe floating drum and fixed dome biogas plants. Floating drum plants have a movable gas holder that rises as gas is produced while fixed dome plants have a non-movable gas holder above a fixed
The document discusses biorenewable gaseous fuels, focusing on biogas produced through anaerobic digestion. It describes the multi-step anaerobic digestion process where organic materials are broken down by microorganisms into methane and carbon dioxide biogas. Key points include: Anaerobic digestion is well established and involves hydrolysis of materials into sugars and acids, followed by acetogenesis and methanogenesis to produce biogas. Biogas can be processed and used as an energy source, though it also contains impurities. Maintaining proper temperature, pH and nutrient levels is important for optimal microbial activity in anaerobic digestion.
Systematic analysis of algalbio-fuel production integrated with domestic wastewater treatment in Armenia. The presentation evaluates using algae to treat wastewater and produce biofuels. It discusses using algae cultivation technologies like open ponds and photobioreactors, and the processes of algae harvesting, oil extraction, and biodiesel production. Future work could involve using photo bioreactors for decentralized wastewater treatment and biodiesel production. In conclusion, algae is a potential solution that can make wastewater treatment cost-competitive while producing biofuels to reduce carbon emissions.
Algae can be used to produce biodiesel through a multi-step process. Algae grow rapidly and can be harvested for their oil, which can then be extracted and treated through transesterification to produce biodiesel. This biodiesel production from algae has advantages over fossil fuels as algae are renewable and do not compete with food sources. Open ponds and closed photobioreactor systems can be used to cultivate the algae. Bangladesh's climate and available resources make it suitable for large-scale algae cultivation and biodiesel production.
Algae wastewater treatment for biofuel productionylimeoen
The document discusses using algae to treat wastewater and produce biofuels. It describes how algae can effectively remove nutrients from wastewater while also generating biomass that can be converted to biofuels. This creates a mutually beneficial situation where wastewater is treated and a feedstock for biofuel production is obtained. The document also reviews various types of algae production systems and wastewater treatment ponds that can integrate algae cultivation and wastewater treatment.
This document provides an overview of biomass feedstocks. It defines biomass as non-fossilized organic material from plants, animals, and microorganisms. The three main structural components of biomass are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Cellulose is a linear polymer made of glucose units. Hemicelluloses are shorter branched polymers made of various sugar units. Lignin is a complex polymer that provides strength and structure to plant cell walls. Biomass can be used as a source of energy by burning it or converting it to liquid fuels through various thermal and biochemical processes.
Biotechnology for Solid waste ManagementHIMANSHU JAIN
Biotechnology in solid waste management is the process of application of science and technology to the living and non-living materials for the treatment and disposal of solid waste and wastewater in controlled conditions without disturbing the ecosystem.
High-performance CO2 sorbents from algae - presentation by Magdalena Titirici in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Biogas as a Alternate Source Of Energy And Creating Awareness Among Rural Pe...IJMER
This document discusses biogas as an alternative energy source and creating awareness among rural people. It provides 3 key points:
1) Biogas is a renewable gas produced from anaerobic digestion of organic waste like animal manure and plant materials. It is a cleaner substitute for firewood and fossil fuels.
2) There is a 3 step process for biogas production - hydrolysis, acidification, and methane formation - involving different bacteria that break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
3) Case studies describe floating drum and fixed dome biogas plants. Floating drum plants have a movable gas holder that rises as gas is produced while fixed dome plants have a non-movable gas holder above a fixed
The document discusses biorenewable gaseous fuels, focusing on biogas produced through anaerobic digestion. It describes the multi-step anaerobic digestion process where organic materials are broken down by microorganisms into methane and carbon dioxide biogas. Key points include: Anaerobic digestion is well established and involves hydrolysis of materials into sugars and acids, followed by acetogenesis and methanogenesis to produce biogas. Biogas can be processed and used as an energy source, though it also contains impurities. Maintaining proper temperature, pH and nutrient levels is important for optimal microbial activity in anaerobic digestion.
Systematic analysis of algalbio-fuel production integrated with domestic wastewater treatment in Armenia. The presentation evaluates using algae to treat wastewater and produce biofuels. It discusses using algae cultivation technologies like open ponds and photobioreactors, and the processes of algae harvesting, oil extraction, and biodiesel production. Future work could involve using photo bioreactors for decentralized wastewater treatment and biodiesel production. In conclusion, algae is a potential solution that can make wastewater treatment cost-competitive while producing biofuels to reduce carbon emissions.
Algae can be used to produce biodiesel through a multi-step process. Algae grow rapidly and can be harvested for their oil, which can then be extracted and treated through transesterification to produce biodiesel. This biodiesel production from algae has advantages over fossil fuels as algae are renewable and do not compete with food sources. Open ponds and closed photobioreactor systems can be used to cultivate the algae. Bangladesh's climate and available resources make it suitable for large-scale algae cultivation and biodiesel production.
Algae wastewater treatment for biofuel productionylimeoen
The document discusses using algae to treat wastewater and produce biofuels. It describes how algae can effectively remove nutrients from wastewater while also generating biomass that can be converted to biofuels. This creates a mutually beneficial situation where wastewater is treated and a feedstock for biofuel production is obtained. The document also reviews various types of algae production systems and wastewater treatment ponds that can integrate algae cultivation and wastewater treatment.
This document provides an overview of biomass feedstocks. It defines biomass as non-fossilized organic material from plants, animals, and microorganisms. The three main structural components of biomass are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Cellulose is a linear polymer made of glucose units. Hemicelluloses are shorter branched polymers made of various sugar units. Lignin is a complex polymer that provides strength and structure to plant cell walls. Biomass can be used as a source of energy by burning it or converting it to liquid fuels through various thermal and biochemical processes.
