The document provides an outline for a biology review course presented by Supanat Phuangphong. The course is divided into three parts that cover microscopes, cells, membrane transportation, cell division, biomolecules, and genetics. Part one focuses on microscopes, cells, membrane transportation, and cell division. Part two covers animal physiology topics. Part three is about botany and genetics. The document then provides more detailed information about various topics from the course outline such as the different types of microscopes, cell structures, and biomolecules.
Thesis defence of Dall'Olio Giovanni Marco. Applications of network theory to...Giovanni Marco Dall'Olio
This is the presentation of my PhD thesis defence. It describes two applications of network theory to improve the methods to understand genetic adaptation in the human genome.
This document provides information about cell structure:
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. Some organisms are unicellular while others are multicellular. Each cell has the potential to produce a new individual.
- Eukaryotic cells are classified as plant cells or animal cells. Major differences between plant and animal cells include the presence of a cell wall, plastids, and vacuoles in plant cells.
- Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-bound organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. The Golgi apparatus contains flattened sac-like
1. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which are usually single-celled bacteria and eukaryotic cells which can be single-celled or multicellular.
3. Cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions and are surrounded by a cell membrane. The nucleus houses DNA in eukaryotic cells.
Evolution theory and science eng.12.1.2021Heinonen Matti
This document discusses and summarizes various perspectives on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. It examines evidence both supporting and questioning Darwin's view that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on random mutations over long periods of time. Some key points made include that while microevolution has been observed, macroevolution has not; the cell is vastly more complex than Darwin knew; and the origin of life itself remains mysterious as no research has been able to demonstrate how the first living cell could arise from non-living chemicals through random processes. Overall the document aims to draw conclusions on whether evolution is a scientifically valid theory or more of a secular ideology.
The document provides an overview of cell biology, describing the key components and processes within cells. It defines cell biology as the study of cells, their structures, functions, and interactions. It then lists and briefly describes the main organelles found within animal cells, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton. It also summarizes several important cellular processes such as protein transport, membrane transport, cell signaling, reproduction, movement, and metabolism.
Multiple choice Membranes and Transportceciliaadem
This document contains a 10 question multiple choice test about cell membranes and transport. The questions cover topics like:
- Which parts of the cell membrane are hydrophobic
- Where cholesterol is located in the membrane
- Which components allow ion movement
- Which molecules have specific functions like transporting ions or stabilizing layers
- Types of transport like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and osmosis
- Processes that require ATP energy like endocytosis and exocytosis
- The sequence of events in protein secretion by exocytosis
- Examples of exocytosis and endocytosis
- Determining water potential differences based on cell appearance after placement in solutions
Aim1: To study the method of genome identification through ENSEMBL browser.
Aim2: To study the method of genome identification through VISTA.
Aim3: To study the method of genome identification through UCSC Genome Browser.
Aim4: To study the method of genome and amino acid sequences through UCSC Genome Browser.
Molecular different between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
Thesis defence of Dall'Olio Giovanni Marco. Applications of network theory to...Giovanni Marco Dall'Olio
This is the presentation of my PhD thesis defence. It describes two applications of network theory to improve the methods to understand genetic adaptation in the human genome.
This document provides information about cell structure:
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. Some organisms are unicellular while others are multicellular. Each cell has the potential to produce a new individual.
- Eukaryotic cells are classified as plant cells or animal cells. Major differences between plant and animal cells include the presence of a cell wall, plastids, and vacuoles in plant cells.
- Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-bound organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. The Golgi apparatus contains flattened sac-like
1. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which are usually single-celled bacteria and eukaryotic cells which can be single-celled or multicellular.
3. Cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions and are surrounded by a cell membrane. The nucleus houses DNA in eukaryotic cells.
Evolution theory and science eng.12.1.2021Heinonen Matti
This document discusses and summarizes various perspectives on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. It examines evidence both supporting and questioning Darwin's view that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on random mutations over long periods of time. Some key points made include that while microevolution has been observed, macroevolution has not; the cell is vastly more complex than Darwin knew; and the origin of life itself remains mysterious as no research has been able to demonstrate how the first living cell could arise from non-living chemicals through random processes. Overall the document aims to draw conclusions on whether evolution is a scientifically valid theory or more of a secular ideology.
