- Molecular genetics deals with the structure, composition, function, and replication of chromosomes and genes, which represent genetic material like DNA and RNA. - Important early scientists who contributed to the field include Mendel, Meischer, Waldeyer, Beadle and Tatum, Hershey and Chase, Watson and Crick, and others. - Genetic material in organisms must be able to replicate with high fidelity, express itself, store variable information, and allow for low frequency genetic variation through mutation. DNA and RNA were discovered as the main genetic materials.

1. RAJAMATA VIJAYARAJE SCINDIYA KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA GWALIOR
cOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, GWALIOR
RifeT
RISH
ESciNDIA
GWALIOR
Assignment On
Session (2020-21)
Topic - Historical background of molecular genetics,
Genetic material in organisms.
Subject Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics
Department-Genetics&PlantBreeding
SUBMITTED TO. SUBMITTED BY
Dr. Sushma Tiwari Praveen Kumar Prajapati
Associated professor MSc (Ag) GPB Previous year 1sem
Enrollment No.- 20111607

2. Assynment-3
Histovical beck210umd of Moleculo j*netica
-Moleculan genctics > t deaa th lhe Stxefune
Composiion, fmctiom, md heplicatian of chvomosme
md genes, hepreßenting gonelic mojerialeJike DNA ant
RNA.
year SCimtiest Contvi buim
1856 O1 3 Memdel Tven Snissiom af Jemetic madtvial
8H f. Meischen Isolatin nuclac atid
886 W. aldeyej Coined the ttim chYamoSern
94 Beqdle and fatym anegone- one emtyme hypothesix
952 Hershey md chase DNA the genctic mdtrtal.
19 53 L at Son and crick Double Helixke model ot DNA
354 1ammow opose4 the ondon to epld
1355 Bemze fine Stctwje of gme
955 Ocho amd Coo orkeu| m imvidb 3ynthekt at RNA
956 Komb mytovoerkeru in vitro synthetu oj PNA.
1358 pMselson amd stahl Semi Congoivatjon neplication al
DNA
136 Tatab md mamod operon Conepl of 8ene neyulahn
HU1. khoVamq n
in vito Synthefs of gne.

3. yeay Sciemtxt Comtvibutiom
917 Alom
gmdkemp.| developod the northem bttd
technugue.
1977 Mqka) amd iibont cheita method ot PNA Sequena
983 Mc clintockk DinCoejed the trmuposable of omert.
19 85
Salki md Mulis Dixovehed the polymerase chalnu
eaction.
198 Ruska Desining o fivst gectm myrosope
987Smprd amdCovork peoloped hiolintic gene tamsfo
method
987
990 Baytom atel. tormal laumch ohumm goTUme
pRteet
developed the RAPD technique.
1990 llima al e
991 fo dor eloped DNAMitroMynay Sya tm
995 Vo& ad e. dempbed the AFLP fechniqu
Vern tej at d. Humyan gmame proteet Cmpleted

4. 3
Grenetic maerial n ogamusms
Amy matera ot plamt, arimas, micobex oY other oin
Containing fmctional units o henedity is called genehio
materid.
roperiea renelio mqena
i t 8 51epliated oith high fieelity.
its able to express itself .
itglso able to Scove the hghly vgri'able Tnormati
it allo éYoVS n low frequemcy for the ongin ot
9e geneic vaiiatjm thhough mutton.
Nucleic gcids wete discovered by Meischey îni87 .md called
The tm nuclelc acd oad first used by aftmm
nudein.
inu 1889.
Necln 004 Shown to have qcidic pro peties ,henMce
t becmme tulled nuclu'c acid.
uoo t ped o nucledc acdae foumd
Deoxy u bonudledc acrd (DNA)
Ribo nucluc qed ( RNA

5. 4
The distaibutiom o mucleay qetdA In the euKuyokic
Ce
DNA I foumd in the nudeud to1th Smal| anouts in yfuchand
qnd choro plais.
RNA I found throughou the cel
Nuclei'o acid Stctue
Noteledc aci d e Polymuc leottides.
Theiv buld1ng bJocka ame nuleotudes .
Nucleotide » nucleottde made up-entose Sugal+
Nibages +t phosphonic auidphashe
fon tose Susoy
(a Ribo6e Sugoy (b) Deoxy ni poesuqoh
oH
GH OH
() Nitogen baseg
yrimdine
Thy mne T)
i) UHgcrl (U
i) Cytosine (c)
Ponine
4) Adenine (A)
Cnueune (o7)

6. 5
Surines (.) ae diyclic mpound
Pyimidin8 (T.u.e) ie mano tycli't ornpo und
3phos phoric acid (phosphate
phasphodieton bond
phosphoatnband
Na
lycosleidic bon
Nuclotide StuetuNE
rimany Shuctuye oh DNA
A Notive DNA Molecaule fs double-Stxanded Each of theto0
Stsnds aDNA molecule is a m
utime odeoxyibonucleotides
m is Colled polmuedeotide. The naghbouiny nucleotides
n a polymucleotide s nked oith ame hephospheto
each other by phosphoteste in kqge.
ohuch the s'C o the pemtoe ome mucleotrdes is laked
Loith oe-0 - o the phosphate hile the 3'c a
the pontose o the o theu nucleotíde inked withmpe
the phasphate tha pneraqes 5t-o-p -6 -C
inKae Theieore n nyclestrde, the 5C o
one Mucleotrdee Camkeoith phosphofe).

