The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence the entire human genome. Over a decade, more than 1,100 scientists from around the world collaborated to decode over 3 billion letters of genetic code. This provided insights into human development and held promise to discover the genetic causes of diseases and develop new treatments. However, the project also raised ethical issues such as potential for genetic discrimination and "designer babies".
Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Newly hatched larvae are 0.25 millimetres long and adults are 1 millimetre long. Their small size means that the animals are usually observed with either dissecting microscopes, which generally allow up to 100X magnification, or compound microscopes, which allow up to 1000X magnification. Because C. elegans is transparent, individual cells and subcellular details are easily visualized using Nomarski (differential interference contrast, DIC) optics.
C. elegans has a rapid life cycle and exists primarily as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, although males arise at a frequency of <0.2%. These features have helped to make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies. In addition, because the animal has an invariant number of somatic cells, researchers have been able to track the fate of every cell between fertilization and adulthood in live animals and to generate a complete cell lineage. Researchers have also reconstructed the shape of all C. elegans cells from electron micrographs, including each of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite. Moreover, because of the invariant wild-type cell lineage and neuroanatomy of C. elegans, mutations that give rise to developmental and behavioural defects are readily identified in genetic screens. Finally, because C. elegans was the first multicellular organism with a complete genome sequence, forward and reverse genetics have led to the molecular identification of many key genes in developmental and cell biological processes.
The experimental strengths and the similarities between the cellular and molecular processes present in C. elegans and other animals across evolutionary time (metabolism, organelle structure and function, gene regulation, protein biology, etc.) have made C. elegans an excellent organism with which to study general metazoan biology. At least 38% of the C. elegans protein-coding genes have predicted orthologs in the human genome, 60-80% of human genes have an ortholog in the C. elegans genome, and 40% of genes known to be associated with human diseases have clear orthologs in the C. elegans genome. Thus, many discoveries in C. elegans have relevance to the study of human health and disease.
Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Newly hatched larvae are 0.25 millimeters long and adults are 1 millimeter long. Their small size means that the animals are usually observed with either dissecting microscopes, which generally allow up to 100X magnification, or compound microscopes, which allow up to 1000X magnification. Because C. elegans is transparent, individual cells and subcellular details are easily visualized using Nomarski (differential interference contrast, DIC) optics.
C. elegans has a rapid life cycle and exists primarily as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, although males arise at a frequency of <0.2%. These features have helped to make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies. In addition, because the animal has an invariant numbers of somatic cells, researchers have been able to track the fate of every cell between fertilization and adulthood in live animals and to generate a complete cell lineage. Researchers have also reconstructed the shape of all C. elegans cells from electron micrographs, including each of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite. Moreover, because of the invariant wild-type cell lineage and neuroanatomy of C. elegans, mutations that give rise to developmental and behavioral defects are readily identified in genetic screens. Finally, because C. elegans was the first multicellular organism with a complete genome sequence, forward and reverse genetics have led to the molecular identification of many key genes in developmental and cell biological processes.
The experimental strengths and the similarities between the cellular and molecular processes present in C. elegans and other animals across evolutionary time (metabolism, organelle structure and function, gene regulation, protein biology, etc.) have made C. elegans an excellent organism with which to study general metazoan biology. At least 38% of the C. elegans protein-coding genes have predicted orthologs in the human genome, 60-80% of human genes have an ortholog in the C. elegans genome, and 40% of genes known to be associated with human diseases have clear orthologs in the C. elegans genome. Thus, many discoveries in C. elegans have relevance to the study of human health and disease.
Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Newly hatched larvae are 0.25 millimetres long and adults are 1 millimetre long. Their small size means that the animals are usually observed with either dissecting microscopes, which generally allow up to 100X magnification, or compound microscopes, which allow up to 1000X magnification. Because C. elegans is transparent, individual cells and subcellular details are easily visualized using Nomarski (differential interference contrast, DIC) optics.
C. elegans has a rapid life cycle and exists primarily as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, although males arise at a frequency of <0.2%. These features have helped to make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies. In addition, because the animal has an invariant number of somatic cells, researchers have been able to track the fate of every cell between fertilization and adulthood in live animals and to generate a complete cell lineage. Researchers have also reconstructed the shape of all C. elegans cells from electron micrographs, including each of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite. Moreover, because of the invariant wild-type cell lineage and neuroanatomy of C. elegans, mutations that give rise to developmental and behavioural defects are readily identified in genetic screens. Finally, because C. elegans was the first multicellular organism with a complete genome sequence, forward and reverse genetics have led to the molecular identification of many key genes in developmental and cell biological processes.
