Biology 15.3
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The document outlines Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including key concepts such as artificial selection, the struggle for existence, fitness, adaptation, survival of the fittest, natural selection, descent with modification, common descent, homologous structures, and vestigial organs. Darwin proposed that natural selection acts on natural variations within a population so that individuals with traits better suited to their environment will survive and reproduce more successfully, passing on those favorable traits.
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Chapter 15 Notes
1. The document discusses key concepts of evolution including natural selection, Darwin's theory, adaptations, fitness, artificial selection, and evidence that supports evolution such as homologous structures, fossils, and DNA similarities.
2. It also covers speciation, reproductive isolation through behavioral, geographic and temporal means, and forms of natural selection like sexual selection.
3. Finally, it defines convergent and divergent evolution, with convergent evolution creating analogous structures and divergent evolution creating homologous structures through genetic drift.
Darwin’s Voyage
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. During his voyage on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, Darwin observed how organisms on different islands were similar yet had important differences. He determined that adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce, and that over long periods of time, natural selection can lead to the accumulation of beneficial traits and disappearance of harmful traits, resulting in new species.
Natural, Relaxed, and Artificial Selection
Natural, relaxed, and artificial selection are all types of evolutionary selection. Natural selection is driven by factors like competition, variation, and differences in survival. Relaxed selection occurs when these pressures are reduced or eliminated, such as through modern medicine or lack of predators. Artificial selection is intentional human-driven selection for desirable traits in populations like livestock and pets. While they differ in their mechanisms, all three types are part of the overarching process of evolution.
5.4 Evolution
1. Evolution occurs as populations accumulate heritable changes over generations through a process called natural selection. This results in changes to populations and the emergence of new species.
2. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, which shows gradual changes in organisms over geological eras, and homologous structures between organisms, such as pentadactyl limbs, that indicate common ancestry.
3. Natural selection acts on genetic variation within populations. Individuals with traits better suited to the environment tend to survive and pass on those traits, gradually changing the traits in a population over many generations.
Pattern of evolution
This presentation file has these contents:
Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Analogous structures
Divergent Evolution
Homologous structures
Parallel Evolution
Coevolution
Types of Evolution
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Importance of pattern of evolution
Chapter 15 Evolution - All Sections 15.1 - 15.3
Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle and observations of species on the Galapagos Islands led him to develop the theory of natural selection. Natural selection proposes that heritable traits better suited to the environment will help individuals survive and reproduce, leading to evolution over generations as beneficial traits become more common. Darwin published his theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859. Modern evidence from fossils, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular biology provide strong support for evolution by natural selection.
Review organic evolution
Evolution is the central theme of biology. It refers to change over time in allele frequencies in populations, driven primarily by natural selection. Speciation occurs through mechanisms like allopatric speciation. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposes that heritable traits better suited to an organism's environment will increase the organism's fitness and chances of survival and reproduction, driving populations to change over generations. Phylogenies illustrate evolutionary relationships and history based on homologous traits in ancestors.
Analogous structures
Analogous structures are structures in different species that perform the same function but were not evolved from a common ancestor. They arose through convergent evolution as species adapted to similar environments. Examples include insect wings and bird wings, fish fins and penguin fins, and human, horse and dolphin limbs. While Carolus Linnaeus originally grouped species based only on appearance, analogous structures show that function, not appearance alone, determines evolutionary relationships, and natural selection leads to convergent adaptations over time.
Recommended
Chapter 15 Notes
1. The document discusses key concepts of evolution including natural selection, Darwin's theory, adaptations, fitness, artificial selection, and evidence that supports evolution such as homologous structures, fossils, and DNA similarities.
2. It also covers speciation, reproductive isolation through behavioral, geographic and temporal means, and forms of natural selection like sexual selection.
3. Finally, it defines convergent and divergent evolution, with convergent evolution creating analogous structures and divergent evolution creating homologous structures through genetic drift.
Darwin’s Voyage
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. During his voyage on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, Darwin observed how organisms on different islands were similar yet had important differences. He determined that adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce, and that over long periods of time, natural selection can lead to the accumulation of beneficial traits and disappearance of harmful traits, resulting in new species.