Biotechnology for Solid waste ManagementHIMANSHU JAIN
Biotechnology in solid waste management is the process of application of science and technology to the living and non-living materials for the treatment and disposal of solid waste and wastewater in controlled conditions without disturbing the ecosystem.
High-performance CO2 sorbents from algae - presentation by Magdalena Titirici in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
The document discusses bioremediation as a method for treating hazardous wastes using biological organisms. It describes how microorganisms can break down and degrade many types of environmental contaminants through metabolic processes. Bioremediation is beneficial as it uses naturally occurring microbes to detoxify pollutants in an inexpensive and environmentally friendly manner. The document outlines different bioremediation techniques including in situ and ex situ methods and notes the optimal conditions required to maximize the effectiveness of bioremediation in remediating sites contaminated with chemicals, oils, and other organic wastes.
The document discusses methods for producing biodiesel from microalgae. Live extraction, which applies an electric field to release algal oil without rupturing cells, shows promise for commercial viability. Several companies are working to produce biodiesel from algae at large scales. The residual algae material after oil extraction can be further processed through anaerobic digestion to produce methane, or the extracted oil can undergo transesterification to produce biodiesel. Centrifugation is commonly used to separate biodiesel from glycerol after transesterification.
Systematic analysis of algalbio-fuel production integrated with domestic wastewater treatment in Armenia. The document discusses using algae grown in wastewater to produce biofuels, reducing emissions while treating wastewater. It evaluates using traditional wastewater ponds, advanced integrated ponds, or photobioreactors with wastewater. Algae grown would be harvested and processed to extract oils for biodiesel production. Future work could focus on decentralized, movable photobioreactor systems for flexible wastewater treatment and biodiesel production.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats. Second generation biofuels use non-food feedstocks and different extraction technologies like gasification, pyrolysis, and fermentation. Third generation biofuels are derived from algae. The document also discusses pros and cons of biofuel production such as their renewability but also potential high costs and impacts on food supply.
The document discusses biogas production from sewage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a methane-rich flammable gas produced from decomposing organic waste via anaerobic digestion. The typical composition of biogas from sewage is 50-70% methane and 30-40% carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion occurs in four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Different types of anaerobic digesters are discussed including fixed dome, floating gas holder, plug flow, and UASB reactors. Experimental results on biogas production from sewage show the highest rates occur around 2.9 kg of volatile solids per cubic meter of digester per day.
1) Gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are three thermal conversion processes that can be used to treat solid wastes and produce combustible gases, liquid fuels, and solids like char.
2) Gasification involves partial oxidation at high temperatures to produce syngas, while pyrolysis uses thermal decomposition without oxygen to produce bio-oil. HTC uses hydrothermal conditions to produce "hydrochar".
3) Each process has advantages - gasification produces a high-quality syngas, pyrolysis flexibility to produce liquid fuels, and HTC higher solid yields than dry pyrolysis. Overall, these carbonization methods have potential for environmentally-friendly conversion of biomass into
This document discusses biohydrogen as a renewable fuel. It begins with an introduction that defines biohydrogen as hydrogen produced biologically from biomass. It then discusses the history of biohydrogen research and different methods of biohydrogen production, including fermentation, dark fermentation, light fermentation, and two types of biophotolysis - direct and indirect. Direct biophotolysis uses algae to convert water and sunlight directly into hydrogen and oxygen. Indirect biophotolysis is a two-step process where algae or cyanobacteria first produce sugars from water and CO2, then convert the sugars into hydrogen and oxygen. The document also briefly mentions properties of hydrogen important for fuel use and applications of hydrogen in fuel cells.
Master Thesis Final Project Presentation.
Title: Microalgae growth and biomass-to-synthetic natural gas conversion through hydrothermal gasification: dynamic modeling of cultivation phase in open pond and closed reactor
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
This document discusses different methods of producing bio-hydrogen gas, including water electrolysis, thermo-chemical processes, and biological processes using microorganisms. It focuses on biological hydrogen production, describing processes like direct and indirect photolysis using cyanobacteria or algae, dark fermentation using bacteria like Clostridium and Enterobacter, and using thermophiles. Key environmental factors that affect biological hydrogen production are identified as inoculum, substrate, pH, temperature, and product inhibition.
The document discusses microalgae as a potential source for biofuels. It notes that microalgae can produce significant amounts of oil and have far greater oil production potential than other feedstocks. However, microalgae oil production is currently in the early stages of research and faces challenges related to processing costs and cultivation methods. The document outlines factors that influence microalgae oil production, such as species, temperature, nutrients, and light, noting that small changes can dramatically impact oil yields. It advocates for more research on optimization to determine the best conditions.
- Algae biofuel shows potential as a solution to future liquid fuel problems as it is able to produce more raw biomass than any other terrestrial or aquatic plant.
- While corn ethanol, soybean biodiesel, and other alternatives have benefits, they also have significant drawbacks including increased food prices, negative environmental impacts, and inability to meet fuel demands at scale.
- Algae biofuel faces challenges to be overcome such as developing robust algae strains, preventing infection, and managing water and nutrient needs, but shows the best overall performance as a renewable transportation fuel that can potentially replace petroleum.
There are significant biological, chemical, and mechanical engineering challenges to the commercialization of algae energy. Some of the key challenges include strain selection, maximizing photosynthetic efficiency, increasing lipid production, devising efficient fermentation processes, reducing the costs of harvesting, drying, and extracting oil from algae, and scaling up cultivation, harvesting, and processing systems in a cost-effective manner. Overcoming these challenges will be necessary for algae energy to become economically viable.
algal biofuels with challenges and opportunitiesbhushan bhusare
This document provides an overview of biofuels from algae, including a history of algae biofuel research, types of biofuels that can be produced from algae, advantages of using algae over other feedstocks, cultivation methods, harvesting techniques, and the process of converting algae biomass to biodiesel via transesterification. Key points covered include that algae have a high oil content and growth rate, can be grown on non-arable land or wastewater, and have the potential to generate up to 40 times more oil per acre than terrestrial crops used for biofuel production.
