This document outlines the topics that will be covered in Chapter 2 of a biology textbook on the chemistry of life. Section 2-1 will discuss the nature of matter, including atoms, elements, isotopes, and compounds. Section 2-2 will cover the properties of water, mixtures, and solutions. Section 2-3 will examine carbon compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. The final section, 2-4, will address chemical reactions and enzymes. Key vocabulary terms are provided for each section.
Notes 2: Phase Change
• Phase change is a change from one state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) to another.
• Phase changes are physical changes because it only affects physical appearance, not chemical make-up and its reversible
• Water exists on our planet in three states: Ice, water, and water vapor
• Water is different from other substances because it is less dense as a solid than liquid
• When temperature changes, molecules speed up/slow down resulting in a change in the average kinetic energy of molecules.
• During a phase change, heat energy is either absorbed or released. Heat energy is released as molecules move closer together. Heat energy is absorbed as molecules move farther apart.
• During phase changes, temperature does not change. Molecules move closer together or farther apart, resulting in a change in the potential energy of the molecules.
• Types of phase changes: Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, deposition
• Melting - Phase change from a solid to a liquid
• Freezing- Phase Change from a liquid to a solid
• Vaporization - Phase change from a solid or liquid to gas. It occurs at the boiling point of matter or sublimation process. (Water - 100° C, Table salt - 1413° C, Diamond - 4200° C)
• Evaporation-type of vaporization in which a liquid turns to a gas on the surface of a liquid (occurs at all temperatures).
• Evaporation- a Cooling Process. As water in the perspiration evaporates from your skin it absorbs and carries away heat energy from your body.
• Condensation - Phase change from a gas to a liquid.
• Water vapor in surrounding air loses heat energy when it comes in contact with the cold glass. Water vapor condenses and becomes liquid drops of water.
• Sublimation - Phase change from a solid to a gas.
• Deposition - Phase change from a gas to a solid.
• Boiling Point - The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas. 212 F or 100 C
• Melting Point - The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid. 32 F or 0 C
• Freezing point - The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. 32 F or 0 C
• Freezing point and melting point of a substance are the same temperature.
This powerpoint talks about the law Conservation of Mass. You will know who,when and how the discoverer found the Law of Conservation of mass. This is a work that is very good, because it has lots of images, example and you will undestand everything because the vocabulary is simple and anyone can understand it
Notes 2: Phase Change
• Phase change is a change from one state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) to another.
• Phase changes are physical changes because it only affects physical appearance, not chemical make-up and its reversible
• Water exists on our planet in three states: Ice, water, and water vapor
• Water is different from other substances because it is less dense as a solid than liquid
• When temperature changes, molecules speed up/slow down resulting in a change in the average kinetic energy of molecules.
• During a phase change, heat energy is either absorbed or released. Heat energy is released as molecules move closer together. Heat energy is absorbed as molecules move farther apart.
• During phase changes, temperature does not change. Molecules move closer together or farther apart, resulting in a change in the potential energy of the molecules.
• Types of phase changes: Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, deposition
• Melting - Phase change from a solid to a liquid
• Freezing- Phase Change from a liquid to a solid
• Vaporization - Phase change from a solid or liquid to gas. It occurs at the boiling point of matter or sublimation process. (Water - 100° C, Table salt - 1413° C, Diamond - 4200° C)
• Evaporation-type of vaporization in which a liquid turns to a gas on the surface of a liquid (occurs at all temperatures).
• Evaporation- a Cooling Process. As water in the perspiration evaporates from your skin it absorbs and carries away heat energy from your body.
• Condensation - Phase change from a gas to a liquid.
• Water vapor in surrounding air loses heat energy when it comes in contact with the cold glass. Water vapor condenses and becomes liquid drops of water.
• Sublimation - Phase change from a solid to a gas.
• Deposition - Phase change from a gas to a solid.