Natural, Relaxed, and Artificial Selection
Natural, relaxed, and artificial selection are all types of evolutionary selection. Natural selection is driven by factors like competition, variation, and differences in survival. Relaxed selection occurs when these pressures are reduced or eliminated, such as through modern medicine or lack of predators. Artificial selection is intentional human-driven selection for desirable traits in populations like livestock and pets. While they differ in their mechanisms, all three types are part of the overarching process of evolution.
5.4 Evolution
1. Evolution occurs as populations accumulate heritable changes over generations through a process called natural selection. This results in changes to populations and the emergence of new species.
2. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, which shows gradual changes in organisms over geological eras, and homologous structures between organisms, such as pentadactyl limbs, that indicate common ancestry.
3. Natural selection acts on genetic variation within populations. Individuals with traits better suited to the environment tend to survive and pass on those traits, gradually changing the traits in a population over many generations.
Pattern of evolution
This presentation file has these contents:
Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Analogous structures
Divergent Evolution
Homologous structures
Parallel Evolution
Coevolution
Types of Evolution
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Importance of pattern of evolution
Chapter 15 Evolution - All Sections 15.1 - 15.3
Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle and observations of species on the Galapagos Islands led him to develop the theory of natural selection. Natural selection proposes that heritable traits better suited to the environment will help individuals survive and reproduce, leading to evolution over generations as beneficial traits become more common. Darwin published his theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859. Modern evidence from fossils, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular biology provide strong support for evolution by natural selection.
Review organic evolution
Evolution is the central theme of biology. It refers to change over time in allele frequencies in populations, driven primarily by natural selection. Speciation occurs through mechanisms like allopatric speciation. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposes that heritable traits better suited to an organism's environment will increase the organism's fitness and chances of survival and reproduction, driving populations to change over generations. Phylogenies illustrate evolutionary relationships and history based on homologous traits in ancestors.
Analogous structures
Analogous structures are structures in different species that perform the same function but were not evolved from a common ancestor. They arose through convergent evolution as species adapted to similar environments. Examples include insect wings and bird wings, fish fins and penguin fins, and human, horse and dolphin limbs. While Carolus Linnaeus originally grouped species based only on appearance, analogous structures show that function, not appearance alone, determines evolutionary relationships, and natural selection leads to convergent adaptations over time.
Mechanisms and patterns of evolution
Stabilizing selection favors average or intermediate traits in a population, reducing variation. This causes the population to stay the same over time. Directional selection favors one extreme trait, causing the population to evolve in one direction. Disruptive selection favors two extreme traits, leading to the emergence of two new species separated by intermediate forms. Geographic isolation and behavioral differences can cause speciation as populations separated by barriers evolve independently.
5.2 natural selection.doc
This document provides guidance and questions on key concepts related to natural selection and evolution. It covers topics such as variation within species, adaptations, population growth limitations, inheritance of traits, and examples of natural selection like changes in finch beaks and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The questions assess understanding of these core evolutionary principles and mechanisms.
Natural selection
Natural selection occurs through a struggle for existence where individuals compete for limited resources. Those best suited to the environment will survive and pass on their genes, while others will die without reproducing. Over generations, this process of natural selection can cause populations to evolve and change through descent with modification from ancestral species. Key mechanisms include adaptation, fitness, and common descent of all living things from shared ancestors. Evidence for evolution comes from the fossil record, geographic distribution, homologous structures, vestigial organs, and comparative genetics.
Human Evolution
Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates.
Evolution
There are three main theories of evolution: special creation, Lamarckism, and Darwinism. Special creation believes organisms were created in their current form with no evolution. Lamarckism proposes that acquired traits can be inherited, such as giraffes developing long necks, but it was rejected as traits are not inherited. Darwinism theorizes that populations vary, there is a struggle for existence, and natural selection leads to the survival of the fittest whose variations are inherited, resulting in evolution and speciation over generations.
Natural selection
Darwin explored ideas about evolution through natural selection. His observations of finches in the Galapagos led him to predict that one species can evolve into another through natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on those favorable traits. Darwin proposed that small, inherited variations combined with differential reproductive success could result in the emergence of new species over generations.