This document discusses sustainable development and the need to accelerate action on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It notes that while poverty and child mortality have decreased, hunger and economic losses from disasters are rising. Urgent action is needed on climate change as the last few years were among the warmest on record. The rest of the document focuses on biofuels from algal biomass, including what biofuels are, advantages over petroleum diesel, techniques for cultivating and processing algae into biodiesel, harvesting algal biomass, and extracting oil from algae. It concludes that algae is an efficient biodiesel source but requires further research to unlock its full potential and address challenges like
Algae have potential as a biofuel feedstock due to their ability to grow rapidly and produce high lipid content. However, challenges remain in developing a cost-effective cultivation and harvesting system, as well as efficiently extracting the oil. Different cultivation methods like open ponds or photobioreactors provide varying levels of environmental control. Once harvested, algae can be processed to extract oil through mechanical or chemical means, though high production costs currently limit commercial viability. Further technological advances may help overcome these challenges and make algae a competitive renewable fuel source.
Biomass pyrolysis is a promising renewable sustainable source of fuels and petrochemical substitutes. It may help in compensating the progressive consumption of fossil-fuel reserves. The present article outlines biomass pyrolysis. Various types of biomass used for pyrolysis are encompassed, e.g., wood, agricultural residues, sewage. Categories of pyrolysis are outlined, e.g., flash, fast, and slow. Emphasis is laid on current and future trends in biomass pyrolysis, e.g., microwave pyrolysis, solar pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, hydrogen production via biomass pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis of biomass with synthetic polymers and sewage, selective preparation of high-valued chemicals, pyrolysis of exotic biomass (coffee grounds and cotton shells), comparison between algal and terrestrial biomass pyrolysis. Specific future prospects are investigated, e.g., preparation of supercapacitor biochar materials by one-pot one-step pyrolysis of biomass with other ingredients, and fabricating metallic catalysts embedded on biochar for removal of environmental contaminants. The authors predict that combining solar pyrolysis with hydrogen production would be the eco-friendliest and most energetically feasible process in the future. Since hydrogen is an ideal clean fuel, this process may share in limiting climate changes due to CO2 emissions.
Algal fuel is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as an energy source, with microalgae being the exclusive focus for production. Microalgae contain high oil content between 20-50% that can be used to produce biofuel, with some strains reaching as high as 80%. The U.S. Department of Energy's program from 1978-1996 focused on biodiesel from microalgae and their final report suggested biodiesel could replace current world diesel usage.
The document discusses different types of biofuels including their classification, advantages over fossil fuels, and production. It describes biofuels as fuels produced from biomass that are safer and less polluting alternatives to fossil fuels. The main types covered are bioethanol, biodiesel, biobutanol, and biogas. Bioethanol is produced through fermentation of carbohydrate feedstocks, biodiesel is made through transesterification of oils, and biogas involves anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Advantages of biofuels include being renewable, reducing greenhouse gases and pollution, and providing economic and energy security compared to finite fossil fuels.
Propuesta de acuerdo donde se designa el nombre del doctor José Garibo Hern...ricardomejiaberdeja
La salud es uno de los elementos más relevantes para el desarrollo de una vida larga y cualitativa. Existen varios beneficios de tener una vida saludable, pero el principal de ellos que podríamos nombrar es que nuestro cuerpo se libera de las diversas formas de trastornos y complicaciones y, por tanto, se obtiene una vida más larga, sin sufrir ningún tipo de dolores o malestares.
Iniciativa de decreto por el que se reforma el artículo 244 del código penal ...ricardomejiaberdeja
A quien obligue a otra persona a dar, hacer, dejar de hacer o tolerar algo, obteniendo un lucro indebido para sí o para una tercera persona, causando a alguien un perjuicio patrimonial, se le impondrán de cinco a quince años de prisión y de doscientos cincuenta a mil quinientos días multa.
This document provides information about the Law Office of Michael Hsueh, including its contact details, location, and website. The law office is located at 111 North Market Street, Suite 300 in San Jose, California. Michael Hsueh can be reached by phone at (408) 418-4672 or by email at mh@michaelhsuehlaw.com. The law office's website is www.michaelhsuehlaw.com. No reviews or additional details are provided about the law practice.
The document discusses bioremediation as a method for treating hazardous wastes using biological organisms. It describes how microorganisms can break down and degrade many types of environmental contaminants through metabolic processes. Bioremediation is beneficial as it uses naturally occurring microbes to detoxify pollutants in an inexpensive and environmentally friendly manner. The document outlines different bioremediation techniques including in situ and ex situ methods and notes the optimal conditions required to maximize the effectiveness of bioremediation in remediating sites contaminated with chemicals, oils, and other organic wastes.
The document discusses methods for producing biodiesel from microalgae. Live extraction, which applies an electric field to release algal oil without rupturing cells, shows promise for commercial viability. Several companies are working to produce biodiesel from algae at large scales. The residual algae material after oil extraction can be further processed through anaerobic digestion to produce methane, or the extracted oil can undergo transesterification to produce biodiesel. Centrifugation is commonly used to separate biodiesel from glycerol after transesterification.
Systematic analysis of algalbio-fuel production integrated with domestic wastewater treatment in Armenia. The document discusses using algae grown in wastewater to produce biofuels, reducing emissions while treating wastewater. It evaluates using traditional wastewater ponds, advanced integrated ponds, or photobioreactors with wastewater. Algae grown would be harvested and processed to extract oils for biodiesel production. Future work could focus on decentralized, movable photobioreactor systems for flexible wastewater treatment and biodiesel production.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats. Second generation biofuels use non-food feedstocks and different extraction technologies like gasification, pyrolysis, and fermentation. Third generation biofuels are derived from algae. The document also discusses pros and cons of biofuel production such as their renewability but also potential high costs and impacts on food supply.