The document provides an overview of cell biology, describing the key components and processes within cells. It defines cell biology as the study of cells, their structures, functions, and interactions. It then lists and briefly describes the main organelles found within animal cells, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton. It also summarizes several important cellular processes such as protein transport, membrane transport, cell signaling, reproduction, movement, and metabolism.
Multiple choice Membranes and Transportceciliaadem
This document contains a 10 question multiple choice test about cell membranes and transport. The questions cover topics like:
- Which parts of the cell membrane are hydrophobic
- Where cholesterol is located in the membrane
- Which components allow ion movement
- Which molecules have specific functions like transporting ions or stabilizing layers
- Types of transport like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and osmosis
- Processes that require ATP energy like endocytosis and exocytosis
- The sequence of events in protein secretion by exocytosis
- Examples of exocytosis and endocytosis
- Determining water potential differences based on cell appearance after placement in solutions
Aim1: To study the method of genome identification through ENSEMBL browser.
Aim2: To study the method of genome identification through VISTA.
Aim3: To study the method of genome identification through UCSC Genome Browser.
Aim4: To study the method of genome and amino acid sequences through UCSC Genome Browser.
Molecular different between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
Prokaryotes are evolutionary precursors to eukaryotes that lack a nucleus. They include organisms like Escherichia coli (E. coli). Prokaryotic cells have various parts like cell walls, plasma membranes, pili, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, these parts are not membrane-bound like organelles in eukaryotes. The prokaryotic DNA exists in a condensed nucleoid region. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides in two.
The document discusses endosymbiotic theory and the evolution of eukaryotic cells. It explains that photosynthesizing cyanobacteria produced oxygen that accumulated in the atmosphere over time. Some prokaryotes survived and adapted to oxygen while others took up residence within larger cells as endosymbionts, providing nutrients and shelter. This led to the distinct features of eukaryotic cells through mergers of the smaller prokaryotes and host cells. Later, photosynthetic eukaryotes were engulfed by other eukaryotes in secondary endosymbiosis events, as evidenced in algae with vestigial nuclei. There is overwhelming evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved in
- Molecular genetics deals with the structure, composition, function, and replication of chromosomes and genes, which represent genetic material like DNA and RNA.
- Important early scientists who contributed to the field include Mendel, Meischer, Waldeyer, Beadle and Tatum, Hershey and Chase, Watson and Crick, and others.
- Genetic material in organisms must be able to replicate with high fidelity, express itself, store variable information, and allow for low frequency genetic variation through mutation. DNA and RNA were discovered as the main genetic materials.
This document discusses the structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes the organelles found in eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles and cytoskeleton. It also discusses transport mechanisms across cell membranes including passive transport processes like diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport processes that require ATP.
This document contains 50 multiple choice questions about biology and cell structure. The questions cover topics like the discovery of cells, components of plant and animal cells, cell organelles and their functions, cell membrane structure and function, mitosis and meiosis. An answer key is provided at the end of the document with the correct response for each question numbered 1-50.
Prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles and have simpler structures compared to eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-enclosed organelles that carry out specialized functions, including the nucleus which directs cell activities, mitochondria which generate energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vacuoles which help transport and process materials. Plant cells additionally contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a cell wall for protection.
This document provides background information on human chromosome analysis and describes a laboratory exercise for students to learn techniques for analyzing human chromosomes. The exercise is divided into two sessions: the first focuses on staining techniques to identify chromosomes, and the second has students practice karyotyping using a dichotomous key. The document provides extensive background on human cytogenetics, chromosome structure, banding patterns, and nomenclature to help students understand and complete the laboratory activities.
The cell is the basic unit of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells, which are simpler and found in single-celled organisms like bacteria, and eukaryotic cells, which are larger and more complex and found in organisms like plants and animals. All cells contain DNA, cytoplasm and organelles that perform essential functions. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits, while organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts have specialized roles like housing DNA and generating energy.