The experimental strengths and the similarities between the cellular and molecular processes present in C. elegans and other animals across evolutionary time (metabolism, organelle structure and function, gene regulation, protein biology, etc.) have made C. elegans an excellent organism with which to study general metazoan biology. At least 38% of the C. elegans protein-coding genes have predicted orthologs in the human genome, 60-80% of human genes have an ortholog in the C. elegans genome, and 40% of genes known to be associated with human diseases have clear orthologs in the C. elegans genome. Thus, many discoveries in C. elegans have relevance to the study of human health and disease.
Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Newly hatched larvae are 0.25 millimeters long and adults are 1 millimeter long. Their small size means that the animals are usually observed with either dissecting microscopes, which generally allow up to 100X magnification, or compound microscopes, which allow up to 1000X magnification. Because C. elegans is transparent, individual cells and subcellular details are easily visualized using Nomarski (differential interference contrast, DIC) optics.
C. elegans has a rapid life cycle and exists primarily as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, although males arise at a frequency of <0.2%. These features have helped to make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies. In addition, because the animal has an invariant numbers of somatic cells, researchers have been able to track the fate of every cell between fertilization and adulthood in live animals and to generate a complete cell lineage. Researchers have also reconstructed the shape of all C. elegans cells from electron micrographs, including each of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite. Moreover, because of the invariant wild-type cell lineage and neuroanatomy of C. elegans, mutations that give rise to developmental and behavioral defects are readily identified in genetic screens. Finally, because C. elegans was the first multicellular organism with a complete genome sequence, forward and reverse genetics have led to the molecular identification of many key genes in developmental and cell biological processes.
The experimental strengths and the similarities between the cellular and molecular processes present in C. elegans and other animals across evolutionary time (metabolism, organelle structure and function, gene regulation, protein biology, etc.) have made C. elegans an excellent organism with which to study general metazoan biology. At least 38% of the C. elegans protein-coding genes have predicted orthologs in the human genome, 60-80% of human genes have an ortholog in the C. elegans genome, and 40% of genes known to be associated with human diseases have clear orthologs in the C. elegans genome. Thus, many discoveries in C. elegans have relevance to the study of human health and disease.
In 1963, Sydney Brenner introduced Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for pursuing research in developmental biology and neurology.It is a free-living, non-parasitic soil nematode that can be safely used in the laboratory and is common around the world.
This ppt gives an idea of general anatomy of this small creature,its life cylce,study as a model organism and its importance in the study of ageing.
Some references are coming from the internet, i just copied it.. credits to the owner. some information are not mine as well as the slide i just download it from the internet. My report in my Masters.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
In 1963, Sydney Brenner introduced Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for pursuing research in developmental biology and neurology.It is a free-living, non-parasitic soil nematode that can be safely used in the laboratory and is common around the world.
This ppt gives an idea of general anatomy of this small creature,its life cylce,study as a model organism and its importance in the study of ageing.
Some references are coming from the internet, i just copied it.. credits to the owner. some information are not mine as well as the slide i just download it from the internet. My report in my Masters.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
In this paper, we briefly reviewed the numbers in life from a statistical genetic approach. The human genome comprises of 6 billion chemical bases of DNA. The DNA encodes 30,000 genes. It consists of two parts; the nuclear genome; which consists of 3,200,000,000 nucleotides of DNA, divided into 24 linear molecules, the shortest 50,000,000 nucleotides in length and the longest 260,000,000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome and the mitochondrial genome; which contains approximately 16,600 base pairs encoding 37 genes. Most human cells have 46 chromosomes. However, the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of a person with Down syndrome is 47. The DNA of any two people on Earth is 99.6 percent identical, the 0.4 percent variation represents about 20 million base pairs. Almost all 98 percent of the human DNA is noncoding, while in bacteria, only 2% of the genetic material does not code for anything.
Genetics and the study of human genome is fascinating and has the potential to alter our understanding going back or forward.
Genetics will play a significant role -- atleast as impactful as internet and its effect will be lasting as the wheel. Revolutionary changes are afoot and the world as we know it is over. Much of it is driven by technology. This is a very high level intro to basics of genetics. Lots of reading, consulting genetic experts.