The document discusses biogas production from sewage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a methane-rich flammable gas produced from decomposing organic waste via anaerobic digestion. The typical composition of biogas from sewage is 50-70% methane and 30-40% carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion occurs in four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Different types of anaerobic digesters are discussed including fixed dome, floating gas holder, plug flow, and UASB reactors. Experimental results on biogas production from sewage show the highest rates occur around 2.9 kg of volatile solids per cubic meter of digester per day.
1) Gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are three thermal conversion processes that can be used to treat solid wastes and produce combustible gases, liquid fuels, and solids like char.
2) Gasification involves partial oxidation at high temperatures to produce syngas, while pyrolysis uses thermal decomposition without oxygen to produce bio-oil. HTC uses hydrothermal conditions to produce "hydrochar".
3) Each process has advantages - gasification produces a high-quality syngas, pyrolysis flexibility to produce liquid fuels, and HTC higher solid yields than dry pyrolysis. Overall, these carbonization methods have potential for environmentally-friendly conversion of biomass into
This document discusses biohydrogen as a renewable fuel. It begins with an introduction that defines biohydrogen as hydrogen produced biologically from biomass. It then discusses the history of biohydrogen research and different methods of biohydrogen production, including fermentation, dark fermentation, light fermentation, and two types of biophotolysis - direct and indirect. Direct biophotolysis uses algae to convert water and sunlight directly into hydrogen and oxygen. Indirect biophotolysis is a two-step process where algae or cyanobacteria first produce sugars from water and CO2, then convert the sugars into hydrogen and oxygen. The document also briefly mentions properties of hydrogen important for fuel use and applications of hydrogen in fuel cells.
Master Thesis Final Project Presentation.
Title: Microalgae growth and biomass-to-synthetic natural gas conversion through hydrothermal gasification: dynamic modeling of cultivation phase in open pond and closed reactor
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
This document discusses different methods of producing bio-hydrogen gas, including water electrolysis, thermo-chemical processes, and biological processes using microorganisms. It focuses on biological hydrogen production, describing processes like direct and indirect photolysis using cyanobacteria or algae, dark fermentation using bacteria like Clostridium and Enterobacter, and using thermophiles. Key environmental factors that affect biological hydrogen production are identified as inoculum, substrate, pH, temperature, and product inhibition.
The document discusses microalgae as a potential source for biofuels. It notes that microalgae can produce significant amounts of oil and have far greater oil production potential than other feedstocks. However, microalgae oil production is currently in the early stages of research and faces challenges related to processing costs and cultivation methods. The document outlines factors that influence microalgae oil production, such as species, temperature, nutrients, and light, noting that small changes can dramatically impact oil yields. It advocates for more research on optimization to determine the best conditions.
- Algae biofuel shows potential as a solution to future liquid fuel problems as it is able to produce more raw biomass than any other terrestrial or aquatic plant.
- While corn ethanol, soybean biodiesel, and other alternatives have benefits, they also have significant drawbacks including increased food prices, negative environmental impacts, and inability to meet fuel demands at scale.
- Algae biofuel faces challenges to be overcome such as developing robust algae strains, preventing infection, and managing water and nutrient needs, but shows the best overall performance as a renewable transportation fuel that can potentially replace petroleum.
There are significant biological, chemical, and mechanical engineering challenges to the commercialization of algae energy. Some of the key challenges include strain selection, maximizing photosynthetic efficiency, increasing lipid production, devising efficient fermentation processes, reducing the costs of harvesting, drying, and extracting oil from algae, and scaling up cultivation, harvesting, and processing systems in a cost-effective manner. Overcoming these challenges will be necessary for algae energy to become economically viable.
algal biofuels with challenges and opportunitiesbhushan bhusare
This document provides an overview of biofuels from algae, including a history of algae biofuel research, types of biofuels that can be produced from algae, advantages of using algae over other feedstocks, cultivation methods, harvesting techniques, and the process of converting algae biomass to biodiesel via transesterification. Key points covered include that algae have a high oil content and growth rate, can be grown on non-arable land or wastewater, and have the potential to generate up to 40 times more oil per acre than terrestrial crops used for biofuel production.
This document discusses sustainable development and the need to accelerate action on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It notes that while poverty and child mortality have decreased, hunger and economic losses from disasters are rising. Urgent action is needed on climate change as the last few years were among the warmest on record. The rest of the document focuses on biofuels from algal biomass, including what biofuels are, advantages over petroleum diesel, techniques for cultivating and processing algae into biodiesel, harvesting algal biomass, and extracting oil from algae. It concludes that algae is an efficient biodiesel source but requires further research to unlock its full potential and address challenges like
Algae have potential as a biofuel feedstock due to their ability to grow rapidly and produce high lipid content. However, challenges remain in developing a cost-effective cultivation and harvesting system, as well as efficiently extracting the oil. Different cultivation methods like open ponds or photobioreactors provide varying levels of environmental control. Once harvested, algae can be processed to extract oil through mechanical or chemical means, though high production costs currently limit commercial viability. Further technological advances may help overcome these challenges and make algae a competitive renewable fuel source.
Biomass pyrolysis is a promising renewable sustainable source of fuels and petrochemical substitutes. It may help in compensating the progressive consumption of fossil-fuel reserves. The present article outlines biomass pyrolysis. Various types of biomass used for pyrolysis are encompassed, e.g., wood, agricultural residues, sewage. Categories of pyrolysis are outlined, e.g., flash, fast, and slow. Emphasis is laid on current and future trends in biomass pyrolysis, e.g., microwave pyrolysis, solar pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, hydrogen production via biomass pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis of biomass with synthetic polymers and sewage, selective preparation of high-valued chemicals, pyrolysis of exotic biomass (coffee grounds and cotton shells), comparison between algal and terrestrial biomass pyrolysis. Specific future prospects are investigated, e.g., preparation of supercapacitor biochar materials by one-pot one-step pyrolysis of biomass with other ingredients, and fabricating metallic catalysts embedded on biochar for removal of environmental contaminants. The authors predict that combining solar pyrolysis with hydrogen production would be the eco-friendliest and most energetically feasible process in the future. Since hydrogen is an ideal clean fuel, this process may share in limiting climate changes due to CO2 emissions.