This document summarizes recent research on the malaria parasite's liver infection stage. Key findings include:
1) Parasite sporozoites can traverse and wound liver cells before invading a hepatocyte and forming a parasitophorous vacuole to develop into liver stages.
2) Traversal may activate secretions needed for invasion or signal nearby cells to allow infection, though mutant studies found traversal is not required for infection.
3) The host hepatocyte protein CD81 appears necessary for productive infection and formation of the parasitophorous vacuole.
4) As liver stages develop, the parasite remodels the host cell and inhibits apoptosis, growing large enough to emerge from the cell
ISEV2014 - Introduction to EV biogenesis and secretion (C. Thery)andyfhill
Slides from ISEV2014 presentation. Introduction to Extracellular Vesicle biogenesis and secretion presented by Clotilde Thery.
For more information go to www.isev.org
1. The document outlines key concepts from Chapter 6 on cells, including the importance of cells as the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
2. It describes the tools used to study cells, including light microscopes, electron microscopes, and cell fractionation techniques. These allow observation and analysis of cellular structures down to the organelle level.
3. The document compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells are generally larger and have internal membranes that compartmentalize functions, while prokaryotic cells do not.
The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence the entire human genome. Over a decade, more than 1,100 scientists from around the world collaborated to decode over 3 billion letters of genetic code. This provided insights into human development and held promise to discover the genetic causes of diseases and develop new treatments. However, the project also raised ethical issues such as potential for genetic discrimination and "designer babies".
IB Biology 1.2 Slides: Ultrastructure of CellsJacob Cedarbaum
Electron microscopes have much higher resolution than light microscopes due to the shorter wavelengths of electron beams. Prokaryotes like E. coli have a simple cell structure without compartments, containing a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, nucleoid, cytoplasm and other structures. They divide via binary fission. Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. Organelles in specialized cells like pancreatic and leaf cells are adapted for their functions like enzyme secretion and photosynthesis.
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts about cells. It begins by defining a cell and describing the main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. It then discusses the main components of cells, including the cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, cell wall, extracellular matrix, and cell junctions. For each topic, it provides brief explanations and examples. Interactive questions are included throughout to test understanding. The goal is to introduce the fundamental building blocks and structures that make up prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
This document discusses the key concepts of life and living processes. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and describes the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The main components of cells are then outlined, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. The seven main life processes that characterize living things are identified as movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, excretion, reproduction, and nutrition.
Webinar_Exosome Isolation and Monitoring- from cell culture to clinically rel...Ketil Winther Pedersen
1. This webinar discusses methods for isolating and analyzing exosomes directly from cell culture media and urine using magnetic bead capture with Dynabeads.
2. Direct capture of exosomes with magnetic beads is recommended for monitoring exosome production during cell culture, analysis of limited sample volumes, simplified workflow, and compatibility with downstream applications like flow cytometry and western blotting.
3. Pre-enrichment methods like ultracentrifugation may be needed for samples with low exosome concentrations but yield less sample and are more complex, while direct capture is shown to work well for cell culture media and urine samples.
The exosomes isolated from serum of patients with systemic sclerosis contained higher levels of profibrotic miRNAs and lower levels of antifibrotic miRNAs compared to exosomes from healthy individuals. When applied to normal dermal fibroblasts in culture, the scleroderma patient exosomes stimulated the expression of profibrotic genes, mimicking the phenotype of scleroderma fibroblasts. This effect was partially reduced when the exosomes were pre-treated to degrade either the RNA or protein content, indicating both components contribute to the exosomes' ability to induce a profibrotic phenotype in target cells and suggesting a potential mechanism for the transmission and progression of fibrosis in scleroderma.
IB Biology Core 2.2: Prokaryotic Cells Jason de Nys
The document provides information about the structure and functions of prokaryotic cells, specifically E. coli, including:
- A labeled diagram showing structures like flagella, capsule, nucleoid, plasmids, cell membrane, cell wall, and ribosomes.
- Descriptions of each structure's function.
- Examples of identifying structures in electron micrographs and stating that prokaryotes divide through binary fission.