WHAT IS HEREIDTY
WHAT IS A GENE
WHAT IS DNA
LOCATION OF DNA
WHAT IS CHROMOSOMES
TYPES OF CHROMOSOMES
GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE
DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE GENES
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE
A helpful educational resource for teachers/professionals who help students/clients learn more about the futures of memetics and genetics and what could be considered as future "normal" people: "In the long term future the average humans may accommodate simultaneously numerous mental models, identities and “cultural chunks” as well. The present day exceptional people will be the future normal people. Thanks to the information revolution the harbinger of such developments can now be identified."
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
HANUMAN STORIES: TIMELESS TEACHINGS FOR TODAY’S WORLDLearnyoga
Hanuman Stories: Timeless Teachings for Today’s World" delves into the inspiring tales of Hanuman, highlighting lessons of devotion, strength, and selfless service that resonate in modern life. These stories illustrate how Hanuman's unwavering faith and courage can guide us through challenges and foster resilience. Through these timeless narratives, readers can find profound wisdom to apply in their daily lives.
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
Kenneth Grant - Against the Light-Holmes Pub Grou Llc (1999).pdf
The Human Genome Project
1. The Human Genome Project
"We shall show them Our portents on the horizons
And within themselves until it will be
Manifest unto them that it is the Truth.
Does not your Lord suffice,
Since He is Witness over all things?"
Al-Qur'an, Surah Fusilat, 41: 53
"We have caught a glimpse of
an instruction book (of life)
previously known to God."
--Dr. Frances Collins,
Director of the National Human
Genome Research Institute,
National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland.
In June 2000, the US-based National Institute of Health (NIH) and Celera Genomics
Corp., a biotech company, announced that they had deciphered about 90 percent of
the human genome.
This decade old Human Genome (book of life) Project is trying to decode our genes
and in this process it is churning out 12,000 letters of genetic code every minute of
every day, creating a list that will total more than three billion when finally
completed. Amazingly, more than 1,100 biologists, computer scientists and analysts at
university laboratories in six different countries have been hard at work trying to
complete what some are calling biology's version of the book of life. This project is
like putting a man on the moon.
2. The Genome
What is the genome, and what does it mean to the human beings?
Children are taught in elementary schools that everything is made up of atoms. Atoms
combine to make molecules. For example two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen combine to form one molecule of water. How do atoms and molecules work
together to create the unique human being. All biological life is made up of an
astonishingly complex blend of molecules. They combine, break down and recombine
into the same or a myriad of other forms of molecules. Every day trillions of actions
and reactions of molecules occur every second in processes that provide energy, food
and cell maintenance for our bodies. What type of instructions and communications
tell these atoms and molecules what to do? The Human Genome Project aims to solve
that mystery in a breathtaking detail that even the scientific world is awestruck.
The molecular structures in the nucleus of a cell (the primary unit of the body) called
chromosomes are at the fundamental level of the beginning of life. The chromosomes
contain the genetic document- a chemical instruction set written in chemical code-that
tell the human body how to arrange, structure, absorb and expel atoms and molecules.
The totality of the genetic instructions is the human genome. Each individual has a
unique genome, a specific chemical genetic instruction set. In reality, each human
being is a genome.
Every individual receives one's genome at conception. A male sperm with its 23
chromosomes paired with a woman's 23 chromosomes in a fertilized egg, creates a
totally new human being. Every individual starts life as a single cell. From that one
cell a human being is made. Every growth pattern, stage and process of a human body
occurs like clockwork-from fetal development to birth, infancy, childhood,
adolescence and adulthood. For the first 18 years in life, on average one adds 100
million cells to the body every minute.
Such precipitous growth is so perfectly programmed from your own set of
instructions contained in that first cell that by age 20, one becomes an adult of more
than 100 trillion (100,000,000,000,000) cells-differentiated into heart, liver, spleen,
bone, skin, muscle, stomach, intestines, eyes and most important of all the brain.
Scientists have estimated that 40 percent of the genome is devoted to the development
of the brain alone.
Design of Genetic Material
When scientists look into the design of the human cell they are wonderstruck to find it
to be brilliant and its performance stunning. After 50 years the most marvelous
biological mystery has been solved and that is how genes drive all the development of
the body's cells at the molecular level. To reach this understanding they learned how
the functions of the tiniest cellular structure for feeding, repairing, eliminating waste,
dividing and even dying. With advances in technology, the glory of the structure of
chromosomes was revealed.
The key to understanding of the genes is the DNA, acronym for deoxyribonucleic
acid. DNA is found in each cell's nucleus (hence it a nucleic acid), the command
3. center of the cell. DNA is also an instructional blueprint for every one of the 100
trillion cells that make up all body tissue. DNA directs each component of the cell in
trillions of cellular processes that take place in the human body every second until
death.