Algal fuel is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as an energy source, with microalgae being the exclusive focus for production. Microalgae contain high oil content between 20-50% that can be used to produce biofuel, with some strains reaching as high as 80%. The U.S. Department of Energy's program from 1978-1996 focused on biodiesel from microalgae and their final report suggested biodiesel could replace current world diesel usage.
The document discusses different types of biofuels including their classification, advantages over fossil fuels, and production. It describes biofuels as fuels produced from biomass that are safer and less polluting alternatives to fossil fuels. The main types covered are bioethanol, biodiesel, biobutanol, and biogas. Bioethanol is produced through fermentation of carbohydrate feedstocks, biodiesel is made through transesterification of oils, and biogas involves anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Advantages of biofuels include being renewable, reducing greenhouse gases and pollution, and providing economic and energy security compared to finite fossil fuels.
Propuesta de acuerdo donde se designa el nombre del doctor José Garibo Hern...ricardomejiaberdeja
La salud es uno de los elementos más relevantes para el desarrollo de una vida larga y cualitativa. Existen varios beneficios de tener una vida saludable, pero el principal de ellos que podríamos nombrar es que nuestro cuerpo se libera de las diversas formas de trastornos y complicaciones y, por tanto, se obtiene una vida más larga, sin sufrir ningún tipo de dolores o malestares.
Iniciativa de decreto por el que se reforma el artículo 244 del código penal ...ricardomejiaberdeja
A quien obligue a otra persona a dar, hacer, dejar de hacer o tolerar algo, obteniendo un lucro indebido para sí o para una tercera persona, causando a alguien un perjuicio patrimonial, se le impondrán de cinco a quince años de prisión y de doscientos cincuenta a mil quinientos días multa.
This document provides information about the Law Office of Michael Hsueh, including its contact details, location, and website. The law office is located at 111 North Market Street, Suite 300 in San Jose, California. Michael Hsueh can be reached by phone at (408) 418-4672 or by email at mh@michaelhsuehlaw.com. The law office's website is www.michaelhsuehlaw.com. No reviews or additional details are provided about the law practice.
The document discusses the importance of customer loyalty for businesses. It notes that customers leaving due to poor quality, lack of understanding of customer needs, or inadequate marketing can lead to declining revenues. The document emphasizes maximizing customer value through effective customer management strategies. These include identifying and attracting customers, winning them over, keeping them satisfied, helping them grow as customers, and reducing costs to serve customers. The key to sustainable loyalty is delivering exceptional customer experiences through focusing on customer relationships and simplifying processes to make doing business easy.
This document summarizes Cathay Pacific Cargo's e-AWB handling performance in Shanghai over the past year. While the percentage of e-AWBs accepted has risen above 80%, the number accepted dipped in early 2016 due to Chinese New Year. Daily acceptance fell sharply during the holiday but remained above targets otherwise. In February, 72% of bills were e-AWBs, with the top five agents contributing over half of all e-AWB volume.
O documento descreve as religiões afro-brasileiras Macumba, Umbanda e Candomblé. Ele explica suas origens na religião iorubá da África Ocidental, com foco nos orixás e seu sincretismo com santos católicos no Brasil. O texto também fornece detalhes sobre duas tendas locais, a Tenda Santo Antonio da Umbanda e a Tenda São Raimundo do Candomblé.
The presentation discusses tools developed by the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) to help with transmission planning while considering environmental and cultural resources in the Western Interconnection region. WECC developed a geospatial database and online viewer to classify environmental risk into four levels based on overlapping sensitive features. A separate cultural resources viewer is also being developed in coordination with State Historic Preservation Offices to characterize relative density and survey coverage of cultural sites. The tools are intended to inform transmission planning and public engagement efforts.
we discuss with Hugh Atkinson the central position of the USA in tackling climate change and whether they will become a part of the solution or remain a part of the problem.
El documento describe el Conocimiento de Embarque Aéreo (AWB), que es un contrato de transporte aéreo y recibo de entrega de mercancías. El AWB incluye tres documentos originales y nueve copias, uno para el transportista, uno para el consignatario, y uno para el exportador. El AWB no es un título de propiedad de la mercancía, pero otorga el derecho a reclamarla. El exportador puede cambiar el destinatario siempre que devuelva el tercer original del AWB a la aerolínea antes de que se entreg
El documento habla sobre la importancia de aprender a reciclar. Explica que el reciclaje implica usar los materiales una y otra vez para hacer nuevos productos de forma que se ofrezcan mínimos problemas de contaminación y mayor facilidad para su recuperación. También destaca las tres erres: reducir, reusar y reciclar para cuidar el medio ambiente.
1) El documento habla sobre el contrato de seguro, definiéndolo como aquel mediante el cual una persona llamada asegurado, a través de una remuneración llamada prima, obtiene un compromiso de un asegurador en el evento de ocurrir un siniestro. 2) Explica las características y clasificaciones del contrato de seguro. 3) Describe los principios que gobiernan el seguro, como el principio de máxima buena fe que obliga a las partes a obrar con sinceridad.
This multi-page document discusses various topics ranging from 27 to 39. While it contains several pages of information, the core topics and details covered are not clear from the limited excerpt provided.