The document provides information about cytology and cell physiology. It begins by defining cytology as the study of cells and cell physiology as the study of cellular mechanisms and interactions. It then discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler, lacking membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are more complex with organelles that carry out specialized functions within membrane compartments. The document also summarizes the cell theory that cells are the basic unit of life and arise from preexisting cells.
Prokaryotes are evolutionary precursors to eukaryotes that lack a nucleus. They include organisms like Escherichia coli (E. coli). Prokaryotic cells have various parts like cell walls, plasma membranes, pili, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, these parts are not membrane-bound like organelles in eukaryotes. The prokaryotic DNA exists in a condensed nucleoid region. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides in two.
The document discusses endosymbiotic theory and the evolution of eukaryotic cells. It explains that photosynthesizing cyanobacteria produced oxygen that accumulated in the atmosphere over time. Some prokaryotes survived and adapted to oxygen while others took up residence within larger cells as endosymbionts, providing nutrients and shelter. This led to the distinct features of eukaryotic cells through mergers of the smaller prokaryotes and host cells. Later, photosynthetic eukaryotes were engulfed by other eukaryotes in secondary endosymbiosis events, as evidenced in algae with vestigial nuclei. There is overwhelming evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved in
- Molecular genetics deals with the structure, composition, function, and replication of chromosomes and genes, which represent genetic material like DNA and RNA.
- Important early scientists who contributed to the field include Mendel, Meischer, Waldeyer, Beadle and Tatum, Hershey and Chase, Watson and Crick, and others.
- Genetic material in organisms must be able to replicate with high fidelity, express itself, store variable information, and allow for low frequency genetic variation through mutation. DNA and RNA were discovered as the main genetic materials.
This document discusses the structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes the organelles found in eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles and cytoskeleton. It also discusses transport mechanisms across cell membranes including passive transport processes like diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport processes that require ATP.
This document contains 50 multiple choice questions about biology and cell structure. The questions cover topics like the discovery of cells, components of plant and animal cells, cell organelles and their functions, cell membrane structure and function, mitosis and meiosis. An answer key is provided at the end of the document with the correct response for each question numbered 1-50.
Prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles and have simpler structures compared to eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-enclosed organelles that carry out specialized functions, including the nucleus which directs cell activities, mitochondria which generate energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vacuoles which help transport and process materials. Plant cells additionally contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a cell wall for protection.
This document provides background information on human chromosome analysis and describes a laboratory exercise for students to learn techniques for analyzing human chromosomes. The exercise is divided into two sessions: the first focuses on staining techniques to identify chromosomes, and the second has students practice karyotyping using a dichotomous key. The document provides extensive background on human cytogenetics, chromosome structure, banding patterns, and nomenclature to help students understand and complete the laboratory activities.
The cell is the basic unit of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells, which are simpler and found in single-celled organisms like bacteria, and eukaryotic cells, which are larger and more complex and found in organisms like plants and animals. All cells contain DNA, cytoplasm and organelles that perform essential functions. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits, while organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts have specialized roles like housing DNA and generating energy.
This document summarizes recent research on the malaria parasite's liver infection stage. Key findings include:
1) Parasite sporozoites can traverse and wound liver cells before invading a hepatocyte and forming a parasitophorous vacuole to develop into liver stages.
2) Traversal may activate secretions needed for invasion or signal nearby cells to allow infection, though mutant studies found traversal is not required for infection.
3) The host hepatocyte protein CD81 appears necessary for productive infection and formation of the parasitophorous vacuole.
4) As liver stages develop, the parasite remodels the host cell and inhibits apoptosis, growing large enough to emerge from the cell
ISEV2014 - Introduction to EV biogenesis and secretion (C. Thery)andyfhill
Slides from ISEV2014 presentation. Introduction to Extracellular Vesicle biogenesis and secretion presented by Clotilde Thery.
For more information go to www.isev.org
1. The document outlines key concepts from Chapter 6 on cells, including the importance of cells as the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
2. It describes the tools used to study cells, including light microscopes, electron microscopes, and cell fractionation techniques. These allow observation and analysis of cellular structures down to the organelle level.
