The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology. It defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It describes some of the major discoveries in cell theory and outlines the basic structures of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles. It also discusses cell size, types of cells (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic), and methods of transport across the cell membrane.
The cell (from Latin cellula 'small room') is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Therefore, cells are often described as the "building blocks of life".
For more knowledge about the science related topics please visit my website
Here is my blog web site :
https://upadhyaybiologylearner.blogspot.com
This doc is created by Rehet Kaur Bhatia 8D and It is not for coping.It's made with a lot of patience and hardwork . and In this chapter we will learn about cell
In this presentation, the presenter has described the basics of Cell Biology. The features of a cell, types of cells, functions, components of cells etc. This will be very handy for class 7-9th standard students.
The cell (from Latin cellula 'small room') is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Therefore, cells are often described as the "building blocks of life".
For more knowledge about the science related topics please visit my website
Here is my blog web site :
https://upadhyaybiologylearner.blogspot.com
This doc is created by Rehet Kaur Bhatia 8D and It is not for coping.It's made with a lot of patience and hardwork . and In this chapter we will learn about cell
In this presentation, the presenter has described the basics of Cell Biology. The features of a cell, types of cells, functions, components of cells etc. This will be very handy for class 7-9th standard students.
Life originated from inorganic matter but interaction of these inorganic matter lead to the formation of organic molecules which makes up the life sustaining entity called cell. In this chapter we will study about cell, how it is discovered, cell theory, parts of cell and their functions.
CELL - STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
discovery of cell
cell shape
cell size
cell number
parts of cells
Cells Types
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
Levels of organization of living being
Cell Division And cell Growth
THIS EBOOK WAS PREPARED
AS A PART OF THE COMENIUS PROJECT
WHY MATHS?
by the students and the teachers from:
BERKENBOOM HUMANIORA BOVENBOUW, IN SINT-NIKLAAS
( BELGIUM)
EUREKA SECONDARY SCHOOL IN KELLS (IRELAND)
LICEO CLASSICO STATALE CRISTOFORO COLOMBO IN GENOA (ITALY)
GIMNAZJUM IM. ANNY WAZÓWNY IN GOLUB-DOBRZYŃ (POLAND)
ESCOLA SECUNDARIA COM 3.º CICLO D. MANUEL I IN BEJA (PORTUGAL)
IES ÁLVAREZ CUBERO IN PRIEGO DE CÓRDOBA (SPAIN)
NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 5 | The Fundamental ...Biswarup Majumder
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Biology is available in PDF format which you can download easily. Here is the most accurate and detailed Biology NCERT solutions for Class 9th CBSE textbook for free of cost.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next solution. Thanks.
All living things are made from one or more cells. A cell is the simplest unit of life and they are responsible for keeping an organism alive and functioning. This lesson to cells is the starting point for the area of biology that studies the various types of cells and how they work.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is a Cell?
2) The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell.
3) Cell Theory.
4) Cells - Number, Size, Shape and Function.
5) Structure of a Cell
6) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
7) The Plant and Animal cells.
8) Stem Cells.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Life originated from inorganic matter but interaction of these inorganic matter lead to the formation of organic molecules which makes up the life sustaining entity called cell. In this chapter we will study about cell, how it is discovered, cell theory, parts of cell and their functions.
CELL - STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
discovery of cell
cell shape
cell size
cell number
parts of cells
Cells Types
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
Levels of organization of living being
Cell Division And cell Growth
THIS EBOOK WAS PREPARED
AS A PART OF THE COMENIUS PROJECT
WHY MATHS?
by the students and the teachers from:
BERKENBOOM HUMANIORA BOVENBOUW, IN SINT-NIKLAAS
( BELGIUM)
EUREKA SECONDARY SCHOOL IN KELLS (IRELAND)
LICEO CLASSICO STATALE CRISTOFORO COLOMBO IN GENOA (ITALY)
GIMNAZJUM IM. ANNY WAZÓWNY IN GOLUB-DOBRZYŃ (POLAND)
ESCOLA SECUNDARIA COM 3.º CICLO D. MANUEL I IN BEJA (PORTUGAL)
IES ÁLVAREZ CUBERO IN PRIEGO DE CÓRDOBA (SPAIN)
NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 5 | The Fundamental ...Biswarup Majumder
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Biology is available in PDF format which you can download easily. Here is the most accurate and detailed Biology NCERT solutions for Class 9th CBSE textbook for free of cost.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next solution. Thanks.
All living things are made from one or more cells. A cell is the simplest unit of life and they are responsible for keeping an organism alive and functioning. This lesson to cells is the starting point for the area of biology that studies the various types of cells and how they work.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is a Cell?
2) The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell.
3) Cell Theory.
4) Cells - Number, Size, Shape and Function.
5) Structure of a Cell
6) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
7) The Plant and Animal cells.
8) Stem Cells.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
1. SHIV JYOTI CONVENTSHIV JYOTI CONVENT
SCHOOLSCHOOL
HOME ASSIGNMENT
SCINCESCINCE
TO : Eesha Ma’am
By : Anshul Agrawal
ix - A
2013
2. Chapter – 5Chapter – 5
The Fundamental Unit ofThe Fundamental Unit of
LifeLife
3. Introduction :Introduction :
Cell is a Latin word for a little room.