DNA structurally resembles ladderlike formation of two strands with rungs creating a
double-helix shape. The ladder forms continuos; giant molecule called the
chromosome. Water has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen and written
as H2O, with a molecular weight of 18. The DNA chromosome molecule has a
molecular weight of about 80 billion. DNA chromosome is a thin thread coiled in the
cell's tiny nucleus and has a diameter of 2 nanometers. When stretched to full length it
would be about one and a quarter inch long. The two DNA's strands appear like stilts
made of an alternating phosphate and sugar. The steplike rungs between the strands
are made up of paired bases of nitrogen compounds identified by the letters G, C, A
and T (the first letters of the four kinds of bases: guanine, cytosine, adenine and
thymine). These are the only substances in DNA; hence the genome consists of only
these four-but in seemingly endless sequences. These compounds direct every cell in
the human body what to do. Special bands of these compounds are our genes.
Genes
Genes are paired on each chromosome with sequences that account for specific traits
and physical and physical characteristics. Each body trait requires one or more pairs
of genes. For example the color of eyes, shape of body parts and susceptibility to
diseases all are found within the gene pairs of the genome. There are between 80,000
to 100,000 genes in the human genome. Scientists do not know where all the genes
are, or even how many genes there are. The goal of the Human Genome Project is to
decode everyone.
The universe is estimated to contain 100 billion galaxies with an estimated 200 billion
stars each, and now scientists are realizing that each human body appears as complex
and amazingly designed as the universe itself. For example the human brain has 100
billion neurons, with untold trillions of connections and patterns of endless wiring
sequences. We are unaware of what goes on in our cells as our genome tells our cells
to assemble amino acids into proteins to make cell walls, and cell walls to split and
divide and human beings are unaware of the constant stream of virtual miracles that
keep human beings alive, alert and functioning.
Solving the puzzle
How did such an astonishingly complex process begin? How did the billions of atoms
in each DNA molecule arrange themselves perfectly for the self-perpetuation or what
we call life? How did cells, DNA and chromosomes come about? Some argue that the
greatest scientific proof that human beings were designed by a higher Power is this:
The process of one genome creating a living, self-perpetuating organism cannot
happen over time. It has to be right the first time, and it must entail literally billions of
designed elements that must be in place and functioning perfectly, or else the cell
cannot exist and reproduce. The self-replicating cell exists only because its inherent
intelligent systems- each involving billions of functions- interact perfectly. Otherwise
it is dead. The chromosomes and cells are extremely complex and beyond imagination
4. that some scholars argue that they could never have evolved through random
processes from nothing, even if given the endless time spans evolutionists require for
their theory. Evolutionists are unable to explain, for example, how and why heart
tissue, liver tissue, skin and blood are distinctly different and have dramatically
different functions. However, surprisingly, each cell contains the same DNA.
Therefore a liver cell's DNA is identical to a brain cell's DNA. Still the mystery is
how each cell knows its identity, function and position in the body.
Benefits of the Human Genome Project
Through decoding the human genome scientists hope, among other things, to discover
the causes for many diseases, develop new treatments and cures and slow or reverse
the aging process. Already researchers on the Human Genome Project have identified
genetic disorders responsible for cystic fibrosis and some types of cervical, stomach
and testicular cancer, among other diseases.
A startling number of little changes that make one person different from another--
known as single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs -- have been identified. Until
September 2000 more than 800,000 SNPs have been identified. Of the 800,000 now
found, 300,000 were identified by the private-public SNP Consortium, which has
accelerated its program The Consortium's members include Britain's Wellcome Trust,
AstraZeneca PLC, Aventis Pharma, Bayer AG, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Hoffman-
La Roche, Glaxo Wellcome Plc, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Inc., Searle (now
part of Pharmacia), and SmithKline Beecham Plac and Motorola Inc., IBM, and
Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. Other members include the Whitehead Institute for
Biomedical Research at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis,
Missouri; the Wellcome Trust's Sanger Center, Stanford University's Human Genome
Center, and the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, New York.
The Human Genome Project also has its own moral and ethical issues. Parents will
be motivated to abort unborn fetuses with abnormal genetic profiles. There will be an
increasing trend toward creating "designer babies" by customizing personal genetic
traits such as looks, abilities, height, intelligence and hair and eye color. Genetic
discrimination is a real possibility. Companies screen potential employees and deny
jobs or insurance to those with genetic predisposition to some diseases. Finally,
children could be sorted into social classes or career tracks based on career potential.