3. The document compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells are generally larger and have internal membranes that compartmentalize functions, while prokaryotic cells do not.
The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence the entire human genome. Over a decade, more than 1,100 scientists from around the world collaborated to decode over 3 billion letters of genetic code. This provided insights into human development and held promise to discover the genetic causes of diseases and develop new treatments. However, the project also raised ethical issues such as potential for genetic discrimination and "designer babies".
IB Biology 1.2 Slides: Ultrastructure of CellsJacob Cedarbaum
Electron microscopes have much higher resolution than light microscopes due to the shorter wavelengths of electron beams. Prokaryotes like E. coli have a simple cell structure without compartments, containing a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, nucleoid, cytoplasm and other structures. They divide via binary fission. Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. Organelles in specialized cells like pancreatic and leaf cells are adapted for their functions like enzyme secretion and photosynthesis.
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts about cells. It begins by defining a cell and describing the main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. It then discusses the main components of cells, including the cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, cell wall, extracellular matrix, and cell junctions. For each topic, it provides brief explanations and examples. Interactive questions are included throughout to test understanding. The goal is to introduce the fundamental building blocks and structures that make up prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
This document discusses the key concepts of life and living processes. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and describes the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The main components of cells are then outlined, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. The seven main life processes that characterize living things are identified as movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, excretion, reproduction, and nutrition.
Webinar_Exosome Isolation and Monitoring- from cell culture to clinically rel...Ketil Winther Pedersen
1. This webinar discusses methods for isolating and analyzing exosomes directly from cell culture media and urine using magnetic bead capture with Dynabeads.
2. Direct capture of exosomes with magnetic beads is recommended for monitoring exosome production during cell culture, analysis of limited sample volumes, simplified workflow, and compatibility with downstream applications like flow cytometry and western blotting.
3. Pre-enrichment methods like ultracentrifugation may be needed for samples with low exosome concentrations but yield less sample and are more complex, while direct capture is shown to work well for cell culture media and urine samples.
The exosomes isolated from serum of patients with systemic sclerosis contained higher levels of profibrotic miRNAs and lower levels of antifibrotic miRNAs compared to exosomes from healthy individuals. When applied to normal dermal fibroblasts in culture, the scleroderma patient exosomes stimulated the expression of profibrotic genes, mimicking the phenotype of scleroderma fibroblasts. This effect was partially reduced when the exosomes were pre-treated to degrade either the RNA or protein content, indicating both components contribute to the exosomes' ability to induce a profibrotic phenotype in target cells and suggesting a potential mechanism for the transmission and progression of fibrosis in scleroderma.
IB Biology Core 2.2: Prokaryotic Cells Jason de Nys
The document provides information about the structure and functions of prokaryotic cells, specifically E. coli, including:
- A labeled diagram showing structures like flagella, capsule, nucleoid, plasmids, cell membrane, cell wall, and ribosomes.
- Descriptions of each structure's function.
- Examples of identifying structures in electron micrographs and stating that prokaryotes divide through binary fission.
The document provides information about cytology and cell physiology. It begins by defining cytology as the study of cells and cell physiology as the study of cellular mechanisms and interactions. It then discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler, lacking membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are more complex with organelles that carry out specialized functions within membrane compartments. The document also summarizes the cell theory that cells are the basic unit of life and arise from preexisting cells.
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name Page 1 This test is .docxtidwellveronique
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 1
This test is to be completed on your own, the essay sections should not be the same as anyone else’s
(word for word) If that is what I find you both will receive 0 for this test.
Structure/Function Cell Part
1) Stores material within the cell (General)
2) The sites of protein synthesis
3) Transports materials within the cell
4) Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a
eukaryotic cell
5) Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading
viruses or bacteria
6) Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum
7) Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products
8) Produces a usable form of energy for the cell
9) Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
10) The membrane surrounding the cell
11) Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
12) Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell
13) Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 2
1) In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?
2) Name two storage organelles?
3) What is the list of organelles that take part in protein synthesis?
4) How is the nucleus involved in protein synthesis?
5) What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER? What is the ER doing that is
different in each case?
6) What are lysosomes? What types of molecules would be found inside a lysosome?