Conocimiento de embarque vía aérea maferMafer Ospina
El Air Waybill (AWB) o conocimiento aéreo es el documento que recoge el contrato de transporte aéreo internacional y sirve como un justificante de entrega de la mercancía a bordo del avión). Es siempre nominativo, por tanto, la aerolínea entrega la mercancía al destinatario que el AWB designa, aunque no sea el propietario legítimo de la mercancíaLos conocimientos aéreos, también conocidos en terminología inglesa, como “air way bill” están redactados por IATA (International Air Transport Association) organismo de carácter privado que agrupa la gran mayoría de compañías aérea.
Hydrogen, as a clean, efficient and sustainable energy source, has been accelerated to develop and utilize. Agricultural wastes can be converted into hydrogen to realize high
This document discusses biomass and its uses as an energy source. It defines biomass as biological material from living or recently living organisms composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. Biomass is obtained from various sources including plants, animals, and waste materials. The document discusses different types of biomass such as virgin wood, energy crops, agricultural residues, food waste, and industrial waste. It also discusses various thermal and chemical conversion processes that can be used to convert biomass into energy sources like heat, electricity, biofuels and biogas. These conversion processes include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and trans esterification.
1. biogas as a alternate source of energy and creating awareness among rural ...NEERAJKUMAR1898
This document discusses biogas as an alternative energy source and creating awareness among rural people. It begins by defining biogas as a gas produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste like animal manure and plant materials. The three main steps of biogas production are then summarized: 1) hydrolysis where enzymes break down complex materials, 2) acidification where bacteria convert compounds to acids and gases, 3) methane formation where other bacteria break down acids and gases to produce methane and carbon dioxide. The document emphasizes that biogas is a renewable and cleaner energy that can substitute fossil fuels, especially in rural areas, and explains the anaerobic digestion process that takes place in biogas production.
Biomass energy is obtained from organic matter derived from living organisms. The document discusses various biomass energy resources like plants, algae, human and animal waste. It also discusses different processes to generate energy from biomass - direct burning, liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, gasification and fermentation. Key uses of biomass energy include combustion for electricity generation, production of biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol, and generation of biogas through anaerobic digestion.
Biomass refers to organic matter that can be converted into energy sources such as fuel. It is composed primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Biomass takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere as it grows and releases it back during combustion, maintaining a closed carbon cycle if managed sustainably. Biomass can be converted into energy through gasification, pyrolysis, digestion, fermentation, or direct combustion. These processes break down biomass into fuels like biogas, bio-oil, or solid fuels. Biomass has advantages over fossil fuels as a renewable energy source with lower emissions.
Ahmed H. Hilles presented on biogas, which is a combustible gas mixture formed from the anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic matter. Biogas is composed mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. Hilles discussed the history of biogas production, how biogas is produced through a three step process of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis by different bacteria. He also outlined important parameters for optimal biogas production such as maintaining an anaerobic environment, temperature between 15-52 degrees Celsius, and a pH between 6.5-8.
1. Biogas is a type of biofuel produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter by anaerobic digestion. It is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide.
2. Biogas can be produced from biomass sources like manure, agricultural waste, food waste, and energy crops through anaerobic digestion in biogas plants.
3. Several factors influence biogas production, including temperature, pH, loading rate, and carbon-nitrogen ratio. Biogas plants provide benefits like waste treatment and fuel production but also have economic limitations.
This document discusses different processes for converting biomass into usable energy:
1. Direct combustion (incineration) involves burning biomass to produce heat that can be used directly or to generate electricity. It is a simple and economical process.
2. Thermochemical conversion uses high heat and pressure to break biomass down into gases through processes like gasification and pyrolysis.
3. Biochemical conversion involves microorganisms breaking down biomass, through either anaerobic digestion or fermentation. Anaerobic digestion produces biogas (methane), while fermentation produces ethanol and other products. Both help dispose of waste and provide renewable energy.
Biomass refers to organic matter produced by plants and can be used as a renewable energy source. There are various types of biomass including wood/agricultural products, solid waste, landfill gas, ethanol, and biodiesel. Biomass can be converted into useful energy through direct combustion or thermo-chemical, biochemical, and other processes. Common conversion methods include anaerobic digestion of wet biomass to produce biogas, gasification and pyrolysis of dry biomass through thermal processes, and fermentation to produce ethanol or methane.
Biotechnology in Industrial Waste water Treatmentshuaibumusa2012
This document discusses biotechnology in industrial wastewater treatment. It provides an overview of industrial wastewater characteristics and various treatment technologies including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Secondary treatment includes anaerobic and aerobic processes like trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants and can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Factors like microorganisms, temperature, pH, nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness. The document concludes that bioremediation is an effective wastewater treatment approach when proper conditions are maintained.
This document discusses different methods for producing energy from solid waste including pyrolysis to produce biooil, composting, vermiculture, and biogas production. Pyrolysis uses high heat to break down municipal solid waste into biooil that can be used as fuel. Composting is the natural breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms into a nutrient-rich material. Vermiculture uses earthworms to break down organic waste into castings. Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of organic materials by bacteria and is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide.
This document provides an overview of biomass feedstocks. It defines biomass as non-fossilized organic material from plants, animals, and microorganisms. The three main structural components of biomass are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Cellulose is a linear polymer made of glucose units. Hemicelluloses are shorter branched polymers made of various sugar units. Lignin is a complex polymer that provides strength and structure to plant cell walls. Biomass can be used as a renewable energy source by burning it or converting it to liquid fuels or gases through various thermal and biochemical processes.
