Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles and have simpler structures compared to eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-enclosed organelles that carry out specialized functions, including the nucleus which directs cell activities, mitochondria which generate energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vacuoles which help transport and process materials. Plant cells additionally contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a cell wall for protection.
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The document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells were the earliest life forms on Earth and lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Eukaryotic cells are more complex, with organelles enclosed in membranes and linear DNA contained within a nucleus. While prokaryotes can only be unicellular, eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular.
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Cells are the basic unit of life that arise from other cells. They contain organelles that carry out cellular processes. There are similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Both have DNA, plasma membranes, and cytoplasm but prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler while eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, having a nucleus containing membrane-bound DNA.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus, such as bacteria. They are very small, have one circular DNA strand, and are found in many environments. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles. They include plant cells, which have chloroplasts and a cell wall with cellulose, and animal cells, which have lysosomes and motility. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.
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This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells, such as those found in bacteria, lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. In contrast, eukaryotic cells, which make up plants and animals, have a well-defined nucleus enclosed in a membrane and various membrane-bound organelles. The document also notes that prokaryotes have circular DNA floating in the cytoplasm while eukaryotes have linear DNA enclosed within the nucleus.
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Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are evolutionary precursors to eukaryotes that lack a nucleus. They include organisms like Escherichia coli (E. coli). Prokaryotic cells have various parts like cell walls, plasma membranes, pili, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, these parts are not membrane-bound like organelles in eukaryotes. The prokaryotic DNA exists in a condensed nucleoid region. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides in two.
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This chapter discusses bacteria and their characteristics. It describes the three main types of bacteria - Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and Monera. Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that can be identified by their shape, cell walls, and ability to move. They obtain energy through different metabolic processes and reproduce through binary fission or genetic exchange. Bacteria play important ecological roles in decomposition and nitrogen fixation, and have many applications in food production, industry, medicine, and maintaining human health.
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This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It notes that prokaryotes are simpler cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, having only a cell membrane and cell wall. In contrast, eukaryotes are more complex cells that have a nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles to carry out specialized functions. Examples given are that all bacteria are prokaryotes, while plants and animals are eukaryotes. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are surrounded by a cell membrane and contain DNA.
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This document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are small and simple, lacking membrane-bound organelles and having DNA in a single loop. They include bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, containing a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles, with linear DNA. Eukaryotic cells can be plant, animal, protist or fungal cells.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that are classified as bacteria or archaea. They vary greatly in size, shape, movement, nutrition, and metabolism. Prokaryotes play important roles in the living world as decomposers, producers, and nitrogen fixers, recycling nutrients and producing food and biomass that supports food chains. They are ecologically important due to their diversity and roles in ecosystems.
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This document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes like bacteria have circular DNA not enclosed in a nucleus, lack membrane-bound organelles, and divide through binary fission. Eukaryotes have DNA within a nucleus, several membrane-bound organelles, and divide through mitosis. Prokaryotes come in coccus, bacillus, and spiral shapes and have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Eukaryotes possess flagella, cilia, and internal structures like the cytoskeleton, nucleus, and mitochondria. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes living together.
Prokaryotic cell vs eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack membrane-bound organelles, and have a single circular chromosome. In contrast, eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus surrounded by a double membrane, and multiple linear or circular chromosomes. The key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are their size, presence of membrane-bound organelles, number and structure of chromosomes.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic cells are simple and lack a nucleus. They come in three shapes - spiral, oval, and round. Prokaryotes use flagella and cilia to move. Flagella are long whip-like structures and cilia are tiny hair-like structures that prokaryotes use for movement. All bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
2.2 prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells like E. coli have a simple structure without membrane-bound organelles. They have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region containing naked DNA. Each of these structures serves important functions - the cell wall provides structure, the plasma membrane controls substance transfer, pili allow adhesion, flagella provide locomotion, ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the nucleoid stores genetic information. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Bacterial Physiology and genetics
Bacterial physiology and genetics can be summarized as follows:
1. Bacterial physiology refers to the biochemical reactions that enable bacteria to live, grow and reproduce. Important factors for bacterial growth include nutrients, temperature, pH, and oxygen requirements.
2. Bacteria grow through a lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase. The log phase is when rapid, exponential growth occurs through binary fission.
3. Bacterial genetics involves the study of heredity and variation in bacteria. Genetic information is contained in bacterial chromosomes and plasmids, and can be transferred between bacteria through transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells contain several organelles that perform essential functions. The cell wall provides structural support to plant and fungal cells and is made of cellulose or chitin. The cell membrane forms a protective barrier around the cell and is composed of lipids and proteins that regulate what enters and exits the cell. Within the cell is the nucleus that houses the cell's DNA, as well as other organelles like mitochondria that generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes proteins and lipids, and ribosomes that produce proteins using instructions from DNA.
Physiology of bacteria
The document discusses the growth and nutrition requirements of bacteria. It states that bacteria require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and various minerals to grow. It describes the different environmental factors that affect bacterial growth such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure and light exposure. It also explains the bacterial growth curve and the different phases of bacterial growth: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase and death phase.