Cell is the structural and functional unit of life .
“Cell Biology” is the study of cell in all respect of
structure and function .
Cell
4. Discovery of cell :Discovery of cell :
a.Robert Hooke - (1665) observed dead cell which
resembled honeycomb like structures in cork (comes from
bark tree) .He called these boxes cell .
b.Anton Von Leeuwenhoek – (1674)first to observe
living cell in pond water .
c.Robert Brown – (1831) discovered the nucleus .
5. Cell theory :Cell theory :
The “cell theory” was formulated by two German
biologists , M.J.Schleiden in 1838 , a botanist and
T.Schwann , a zoologist in 1839 .
According to them , the cell is the structural and
functional unit of all living beings . The cell theory
was further expanded by virchow .
6. Size of cell :Size of cell :
Normal size in human – 20um to 30um in diameter
Largest cell : In animals – Ostrich egg
In plants – Acetabularia
Longest cell : In animals – Nerve cell
In plants – Hemp fibre
Smallest cell : PPLO - Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism
7. On the basis of numbers of cells , the cellsOn the basis of numbers of cells , the cells
are of three types :are of three types :
a.Unicellular – amoeba , bacteria
b.Multicellular - human beings , plants
c.Acellular - virus
8. Two types of cellTwo types of cell
ProkaryoticProkaryotic
a.a. No organized nucleusNo organized nucleus
b.b. No membrane boundNo membrane bound
organellesorganelles
c.c. Found in bacteria andFound in bacteria and
cyanobacteria .cyanobacteria .
EukaryoticEukaryotic
a.a. Organized nucleusOrganized nucleus
b.b. Membrane boundMembrane bound
organelles such asorganelles such as
Golgi apparatus andGolgi apparatus and
mitochondria .mitochondria .
9. Structure of cell :Structure of cell :
a.Cell membrane
b.Cytoplasm : Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi body
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Vacuole
c.Nucleus
10. Cell membrane or plasma membrane :Cell membrane or plasma membrane :
a. Boundary that separates the living cell from it’s
non-living surroundings.
b. Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in
and out of the cell .
c. Double layer of phospholipids & proteins .
d. Protect cell .
e. Selectively permeable - allows some molecules in
and others are kept out .
11. Methods of Transport Across MembranesMethods of Transport Across Membranes
Diffusion : Movement of molecules from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration
Osmosis : The diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane.
12. Types of OsmosisTypes of Osmosis
Hypotonic SolutionHypotonic Solution - One solution has a lower
concentration of solute than another :- water moves in .
Hypertonic SolutionHypertonic Solution - one solution has a higher
concentra tion of solute than another :- Water moves out.
Isotonic SolutionIsotonic Solution - both solutions have same concentra-
-tion of solute :- water moves back .
13. a. Cell walls are present in plant cells and fungi .
b. They make the cell strong and rigid .
Cell WallCell Wall
c. Supports and protects cell .
d. Surrounds plasma membrane
14. a. Control center of cell
b. Double membrane
c. Contains
a. Chromosomes
b. Nucleolus
NucleusNucleus
a. Separates nucleus from
rest of cell
b. Double membrane
c. Has pores
Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane
15. a. Hereditary material
b. Chromosomes
a. DNA
b. Proteins
c. Chromatin
DNADNA
a. Most cells have 2 or more
b. Directs synthesis of RNA
c. Forms ribosomes
NucleolusNucleolus
16. a. Viscous fluid containing organelles
b. components of cytoplasm
a. Interconnected filaments & fibers
b. Fluid = cytosol
c. Organelles (not nucleus)
d. storage substances
CytoplasmCytoplasm
18. a. Helps move substances within cells
b. Network of interconnected membranes
c. Two types :-
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
a.Ribosomes attached to
surface
b.May modify proteins
from ribosomes
Smooth ER
a.No attached ribosome's
b.Has enzymes that help build
molecules
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
19. a. Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
b. Packaging & shipping station of cell
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Function
a. Molecules come in vesicles from ER
b. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
c. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
d. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
e. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
f. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete
contents
20. a. Lysosomes are vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus.
b. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in
intracellular digestion.
c. Digestion within the cell disposes of worn-out cell parts and is
necessary for cell rejuvenation.
d. Vacuoles (large) and vesicles (small) are membranous sacs in
the cell that store substances.
e. Vacuoles and vesicles can store a variety of substances for the
cell. Anything from water to plant pigments and toxic
substances are stored in these membranous sacs.
Lysosomes and VacuolesLysosomes and Vacuoles
21. a. Have their own DNA
b. Bound by double membrane
c. Also known as Powerhouse of the cell
a. Glucose
b. Fatty acids
d. Release energy
a. ATP
MitochondriaMitochondria
22. a. Chloroplasts are only in plant cells
b. They contain chlorophyll, which helps
make energy/food from sunlight
c. Chlorophyll is green in color.
PlastidsPlastids
Chloroplast :
Chromoplasts : a. Pigment synthesis and storage
b. Chromoplasts are red yellow and
orange in colour
c. Found in petals of flower and fruits
Leucoplast : a. Leucoplasts are colourless or white
plastid .
b. Synthesis of oil and proteins
c. Occur in plant cell not exposed to light .