Algal biomass can be used to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion, providing a renewable source of energy. The biogas production process involves four key stages - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis - where bacteria break down the algal biomass into methane gas. The end products include biogas, digestate fertilizer, and water, providing alternatives to fossil fuels and chemical fertilizers while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Biomass refers to organic material from living or recently living organisms that can be used as an energy source. It is primarily obtained from plants or biological wastes. Biomass contains stored energy from the sun which is captured through photosynthesis in plants and released when biomass is burned. There are several processes to convert biomass into useable energy forms like heat, electricity, biofuels, or biogas through direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, or anaerobic digestion. These processes break down the biomass chemically or biologically to extract the stored energy. Biomass is a renewable source of energy if harvested and grown sustainably.
Renewable energy geothermalenergies.pptxalice145466
The document provides an introduction to renewable energy sources including biomass energy and other non-conventional energy resources such as fuel cells. It defines biomass as organic material from living or recently living organisms that can be used as energy. Biomass includes plants, wood and waste which are converted to energy through direct combustion or indirect processes like digestion to produce biofuel. Other sections classify biomass resources, explain how biomass is a renewable resource, and discuss thermal-chemical and biological conversion methods. The document also provides descriptions of floating drum and fixed dome biogas plants. Finally, it introduces fuel cells as devices that convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy through hydrogen fuel and oxygen reactions.
Biomass refers to organic material that can be converted into useful energy sources such as fuel. It is a renewable energy source that includes waste plant and animal material. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and combustion. This reduces dependence on landfills and non-renewable energy sources. India has significant potential to develop biomass energy due to its large agricultural output and waste that can be utilized as biomass feedstock. However, the biomass energy sector in India also faces challenges like high fragmentation, lack of financing, and insecure supply chains.
The document discusses the production of biogas and biofuels from waste. It defines biogas and biofuels, describes various types of biofuels like biodiesel produced from lipids, bioethanol produced from carbohydrates, and biobutanol and syngas produced via microbial fermentation. The mechanisms of biogas production from organic waste via anaerobic digestion and the advantages of biogas are also summarized. Biomethane can be produced by upgrading biogas to remove impurities and increase methane concentration.
2. Biomass is biological material derived from living or recently
living organism
The terms biomass therefore covers arrange of organic
materials recently produced from plants and animals that feed
on the plants
Biomass can be collected and converted into useful bioenergy
It includes crop residues,forest &wood process
residues,animal wastes including human sewage,municipal
sewage waste(MSW)(excluding plastic&nonorganic),food
processing waste&short rotation crops
3. As the word clearly signifies;biomass means organic matter
and photochemical approach to harness solar energy means
harnessing of solar energy by photosynthesis.
Biomass is the plant material derived from the reaction
between Co2 in the air,water and sunlight,via
photosynthesis,to produce carbohydrates that from the
building blocks of biomass.
If biomass is processed efficiently,either chemically or
biologically,by extracting the energy stored in chemical bonds
and the subsequent ‘energy’product combined with
oxygen,the carbon is oxidised to produce Co2 and water.
4. The process is cyclical,as the Co2 is then available to produce
new biomass
Through the process of photosynthesis,chlorophyll in plants
captures the sun’s energy by converting carbon dioxide from
the air and water from the ground into carbohydrates.
5. All these biomass dispersed and bulky and contain large
amount of water(50-90%)however biomass can be converted
into liquid or gaseous fuels,thereby increasing its energy
density and making feasible transportation over long
distances.
6. Fuels are derived from biomass are easily handled and
burnt,whereas raw biomass is often wet and of inconsistent
quality or variable composition.
Biomass has a very high potential as a renewable energy
resource beacause of its reliability and availibility everywere
around the globe.
It is the fourth highest primary energy resource in the world
after oil,coal,and gas,contributing about 10.6% of the global
primary energy supply.
Biomass is the only other naturally occuring energy containing
carbon resource that is large enough in quantity to be used as
a substitute for fossile fuels.
7. BIOMASSPOTENTIALIN INDIA
India,being a trophical country,has tremendous potential for
energy generation through biomass and its residues.
Biomass energy is normally found in the form of
firewood,agricultural residues such as bagasse,crop
straw,animal dung and wastes generated from agro based
industries.
8. Biomass can be classified into two types:
Woody and non-woody.
Non-woody biomass comprises agro-crop and agro-industrial
processing residue.
Municipal solid wastes,animal and poultry wastes are also
referred to as biomass as they are biodegradable in nature.
The main biomass sources as listed below:
9. 1)Wood and wood waste:
forest wood,wood from energy
plantations,saw dust,tree branches
and leaves etc.
2)Agricultural residues:
rise husk,bagasse,grondnut
shells,coffee husk,straws,coconut
husk,jute sticks etc.
3)Aquatic and marine biomass:
Algae,aquatic weeds and plants,sea
grass beds,etc.
11. BIOMASS TYPES
The various types of biomass in different ways but one simple
method is to define four main types,namely;
Woody plants
Herbaceous plants/grasses
Aquatic plants
Manures
12. Aquatic plants and manures are intrinsically high moisture
materials and as such,are more suited to ‘wet’processing
techniques.
High moisture content biomass,such as herbaceous plant
sugarcane,lends itself to a ‘wet/aqueous’conversion process
,involving biologically mediated reactions,such as
fermentation.
While a ‘dry’biomass such as wood chips,is more economically
suited to gasification,pyrolysis or combustion.
13. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
Biomass contains varying amounts
of cellulose,hemicellulose,lignin
and a small amount of other
extractives.
Cellulose is a glucose
polymer,consisting of linear chains
of(1-4)-D-glucopyranose units,in
which the units are linked 1-4 in
the beta-configuration,with an
average molecular weight of
around 100,000
14. Hemicellulose is a mixture of
polysaccharides,composed almost
entirely of sugars such as
glucose,manose,xylose with an
average molecular weight
of<30,000.
Lignin can be regarded as a group
of amorphous,high molecular
weight,chemically related
compounds.
15. Cellulose is generally the largest fraction,representing about
40-50%of the biomass by weight;the hemicellulose portion
represents 20-40%of the material by weight.