7) Why might a lysosome fuse with or link up with a food vacuole?
8) In what organelle do molecules move from the ER to the Golgi bodies?
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 3
9) The pH of lysosomes is lower than that of the cytosol because of the action of
A. Na+ and OH− transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane
B. H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the plasma membrane
C. acid-producing enzymes in the lysosomal lumen
D. H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane
10) The phenomenon in which a chemical absorbs light at one wavelength and emits it at a specific
and longer wavelength is called
A. Differential interference contrast.
B. fluorescence.
C. deconvolution.
D. shadowing.
11) Which of the following could be used to visualize subcellular structure in living cells?
A. transmission electron microscopy
B. scanning electron microscopy
C. bright field microscopy
D. differential Fluorescence interference light microscopy
12) If a cellular homogenate were subjected to differential centrifugation, which of the following
would be expected to pellet first?
A. the endoplasmic reticulum
B. mitochondria
C. the cytosol
D. nuclei
Cell Physiology Spring 2016 Name:
Page 4
13) The disruption of a cell is necessary to release its organelles and contents for subsequent
isolation. One method, called _________________________________, uses ultrahigh-
...
This document discusses cell biology topics including:
1. Cellular structure and function, focusing on cell membrane and organelles.
2. Key concepts such as the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and lipid raft model.
3. Experimental techniques used to study cell membranes and organelles, including fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and cell fractionation methods.
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function at different levels of magnification. It discusses how microscopes are used to visualize cells and cellular structures. Key organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes are examined. The roles of the plasma membrane, endomembrane system, and genetic material housed in the nucleus are also summarized. Cell fractionation techniques are described which separate cell components based on size and density to isolate organelles for further study.
The document discusses cell structure and function. It describes the key components of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and ribosomes. It explains their structures and functions, as well as how proteins are transported within cells through the ER and Golgi apparatus. It also compares and contrasts plant and animal cells.
Cells are the basic unit of life and come in two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack these structures. Microscopy techniques like light, fluorescence, electron, and confocal microscopy are used to study cell structures. Key cellular components include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes, and in plant cells, a cell wall. These structures work together to carry out essential functions and maintain cell homeostasis.
The document summarizes key properties and structures of cells. It discusses that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and some of the major organelles in plant and animal cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, cytoskeleton etc. It explains their functions and importance for cellular processes.
This document provides an overview and study guide for chapters in a cell biology textbook. It includes 20 objective questions for Chapter 7/6 on cell structure and organelles. Key terms are defined for each chapter, including terms like organelle, cytoskeleton, and membrane potential. The document also includes objective questions and key terms for additional chapters on topics like membrane structure, cell communication, the cell cycle, cancer biology, and protistan diversity.
The document contains information about the key topics in Life Science and the number of hours and items allocated to assess each topic. It includes a table that lists the 7 major topics of Life Science, the number and percentage of total hours allocated to each, and the number of assessment items for each topic. It also includes a similar table for the key topics in Philippine Politics and Governance.
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function at multiple levels of organization. It discusses that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. It then describes several organelles and structures within plant and animal cells and their specific functions, including the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, and cell wall in plant cells. Advanced microscopy techniques are also summarized that allow visualization of cellular structures at different magnifications.
This paper explores how the adaptability of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion behavior can be assessed through a movement-based assay. This assay is set up with a series of sinusoidal microchannels, featuring a fixed wavelength and modulating amplitude. These channels are comparable to the body diameter of the organism, and worms are allowed to travel from the input port to the output port. In regions that closely fit the worms' natural undulations, progress is quick and steady. As the channel amplitude changes along the device, the worm struggles to generate propulsive force, slows down, and eventually is unable to move forward. An array of locomotion parameters (average forward velocity, number and duration of pauses, range of contact angle, and cut-off region) are generated from the recorded videos to measure how the worm moves in the modulated sinusoidal channels. The device is tested on wild-type (N2) and two mutant (lev-8 and unc-38) C. elegans. We suggest that this passive, movement-based assay can be used to differentiate between nematodes with distinct locomotion phenotypes.