2. prokaryotes and their structure
- Prokaryotic cells have a simple structure without internal compartments, while eukaryotic cells have organelles surrounded by membranes.
- The two main types of cells are prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler and were the first life forms on Earth. They lack internal membranes.
- Key structures of prokaryotic cells include the cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and nucleoid region containing DNA. Some bacteria also have flagella, pili, or plasmids. They divide through binary fission.
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that contain membrane-bound nuclei. The document discusses eukaryotic cells, noting that animal and plant cells differ. It includes an electron microscope image of a liver cell and asks the reader to identify structures and calculate the magnification and maximum diameter of the nucleus. It also provides links for more resources and information about making donations to the Biology4Good charity.
Biochemical test of bacteria
The document provides instructions for performing several microbiological tests, including sugar fermentation tests, indole production, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate utilization, nitrate reduction, urease, triple sugar iron, oxidase, catalase, amylase, and lipase. It explains the principles, expected results, and interpretations for each test. The tests can be used to differentiate bacterial species and determine their metabolic abilities.
Bacteria Power Point
Bacteria are very small, ranging from 0.2 to 10 micrometers in size. They have no nucleus or internal compartments and exist as single-celled organisms containing DNA and various cellular structures. Bacteria come in different shapes that aid in their identification, such as rods (bacilli), spirals (spirilla), and spheres (cocci). They can reproduce through binary fission and transfer genetic information between each other. Bacteria play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers, symbionts, and agents of disease.
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The cell is the basic unit of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells, which are simpler and found in single-celled organisms like bacteria, and eukaryotic cells, which are larger and more complex and found in organisms like plants and animals. All cells contain DNA, cytoplasm and organelles that perform essential functions. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits, while organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts have specialized roles like housing DNA and generating energy.
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Cell
The document summarizes key information about cells. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and describes the two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are usually single-celled bacteria that lack complex internal structures, while eukaryotic cells can be single or multicellular and contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. The document then provides more details on the anatomy and structures found within and outside these cell types.
Eukaryotic And Prokaryotic Of Cells
There are two major types of cells - eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts which are surrounded by membranes. They have a more complex structure than prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a nucleus or organelles, and their DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus. While they differ in their complexity, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells share some basic components like the cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without membrane-bound organelles that include bacteria and archaea. They have distinct characteristics like DNA that is not enclosed in a nucleus, lack of histones, and cell sizes typically between 1-5 micrometers. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission and have various internal structures like ribosomes, cytoplasmic membrane, and nucleoid containing DNA. They also have external structures such as flagella, pili, and capsules that provide motility and attachment abilities. The cell wall and plasma membrane serve as protective barriers around the cell.
Presentation 3
This document provides an overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It discusses the key differences between their cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles. It also describes the various shapes found in prokaryotes such as cocci, bacilli, spirals and spirochetes. Additionally, it outlines the external structures found in prokaryotic cells including the glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae and pili.
general microbiology- prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
This document discusses and compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It notes that microorganisms were originally classified under the plant and animal kingdoms but are now divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes include bacteria and blue-green algae and are microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound structures. Eukaryotes include fungi, algae, slime molds and protozoa and have internal membrane-bound organelles and are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotes. The key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are also summarized.
Cell structures, cell theory, biological diversity
This document provides an overview of cell structures and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It begins with an introduction to cells as the basic units of life and defines prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The main body compares characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells such as cell size, presence of organelles, genetic material, and mode of division. It then describes the basic structures of plant and animal cells including cell membranes, cell walls, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and nuclei.
L-5 Fundamental unit of life.pptx
1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms.
2. Cells contain organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions like protein production, energy generation, waste disposal, and more.
3. The plasma membrane forms the barrier between the cell's interior and its external environment, and regulates what enters and exits the cell.
20 surprising differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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An Introduction Of Cell Biology
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An Introduction Of Cell Biology
Introduction to Cell Biology
A Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism and consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane
A Prokaryotic Cell are cells without a membrane bound nucleus. An example of a prokaryotic cell is bacteria.
A Eukaryotic Cell does have a membrane bound nucleus, making it different from a Prokaryotic Cell. The Nucleus contains genetic material and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope. An example is an animal cell.
Both types of cells contain organelles, each with a specific function. Plant and animals cells both contain a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria. What defines the two cells is the plant cell also contains a rigid cell wall, a permanent vacuole and chloroplasts. The Nucleus contains genetic material and controls how the cell operates. The Cell surface membrane, or plasma, surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves. Membranes are said to divide up the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The Cytoskeleton, which is made up of microtubules and microfilaments, moves the cytoplasm during cell migrations. Mitochondria is where aerobic respiration is performed. Protein synthesis happens in the Ribosomes. In terms of the plant cell, the Rigid Cell Wall strengthens the cell and helps maintain the structure. The Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light for a plant to perform photosynthesis. The Permanent Vacuole is filled with sap and keeps the cell turgid.