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Darwin’s theory of evolution
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory proposed that all species share a common ancestor and evolve over time through gradual processes of variation, competition for limited resources, and natural selection of beneficial traits. Key evidence came from studies of finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands which had adapted in different ways on different islands. Darwin's theory revolutionized scientific understanding of the diversity and relatedness of life on Earth.
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This document provides an overview of Chapter 15 on evolution from a biology textbook. Section 15.1 discusses Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, which proposes that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on random genetic variations in populations over multiple generations. The four main principles of natural selection are described. Section 15.2 reviews various lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry and geographic distribution of species. Section 15.3 discusses how evolutionary theory has been refined over time, including ideas around genetic drift, speciation factors, gradualism versus punctuated equilibrium, and sexual selection.
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This document discusses four patterns of evolution: adaptive radiation, where a single species evolves into many new species occupying different ecological niches; divergent evolution, the evolution of an ancestral group into many different forms; convergent evolution, the independent evolution of similar traits in distantly related species; and coevolution, the evolution of one species in response to changes in another interacting species. Examples are given for each pattern.
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This document provides an overview of evolution and genetics from an anthropology course. It discusses key topics like Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, Gregor Mendel's experiments with genetics and heredity, and modern understandings of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow and the mechanisms that drive genetic change over time.
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The document discusses early theories of evolution, including those proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin. Lamarck believed that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, and that evolution progressed towards greater complexity. His ideas were later disproven. Darwin's observations of finches during his voyage on the HMS Beagle, including variation between island populations, helped lead him to develop the theory of natural selection.
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The document discusses ecological genetics and natural selection. It defines key terms like genetic variation, mutation, genetic recombination, and sources of genetic variation. It describes Darwin's theory of natural selection as the differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on heritable traits that provide advantages in their environment. The document provides examples of natural selection including directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection. It also discusses evolution as a change in gene frequencies over time due to factors like natural selection, genetic drift, and mutations. Adaptive radiation is defined as the process by which one species diversifies into multiple species occupying different ecological niches.
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Darwin's Microevolution & Macroevolution
Darwin's perspective
Jonathan Losos' experiment on Anole Lizard
adaptation and selection
This document provides an overview of adaptation and selection. It discusses natural selection, sexual selection, and artificial selection. Natural selection leads to differential survival based on phenotypes. Sexual selection acts on secondary sexual characteristics and can occur through female choice or male competition. Artificial selection in laboratory experiments aims to simulate natural selection. Key concepts discussed include selection differentials, response to selection, heritability, directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection. Constraints on adaptation from developmental and architectural factors are also addressed.
Evolution evidence and theory (2)
The document discusses evidence for evolution from the fossil record, distribution of fossils, and succession of forms over time. It describes Lamarck's theory of acquired traits being passed to offspring and Darwin and Wallace's theory of natural selection. Key evidence includes homologous and vestigial structures, similarities in embryology and macromolecules providing evidence that evolution has occurred and living things share common ancestors. Patterns of evolution include convergent, divergent and coevolution resulting from changing environmental pressures.
Theory of evolution notes
Natural selection is the driving force behind evolution. According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection:
1) There is genetic variation within populations. Traits that increase reproductive success will be passed on more frequently.
2) Individuals with traits better suited to the environment will have greater access to resources and be more likely to reproduce.
3) Over time, individuals with traits that increase reproductive success will comprise a greater proportion of the population, leading populations to evolve.
Evolution- Laila Bangwar & Lujane Pagganwala
This document presents an overview of evolution through natural selection. It defines evolution as cumulative heritable changes in a population over time. It provides evidence for evolution through fossil records showing changes over generations, as well as examples of artificial and natural selection leading to changes in populations. Specifically, it discusses how overproduction of offspring combined with variation and environmental pressures results in natural selection of traits increasing the chance of survival, and gives examples of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and pesticide resistance in rats evolving through this process.