BSC1005 Biology General Chapter 6 1 Chapter 6 Cel.docxAASTHA76
BSC1005 Biology General
Chapter 6
1
Chapter 6: Cell Energy, Transport and Enzymes
1) Many of the enzymes that control a deep-sea firefly squid's ability to produce light energy from chemical energy are located
A) in membranes.
B) in the nucleus.
C) within chloroplasts.
D) outside of cells.
E) within mitochondria.
2) The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of
A) a phospholipid bilayer with embedded carbohydrates.
B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them.
C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids.
D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane.
E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer.
3) Membrane phospholipids
A) have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water.
B) have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water.
C) often have "kinks" in their tails caused by the presence of a double bond between carbons.
D) remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another.
E) form impermeable layers for cells.
4) The cholesterol associated with animal cell membranes
A) is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell.
B) helps to stabilize the cell membrane at body temperature.
C) makes the cell membrane fluid at room temperature.
D) is an abnormality resulting from a diet high in cholesterol.
E) helps solidify the membranes when the room temperature is below freezing.
5) A major function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane is to
A) glue cells together to form tissues.
B) allow the cells of an embryo to sort themselves into tissues and organs.
C) attach the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton.
D) help the cell resist swelling.
E) help the cell retain its shape.
6) When physicians perform an organ transplant, they choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as
possible. Which of the following cell components are being matched?
A) plasma membrane phospholipids
B) plasma membrane proteins
C) cell-surface carbohydrates
D) plasma membrane cholesterols
E) cytoskeletal elements
7) Most of the functions of a cell membrane are performed by
A) glycolipids.
B) proteins.
C) phospholipids.
D) cholesterol.
E) nucleotides.
BSC1005 Biology General
Chapter 6
2
9) Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called
A) signal transduction.
B) inhibition.
C) competition.
D) self-recognition.
E) selective permeability.
10) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that
A) anything can pass into or out of a cell as long as the membrane is intact and the cell is healthy.
B) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others.
C) glucose cannot ...
The document discusses cell structure and compares typical animal and plant cells. It explains different microscopy techniques used to study cells, such as light and electron microscopy. Key cellular structures are described for both animal and plant cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and more. The sizes and functions of organelles are also summarized. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are introduced and compared to eukaryotic cells. Viruses are also briefly described.
Cell and Cellular Process - The Unit of LifeEneutron
1. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
2. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack a nucleus, and contain DNA that is not enclosed within a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a well-defined nucleus that contains DNA, and contain membrane-bound organelles.
3. The plasma membrane surrounds cells using the fluid mosaic model - a lipid bilayer with embedded and peripheral proteins that gives the membrane a fluid nature allowing lateral movement.
The document provides an overview of protists, which are a diverse group of mostly single-celled eukaryotes. Protists exhibit a wide range in nutrition, habitats, reproduction strategies, and cellular structures. Key points include:
- Protists show extreme diversity and are no longer classified together in one kingdom.
- They include photosynthetic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic organisms inhabiting both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
- Many protist lineages evolved through endosymbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria or algae. This contributed significantly to their diversity.
- Different protist groups have modified or reduced mitochondria, distinctive flagellar structures, membrane-bound sacs
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology. It defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It describes some of the major discoveries in cell theory and outlines the basic structures of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles. It also discusses cell size, types of cells (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic), and methods of transport across the cell membrane.
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The three main points are:
1. Somatosensory stimulation of rats elicits characteristic responses in the stratum lacunosum moleculare and molecular layer of the dorsal hippocampus.
2. Current source density analysis confirmed sinks associated with these responses overlap with those produced by perforant path activation.
3. Somatosensory stimulation increases multi-unit firing in the dentate gyrus but predominately inhibits firing in CA1. Single-cell recordings show different modulation of firing rates depending on location in CA1 versus dentate gyrus.