• Boiling Point - The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas. 212 F or 100 C
• Melting Point - The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid. 32 F or 0 C
• Freezing point - The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. 32 F or 0 C
• Freezing point and melting point of a substance are the same temperature.
This powerpoint talks about the law Conservation of Mass. You will know who,when and how the discoverer found the Law of Conservation of mass. This is a work that is very good, because it has lots of images, example and you will undestand everything because the vocabulary is simple and anyone can understand it
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Percentage Composition. It also talks about the definition, concepts and examples about the Percentage Composition.
A Power Point Presentation on Introductory Chemistry. To motivate new students of Chemistry. To help students appreciate the importance of Chemicals in everyday life. Done by Bro. Oh Teik Bin, Lower Perak Buddhist Association, Teluk Intan, Malaysia.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Percentage Composition. It also talks about the definition, concepts and examples about the Percentage Composition.
A Power Point Presentation on Introductory Chemistry. To motivate new students of Chemistry. To help students appreciate the importance of Chemicals in everyday life. Done by Bro. Oh Teik Bin, Lower Perak Buddhist Association, Teluk Intan, Malaysia.
Introduction to Biology Lecture Chapter 2 Study Guide.pdfGeorgeYoung63
These notes are based on the Introduction to Biology 1: The Chemistry of Biology - Atoms, Molecules, and How They Support Life. I do apologize that some of it did not load correctly, but hopefully, your book will fill in those parts.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. Biology
Unit 1: The Nature of Life
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
2-1: The Nature of Matter
2-2: Properties of Water
2-3: Carbon Compounds
2-4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Ms. Petrucci
Biology
2. Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
• Vocabulary
• 2-1
◦ Atom
◦ Nucleus
◦ Electron
◦ Element
◦ Isotopes
◦ Compound
◦ Ionic Bond
◦ Ions
◦ Covalent Bond
◦ Molecule
◦ Van der Waals forces
• 2-2
◦ Cohesion
◦ Adhesion
◦ Mixture
◦ Solution
◦ Solute
◦ Solvent
◦ Suspension
◦ pH Scale
◦ Acid
◦ Base
◦ Buffer
• 2-3
o Monomer
o Polymer
o Carbohydrate
o Monosaccharide
o Polysaccharide
o Lipid
o Nucleic Acid
o Nucleotide
o Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
o Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
o Protein
o Amino acid
• 2-4
o Chemical Reaction
o Reactant
o Product
o Activation Energy
o Catalyst
o Enzyme
o Substrate
3. Tell me as much as you can
about the following equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2
CO2 + H2O
4. 2-1 The Nature of Matter
Why should we study chemistry in Biology?
Wouldn’t you want an architect to understand building materials?
Same idea applies to geneticists, ecologists, zoologists, botanists,
biologists, and etc.
5. Matter
Cells are made of Matter
Matter is anything composed
of atoms
◦ Takes up space
◦ Has mass
6. Atoms
The study of chemistry begins with the
basic unit of matter…the atom
Democritus first used word “atomos”,
meaning indivisible
12. Compounds
Two or more atoms are bonded together
Chemical bond
Molecule
Chemical Formula
H2O
• Physical & Chemical
Properties
very different from the
the elements from which they are formed.
Hydrogen & Oxygen are gasses but combine
to form liquid water
13.
14.
15. Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Van Der Waals forces
The subatomic particles that make up an electron are protons, neutrons and electrons.
An element is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom.
- Represented by a one or two letter symbol.
- Atomic number – number of Protons in an atom.
- the atomic number is static. This means that each and every, for example, Carbon atom, has 6 protons and only 6 protons.
What were the parts of the atom? Protons, electrons and neutrons, right?
And we defined atomic number…
- Atomic number – number of Protons in an atom. STATIC.
What about the neutrons? Well, lets look at Carbon again. Carbon has 6 protons, right?
HOW MANY NEUTRONS?
Some have 6, some have 7 and some have 8.
Atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons are called ISOTOPES.
Isotopes are identified by their mass number.