7. 6
the 3' o the othe Yuclestide hove free -oHgos
oith hch othey muclestrde c foin to prduce
Polymucletide,thu goneraes the primany Stutuje fDrA|
The DNA Double Hel/x
Disveed by Meischeh
DNA TEm o98 given by-ZgchaHS
DNA Doble Helix modef -oastay m Criek453)
i t ia a double Strmded styetune
shendge ane ani panal lel (too poly nucleotid e chains)
Bouk bme (Gkeletan) i of Fontosv Suvphospha
N base paby ploaingbase paiu ulu
ouunitropnous bqe (A,,TC)
A=T)
3
A T
s
3
5
TA
metun
oh
34
SI
3
2

8. Ome Hwin (360°) = 34 A
1 7 this me fun thüiv a1e o base pada.
in distamce bjo too Cmsecfive bp =34
chorgaffs Equivaleny nufes
q double Standed PNA qmount o foine nycleetdes
Is ¬guals to moumt ot Pyi midine nucdeotides.
fwune fyimidine
CA+1
[A+3
Kase qtio At onstont oY iven specie
Outotoo Stnded 4 DNA only me stod pasrcepofey
n trmsoiption it is Called Antisense Stm ediag
semd Templte strmd /nngense Stsmq.
in
othe Strmd o DNA Ohich does mot prhrpae i
roms ptfon i lled Sense stmd oding Stramd.
ypes oDNA
on he bas i8 of oiecHm o forsting
thee ahe qoo type8 a DNA
DRaht hemdodDNA -
A,DA.8-DRJAA
Left homdedDNA-z -NA

9. 8
Manyi Hevnes bluo 8form md z form DN-
ChygttoiuHa ADNA B-DNA C-DNA z-DNA
Cpilin Ripet hondogitbomds nht kande t hmd4
fitch C4.2BA Ca.34 Ca 31A C- 60 A
14 Ioto-t- 9 33 |2
Dia meter 19A 18A
Verhtd iekfo :56 A 338A 332 3.1A
age pai
Suga phesphake bag-| 1eguls
bone
ziy
maoy9 oe Natpo 2 Iorde
de-p eeb
mor rove etde2
Shallbua Nanc 2
deep
dtep

10. RNA
Stwcthe is Same DNA
but thene ane Some cuehemcs-
place a deoxynibose Sugay 1 DNA Ahhe 8
Pseyent wbase RA
PNA hirogpn b9se -AT, ,C), Raitoqm bae
(A
.C,0)
RNA 8 Aingle stamd (ne polynueleotde chaino)
XeptHm- ReoviruA RNA (DoubleStmded)
ypes RNA
Uemetic RNA NonEyem eic RN A
OY
Cyemom'c RNA nenpm'c RNA
absence of DNA RNA OY-RNA - ibasema4 RA
ork a DNA moeria
-RNA bahsfsigNA
ex. Reovis (Tnv)
a8- bactuophaqe m-RNA eengo RNA.
O S- RNA t (8 also knoum Ribosamal RNA.
This t3 8o tofal cella RNA ,dùcovereq
by kuntze.
i t s also kqoum insoluble RA
Mosty 84able of RA
foumd 4 Subasme poduces n nudeolus
RokanyotC eell (5ad 3k) Eukoyotfo cell Gos'+uo

11. fmchn At the time o fotin Smthain -T-RNA
Prouide attochmnt side to tRNA&m-RNA md
ataches them an suboscme.
2 t-RNA.
lo-IS Hotal RA
Sythers s nudes by DNA
Soluble - RNA
Adopty RpA (fmcion as ote molecule o
amino add potin Synthesia)
Smells t ena (4u« )
made ot (nly Bo nadeotrls)
fumctio
Suetd APpea e/ove lea ipe styctuhe
3D L
Shape y in)
3 m- RNA m-RNA IA 5: o thetell a fol RoA
distovety Mexengei RnA da@ven«q by Huxley,vokin&Ashhm
The nme m-RnA Ws given by Jacob&Mmed
the m0A i produced by neti c DNA im aucleus
Process IA kpU A
tmscmptim.
leat &tele
9lso qsam as templet RNA p Rotei Symthels