A Eukaryotic cell has
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Cell :- detailed about cell and their constituent.
A cell is a mass of cytoplasm that is bound externally by a cell membrane. Usually microscopic in size, cells are the smallest structural units of living matter and compose all living things. Most cells have one or more nuclei and other organelles that carry out a variety of tasks
Chapter 7 cells power point student version
The document summarizes key concepts about cell structure and function from Chapter 7 of a biology textbook. It begins by describing the early discoveries of cells in the 1600s by Hooke and Leeuwenhoek. It then outlines the Cell Theory developed in the 1830s-1850s. The rest of the document details the structures and functions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, including organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell membrane. It explains cellular processes like diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport across the cell membrane.
7-2: Eukaryotic Cell Structure
This document provides an overview of cell structure and organelles for a biology class. It begins by defining organelles as specialized structures that perform important functions within eukaryotic cells. It then proceeds to describe the key organelles found in plant and animal cells, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell membrane. The document emphasizes that plant cells contain additional structures like a cell wall and central vacuole that are absent from animal cells.
Organelles
The document summarizes the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells. It describes 10 organelles: the nucleus, which controls the cell and contains DNA; ribosomes, which synthesize proteins; the endoplasmic reticulum, which helps produce cell membranes; the Golgi apparatus, which modifies and packages molecules; lysosomes, which digest materials; vacuoles, which store water and nutrients in plant cells; mitochondria, which generate energy; chloroplasts, which capture sunlight for photosynthesis in plant cells; the cytoskeleton, made of microfilaments and microtubules that support the cell; and centrioles, which help with cell division. It concludes by contrasting typical characteristics of plant and animal cells
Structure of a cell
The cell is the basic unit of life. It contains genetic material, cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane, and various organelles that perform essential functions. Cells can be either prokaryotic (lacking organelles) or eukaryotic (containing organelles like the nucleus). The basic components of cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material like DNA and RNA, and organelles. These components work together to carry out life's processes.
Bacteria Types.ppt
1. The document outlines key discoveries and developments in the understanding of bacterial cell structure from the 17th century to present. It describes the earliest observations of cells using microscopes by Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and Brown.
2. It then summarizes the cell theory developed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838 which stated that all organisms are made of cells.
3. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of bacterial cell structures including cell walls, membranes, flagella, pili, and endospores, and compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Plant cell
The document discusses several key components of cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, vacuoles, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and differences between animal and plant cells. The cell membrane forms the boundary of cells and is selectively permeable. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls gene expression. Vacuoles store waste and maintain pressure. Chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis in plant cells. The cytoplasm and organelles hold cellular structures and mediate metabolic processes.
Animal cell
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells that contain a nucleus which houses DNA. Unlike prokaryotic cells, animal cells contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specialized functions. Organelles in animal cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles. Each organelle performs important roles for normal cell functioning such as transport, metabolism, and waste removal.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Molecular Biology.ppt
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms. Cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles while eukaryotic cells contain organelles enclosed within membranes. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, ribosomes and vacuoles each have specialized functions and allow for compartmentalization of activities within the cell. Cells metabolize nutrients, synthesize proteins and other molecules, respond to stimuli, reproduce and perform many other functions necessary for life.
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- 2. Prokaryotic Cells -Prokaryotes include the kingdoms of Monera (simple bacteria). Simply stated, prokaryotes are molecules surrounded by a membrane and cell wall. Prokaryotic cells lack characteristic eukaryotic subcellular membrane enclosed "organelles", but may contain membrane systems inside a cell wall. -Prokaryotic cells may have photosynthetic pigments, such as is found in cyanobacteria ("blue bacteria"). Some prokaryotic cells have external whip-like flagella for locomotion or hair like pili for adhesion.
- 3. Eukaryotic Cells Basic structure The basic eukaryotic cell contains the following: 1. plasma membrane 2. glycocalyx (components external to the plasma membrane) 3. cytoplasm (semifluid) 4. cytoskeleton - microfilaments and microtubules that suspend organelles, give shape, and allow motion 5. presence of characteristic membrane enclosed subcellular organelles
- 4. Organelles (Parts of the Cell) 1. Cell Membrane Allows certain materials to move into and out of the cell. “GATEKEEPER”
- 5. Nucleus Directs all cell Activities “The Control Center”
- 6. Mitochondria Releases energy stored in food. “Power Plant of the Cell”
- 7. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Moves materials around the cell. “Highway System” Ribosomes Makes Proteins “Protein Factories”
- 8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Synthesis and metabolism of lipids.
- 9. Golgi apparatus Packages & Sorts cellular Substances “PACKAGING PLANT”
- 10. Lysosymes A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading (DIGESTING) proteins and membranes in the cell, and also helps degrade materials ingested by the cell.
- 11. Vacuoles Membrane surrounded "bags" that contain water and storage materials in plant & animal cells.
- 12. Plant Cells Chloroplast: Captures light energy & stores it as chemical. Cell Wall: Protects the Plant