This document contains a biology exam with multiple choice questions testing knowledge of cell structure and function. It includes questions about:
- Striated muscle cells and exceptions to the cell theory
- How stem cells can help treat Stargardt's disease
- Identifying organelles such as mitochondria in electron micrographs
- Where 70S ribosomes are located and membrane protein functions
- Osmosis and the effects of solutions of different salt concentrations on cells
- Types of cellular movement such as facilitated diffusion and active transport
- Cell division processes like mitosis and cytokinesis
- Evidence for the endosymbiotic theory from mitochondrial DNA
- Key aspects of the cell theory including that cells come from pre-
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things and new cells are produced from existing cells through cell division.
- There are two main types of cells - prokaryotes which lack a nucleus and eukaryotes which have a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Both plant and animal cells contain specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions to keep the cell alive.
Similar to Sci access 14th : Biology review part 1 (20)
This document provides definitions for 1000 common SAT words beginning with A. Each word is followed by its part of speech, definition, and an example sentence using the word. Some of the words defined include abase (to humiliate), abate (to reduce), abduct (to kidnap), aberration (something abnormal), and abdicate (to give up a position of power).
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
13. Microsco
pe
A. Compound light microscope
B.
Stereoscopic microscope
C. Scanning electron microscope
D.
A
Transmission electron microscope
D
2)
microtubule
cilia …………
C
3)
B
5)
inner membrane
Mitochondria…………
6)
Penetration
7)
8)
A
C
Plasmolysis
D
D
Bacteriophage
A
B
90. Membrane
transportation
A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitate diffusion
C.
Osmosis
D. Active transport
E. Phagocytosis
F. pinocytosis
G. ReceptorA
……..
Mediated Endocytosis
Parietal cell
B
D
B
B
E
D
C
G
…….. 7)
F
…….. 8)
Ca2+
SER
macrophage
Na+ - K+
envelope
92. Cell Division
Mito 2
n
sis
2
Meio n
1)
(Karyokinesis)
sis
2)
(Cytokinesis)
Diploid vs
Dipl
Monoploid
oid
“2
n”
Mono
ploid
“n
”
Homologous chromosome
2
n
n
,
n
n
93. Cell Division
Cell cycle
1) Interphase
G1
S
G2
2) M Phase
Prop
hase
Meta
phase
Anaph
ase
Telop
hase
Cytoki
nesis
154. Electron
transport chain
Complex I : NADH dehydrogenase
Complex II : Succinate dehydrogenase
Complex III : Coenzyme Q – Cytochrome C oxidoreducta
Complex IV : Cytochrome C oxidase
169. Introduction to
photosynthesis
1. Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction :
ATP
NADPH
2. Dark Reaction Hor Light Independent Reaction :
CO2
2O
Light
1 Light Reacti
ATP
NADPH
1
2 Dark Reacti
2
ADP + pi
NADP+
O2
sugar
177. Calvin’s cycle 3 x CO2 c
1
3 x carbon
Rubisco
c c c P c c c
i
18 x carbon
6 x PGA
P
i
c c c c c
15 x carbon
3x
3x ADP + 2x
RuBP 6 x Pi
P
i
Pi 3 x
P
ATPc
i
P
i
3
c c
5x
PGAL
P
i c c c
1 x PGAL
3(production)
x carbon
15 x carbon
5 x Pi
6 x ATP
2
6 x ADP
P
i
c c c
P
i
6x
18 x carbon
12 x Pi
bisphosphoglyceric
P
6 x NADPH
2
i 6 xPi
acid
P
i
1 x Pi
6x
c c c
6x
18 x carbon
6 x NADP+
6 x Pi
187. C4 pathway
CO2 c
PEP
ase
p
i
c c c
p
i
PEP (3C)
AMP +
ppi
ATP +
ppi
“Hatch and Slack pa
c c c c
OAA (4C)
c c c c
Malic
acid (4C)
meso
phyl
l
c c c
pyruvic acid
(3C)
c CO
2
Calvin’s
cycle
Bundle
sheath
211. Animal Physiolo
:
(
“-”
Intracellular membrane membrane
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Intracellular membrane membrane
Intracellular membrane membrane
Cell
Cell
B
Body surface ody surface Incomplete Both
Body surface
Protonephridia
Incomplete Both
Metanephridia
Close
Body
Complete Extracellular surface
Open
Complete Extracellularill
Kidneys
G
-