16. BIOMASS PROPERTIES
It is the inherent properties of the biomass source that
determines both the choice of conversion process and any
subsequent difficulties that may arise.
The main material properties of interst,during subsequent
processing as an energy source,relate to:
17. o Moisture content(intrinsic&extrinsic)
o Calorific value,
o Proportions of fixed carbon and volatiles
o Ash/residue content
o Alkali metal content
o Cellulose/lignin ratio
For dry mass conversion processes,the first five properties are
of interst,while for wet biomass conversion processes,the first
and last properties are of prime concern
18. MOISTURE CONTENT
Two forms of moisture content are of interst in biomass:
1)Intrinsic moisture: the moisture content of the material
without the influence of weather effects.
2)Extrinsic moisture: the influence of prevailing weather
conditions during harvesting on the overall biomass moisture
content.
20. DIRECT COMBUSTION
This is perhaps the simplest method energy from biomass.
Industrial biomass combustion facilitates can burn many types
of biomass fuel,including wood,agricultural residue,wood
pulping liquor,municipal solid waste and refuse-derived fuel.
21. THERMOCHEMICAL
CONVERSION
It takes place two forms:gasification and
liquefaction.
Gasification takes place by heating the biomass with
the limited oxygen to produce low heating value gas
or by reacting it with steam and oxygen at high
pressure and temperature to produce medium
heating value gas.
22. BIOCHEMICAL
CONVERSION
It takes place two forms.
Anaerobic digestion and Fermentation
Anaerobic digestion: it involves the microbial digestion of
biomass.
An aerobe is a micro-organism that can live and grow without
air or oxygen,it gets its oxygen by the decomposition of matter
containing it.
The process takes place at low temperature upto 65 degree
celcius,and requires a moisture content of atleast 80%.
It generates a gas consisting mostly of co2 and methane with
minimum impurities such as hydrogen sulfide.
23. FERMENTATION
It is the breakdown of complex molecules in organic
compound under the influence of a ferment such as
yeast,bacteria,enzymes,etc.
Fermentation is well-established and widely used technology
for the conversion of grains sugar crops into ethanol.
24. WET PROCESSES
Anaerobic digestion: biogas is
produced by the bacterial
decomposition of wet sewage
sludge,animal dung or green
plants in the absense of
oxygen.
Feedstockes like –wood
shavings,straw and refuse
may be used,but digestion
takes place much longer.
25. The natural decay process,can be speeded by using a
thermally insulated ,air-tight tank with a stirrer unit and
heating system.
At optimum temperature(35degree celcius)complete
decomposition of animal or human faces takes around 10days.
26. Fermentation : as
stated,ethanol(ethyl alcohol) is
produced by the fermentation
of sugar solution by natural
yiests.
After about 30 hrs of
fermentation the
brew(/beer)contains6-10%
alcohol and this can readily be
removed by distillation.
27. DRY
PROCESSES
Pyrolysis: in its simplest
form ,pyrolysis representsheating
the biomass to drive off the volatile
matter and leaving behind the
charcoal.
Pyrolyis also converts biomass into
phenol oil,a chemical used to make
wood adhesives,molded
plastics,amd foam insulation.
28. Liquefaction: liquids yields are maximised by
rapid heating of the feedstockto
comparativelylow temperatures.
the vapours are condensed from the gas stream
and these separate into two-phase liquor: the
aqueos phase contains a soup of water soluble
organic materials like acetic acid,acetone and
methanol.
The non-aqueos phase consists of oils and tars.
29. Gasification: it is a process
that exposes a solid fuel to high
temperatures and limited oxygen,to
produce a gaseous fuel.
The advantage of gasification is that it
produces a fuel that has had many
impurities removed and could
therefore cause fewer pollution
problems when burnt.
30. Photosynthesis : photosynthesis in the plants is an
example of biological conversion of solar energy
into sugars and starches which are energy rich
compounds.
31. The process of photosynthesis hastwo main steps:
1)Splitting of water molecule into H2 &O2 under the influence
of chlorophyll and sunlight.this phase of reaction is called the,
Light reaction.in this phase of reaction ,light absorbed by
chlorophyll causes photolysis of water.O2 escapes and H2 is
transformed into some unknown compounds.thus solar energy
is converted into potentil chemical energy.
2)In the second phase,hydrogen is transformed from this
unknown compound to CO2 to form starch or sugar.formation of
starch or sugar are Dark reaction not requiring sunlight
32. BENEFITS OF BIOMASS ENERGY
Biomass energy is an abudant,secure,environmental friendly
and renewable sorce of energy.Biomass doesn’t add carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of
carbon in growing as it releases when consumed as a fuel.
One of the major advantages of biomass is in the same power
plants that are now burning fossil fuels.
Biomass energy isn’t associated with environmental impacts
suchas acid rain,mine spoils,open pits,oil spillls,radioactive
waste disposal or the damaging rivers.
Biomass fuels are sustainable.The green plants from which
biofuels are derived fix carbon dioxide as they grow,so their
use doesn’t add to the levels of atmospheric carbon.
33. Alcohols and other fuels produced by biomass are
efficient,viable,and relatively clean burning.
Biomass is easily available can be grown with relative ease in
all parts of the world.
34. CONSTRAINSTOBIOMASSENERGYUSE
Biomass is still an expensive source of energy,both in terms of
producing biomass and converting it into alcohols,as a very
large quantity of biomass is needed.
On a small scale there is most likely a net loss of energy as a
lot of energy must be used for growing the plant
mass;biomass is difficult to store in the raw form.
One of the disadvantages of biomass can be harmful is that
combustion of biomass can be harmful to the environment as
burning biomass releases Co2,which contributes to the
warming of the atmosphere ans possible climate change .
Over-collecting wood can destroy forests.
Biomass has less energy than a similar volume of fossil.