The document explains the hierarchy of biological structures, detailing how life is organized from atoms to the biosphere. It defines ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, and their subcomponents such as cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Each level of organization is intricately connected, demonstrating how living beings and their environments interact and depend on one another.

1. Hierarchy in life structures
What are living things made of? And what do they make, all together?
The biosphere is the part of the Earth (crust, atmosphere and water) where life can be found.The biosphere is made of ecosystems.
An ecosystem is a system of living beings living together in a community, all connected to each other and to the non- living parts of their environment (air, water, soil...). A forest is an example of ecosystem.
A community is made of all the living beings (bacteria, fungi, plants, animals...), that live in a given ecosystem. They are all connected in a network and depending on each other.
A population is made of all the living beings of a given species, that live in a given ecosystem. All the monkeys of the species Macacus rhesus living in some rainforest in Africa are an example of a population.
An organism is an individual living being, which is part of a population.
A system (or apparatus) is a part of the body of an organism, performing a specific function. Examples: cardiovascular system, digestive system, respiratory system, nervous system...
An organ is a specific part of a system, and it performs a specific function. It is made of tissues. The stomach is an example of an organ: it is part of the digestive system, it is made of epithelial, muscular and connective tissues, its main function is to start the digestion of proteins found in food.
A tissue is a specific arranging of similar cells, specialized to perform a specific function. An example is the muscular tissue, which is specialized in movement.
There are 4 main types of animal tissues:
1. epithelial tissue
2. muscle tissue
3. connective tissue
4. nervous tissue
Epithelial tissues cover & protect the outer surface of the body/of an organ. Glands synthesize substances for release into the bloodstream or outside the body. Glands are also made of epithelial tissue.
Muscle tissue can contract and relax. It is made of thin fibers that can shift among each other at the expense of some chemical energy (which comes from food).Muscles, which are attached to the is made of atom makes
molecule macro-molecule
organelle cell
tissue organ
system organism
population community
ecosystem biosphere

2. bones or make part of some organs, get shorter upon contraction and longer on relaxation, and so they can move parts of the body.
Connective tissues have many different functions:
 they wrap organs and shape them;
 they provide nutrients and oxygen to other tissues; •
 they give strenght and resistence to bones and tendons;
 they protect joints from friction;
 they store energy-filled macromolecules… and so on!
Nervous tissue carries signals (both electrically and chemically) to/from different parts of the body. Nervous tissue cells are highly specialized: they are called neurons. The central nervous system (brain & spinal cord) is all made of nervous tissue. It collects informations through sensory nerves connected to all the body parts, and in turn it sends out instructions to perform actions (moving an arm, inspiring more deeply, moving one’s eyes…) through other nerves, called motor nerves.
A cell is the smallest part in living matter, it has a special structure and can be specialized for a specific function. Every living being is made of one or more cells!
An organelle is a specific part of a cell, where it performs a specific function. A mitochondrion is an example of an organelle: it is the part of the cells which manages energy.
Macromolecules are very big and complex molecules that form the living matter. The most important types of macromolecules are glucids (sugars), lipids (fats), proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
A molecule is a stable arranging of atoms joined together. It is the smallest part of any substance which retains the properties of that substance. A molecule of water, for example, is made of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen linked together.
An atom is the smallest part of an element. Two or more atoms, joined together (belonging to the the same element or to different elements) form the molecules. Every atom is composed of a nucleus, made of protons and neutrons, and surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Atoms form molecules
The biosphere is made of ecosystems
Molecules form macro- molecules
Ecosystems are made of communities Macro- molecules form organelles
Communities are made of populations
Organelles form cells
Populations are made of organisms Cells form tissues
Tissues are made of cells
Tissues form organs
Organs are made of tissues Organs form systems
Systems are made of organs
Systems form organisms
Organisms are made of systems Organisms form populations
Cells are made of organelles
Populations form communities
Organelles are made of macro-molecules Communities form ecosystems
Macro- molecules are made of molecules
Ecosystems form the biosphere
Molecules are made of atoms