Biology - Cells 1011
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This document contains diagrams and descriptions of various cell structures and organelles found in plant and animal cells, including the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, and cell wall. Specific structures like the nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, ribosomes, transport vesicles, grana, intermembrane space, cristae, and plasmodesmata are called out in the diagrams. The document provides information at the organelle, tissue, and cellular level about cell anatomy and function.
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Cell Organelles
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Vacuole
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The nucleus contains DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane. It controls cell activities and contains chromatin and one or more nucleoli. The endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins throughout the cell and is continuous with the nuclear membrane. Ribosomes on the rough ER or free in the cytoplasm synthesize proteins by reading mRNA. The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport within the cell or release. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and fuse with vesicles to break down their contents.
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Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane acts as a gatekeeper that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It uses both passive and active transport. Passive transport relies on diffusion and moves substances along concentration gradients, while active transport requires energy and can move substances against concentration gradients using mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump. The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives cells structure and allows for selective permeability and transport of molecules in and out of the cell.
Endomembrane
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The nucleus contains DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane. It controls cell activities and contains chromatin and one or more nucleoli. The endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins throughout the cell and is continuous with the nuclear membrane. Ribosomes on the rough ER or free in the cytoplasm synthesize proteins by reading mRNA. The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport within the cell or release. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and fuse with vesicles to break down their contents.
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This document provides an overview of cell structure and types. It begins by discussing the early observations of cells in the 17th century. It then outlines the three principles of the cell theory developed in the 19th century. The key parts and characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are described, including their membranes, genetic material, organelles, cytoskeleton, and endomembrane systems. Specific organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and their functions are explained. The document concludes by discussing the endosymbiotic theory of how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed prokaryotes.
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Ap Bio Ch 4 PowerPOint
1. The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function, including the history of cell discovery, the cell theory, components of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and structures such as organelles, cytoskeleton, flagella, and nuclei.
2. Key organelles discussed include the nucleus, which contains DNA and controls the cell, mitochondria and chloroplasts, which generate energy for the cell, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles, which are involved in transport and storage.
3. Prokaryotic cells are described as generally smaller than eukaryotic cells and lacking membrane-bound organelles and nuclei.
Cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things and new cells are produced from existing cells through cell division.
- There are two main types of cells - prokaryotes which lack a nucleus and eukaryotes which have a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Both plant and animal cells contain specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions to keep the cell alive.
THE HUMAN CELL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE /INTER C...
THE HUMAN CELL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE /INTER C...Kameshwaran Sugavanam
THE HUMAN CELL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE /INTER CELLULAR SIGNALING/ INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAY / CELL DIVISIONS Biol201 chp2-pp-spr11-110118152244-phpapp01
This document provides an overview of Chapter 2 from the course BIOL 201: Invertebrate Zoology. It covers the introduction to protozoa, including their classification as eukaryotic protists. Protozoa are mostly unicellular or colonial and motile. Their cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus. The document then discusses the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells as well as specific organelles. It also examines cell motility mechanisms like cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia. Finally, it reviews protozoan physiology concepts such as uptake, digestion, circulation, and endosymbiosis.
A&P Lab 1 midterm review
This document summarizes key anatomical structures and concepts:
1. It lists major bones and body cavities, including the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
2. It describes anatomical planes and positions like sagittal, transverse, and coronal. Directional terms like superior, inferior, medial, and lateral are also defined.
3. Key cellular structures are outlined, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. The document also distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Introduction cell
The detail introduction of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The detail of organelles in the cell.
And the comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Cell biology
The document provides an overview of cell biology, including the history and development of cell theory. It discusses key discoveries such as Hooke observing cells in 1665 and van Leuwenhoek observing single-celled organisms in 1673. The three main components of cell theory developed between 1838-1858 - that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells come from preexisting cells. The document also describes characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, examples of major cell structures like the nucleus and mitochondria, and differences between plant and animal cells.
Similar to Biology - Cells 1011 (20)
Lecture 4, Recorded cellls & organelles 27-2-2020.pptx
Lecture 4, Recorded cellls & organelles 27-2-2020.pptx
THE HUMAN CELL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE /INTER C...
THE HUMAN CELL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE /INTER C...
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Biology - Cells 1011
- 1. Cells ~ Biology Edgar
- 10. Muscle Tissue Stomach Epithelium Beta Cells – Islets of Langerhans Adipose Tissue
- 13. LE 4-4a Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Flagellum Lycosome Centriole Not in most plant cells Peroxisome Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Plasma membrane Mitochondrion
- 14. LE 4-4b Not in animal cells Golgi apparatus Nucleus Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Cytoskeleton
- 15. LE 4-5 Chromatin Nucleolus Pore Nucleus Two membranes of nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes
- 16. LE 4-7 Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes Smooth ER Rough ER TEM 45,000
- 17. LE 4-8 Transport vesicle buds off Ribosome Polypeptide Glycoprotein Sugar chain Rough ER Secretary (glyco-) protein inside trans- port vesicle
- 18. LE 4-9 Golgi apparatus “ Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming “ Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi Golgi apparatus TEM 130,000
- 19. LE 4-10a-1 Plasma membrane Rough ER Lysosomes Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus
- 20. LE 4-10a-2 Plasma membrane Rough ER Lysosomes Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Engulfment of particle “ Food” Food vacuole Digestion
- 21. LE 4-10a-3 Plasma membrane Rough ER Lysosomes Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Golgi apparatus Engulfment of particle “ Food” Food vacuole Digestion Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle
- 22. LE 4-10b Lysosome Nucleus TEM 8,500
- 23. LE 4-10c Lysosome containing two damaged organelles TEM 42,500 Mitochondrion fragment Peroxisome fragment
- 24. LE 4-13 Transport vesicle from ER to Golgi Rough ER Nucleus Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Plasma membrane Transport vesicle from Golgi to plasma membrane
- 25. LE 4-12 LM 650 Central vacuole Nucleus Contractile vacuoles Nucleus Chloroplast Colorized TEM 8,700
- 26. LE 4-14 Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Intermembrane space TEM 9,750
- 27. LE 4-15 Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix TEM 44,880
- 28. Figure 4.17a
- 29. Figure 4.17b
- 30. LE 4-18a Vacuole Walls of two adjacent plant cells Plasmodesmata Layers of one plant cell wall Cytoplasm Plasma membrane
- 32. Table 4.19
- 33. Table 4.19
- 34. Table 4.19