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This document outlines Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses how Darwin was influenced by his observations on a voyage, including different finch species on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin proposed that organisms vary in traits, some traits help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully, and these traits become more common over generations through natural selection, resulting in evolution of species over time as they adapt to their environments.
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The document discusses key concepts from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including artificial selection, the struggle for existence, fitness, adaptation, survival of the fittest, natural selection, descent with modification, common descent, homologous structures, and vestigial organs. It explains that in artificial selection humans select naturally occurring variations in organisms that are useful, and that natural selection results in changes to a population's inherited characteristics that increase its fitness and chance of survival in its environment.
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Mechanisms and patterns of evolution
Stabilizing selection favors average or intermediate traits in a population, reducing variation. This causes the population to stay the same over time. Directional selection favors one extreme trait, causing the population to evolve in one direction. Disruptive selection favors two extreme traits, leading to the emergence of two new species separated by intermediate forms. Geographic isolation and behavioral differences can cause speciation as populations separated by barriers evolve independently.
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This document provides guidance and questions on key concepts related to natural selection and evolution. It covers topics such as variation within species, adaptations, population growth limitations, inheritance of traits, and examples of natural selection like changes in finch beaks and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The questions assess understanding of these core evolutionary principles and mechanisms.
Natural selection
Natural selection occurs through a struggle for existence where individuals compete for limited resources. Those best suited to the environment will survive and pass on their genes, while others will die without reproducing. Over generations, this process of natural selection can cause populations to evolve and change through descent with modification from ancestral species. Key mechanisms include adaptation, fitness, and common descent of all living things from shared ancestors. Evidence for evolution comes from the fossil record, geographic distribution, homologous structures, vestigial organs, and comparative genetics.
Human Evolution
Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates.
Evolution
There are three main theories of evolution: special creation, Lamarckism, and Darwinism. Special creation believes organisms were created in their current form with no evolution. Lamarckism proposes that acquired traits can be inherited, such as giraffes developing long necks, but it was rejected as traits are not inherited. Darwinism theorizes that populations vary, there is a struggle for existence, and natural selection leads to the survival of the fittest whose variations are inherited, resulting in evolution and speciation over generations.
Natural selection
Darwin explored ideas about evolution through natural selection. His observations of finches in the Galapagos led him to predict that one species can evolve into another through natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on those favorable traits. Darwin proposed that small, inherited variations combined with differential reproductive success could result in the emergence of new species over generations.
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The document outlines different levels of biological organization from simplest to most complex: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere. It provides descriptions of each level, including that cells are the smallest independently functioning unit; tissues are groups of similar cells; organs perform specific functions; organ systems are groups of organs working together; and populations and communities comprise groups of the same or different organisms living together and interacting within an ecosystem. The highest levels of biological organization are biomes, defined as areas with similar plant and animal life, and the biosphere, which encompasses all life on Earth.
Darwin’s theory of evolution
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory proposed that all species share a common ancestor and evolve over time through gradual processes of variation, competition for limited resources, and natural selection of beneficial traits. Key evidence came from studies of finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands which had adapted in different ways on different islands. Darwin's theory revolutionized scientific understanding of the diversity and relatedness of life on Earth.
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This document provides an overview of Chapter 15 on evolution from a biology textbook. Section 15.1 discusses Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, which proposes that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on random genetic variations in populations over multiple generations. The four main principles of natural selection are described. Section 15.2 reviews various lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry and geographic distribution of species. Section 15.3 discusses how evolutionary theory has been refined over time, including ideas around genetic drift, speciation factors, gradualism versus punctuated equilibrium, and sexual selection.
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This document discusses four patterns of evolution: adaptive radiation, where a single species evolves into many new species occupying different ecological niches; divergent evolution, the evolution of an ancestral group into many different forms; convergent evolution, the independent evolution of similar traits in distantly related species; and coevolution, the evolution of one species in response to changes in another interacting species. Examples are given for each pattern.
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This document provides an overview of evolution and genetics from an anthropology course. It discusses key topics like Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, Gregor Mendel's experiments with genetics and heredity, and modern understandings of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow and the mechanisms that drive genetic change over time.
Theories of evolution
The document discusses early theories of evolution, including those proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin. Lamarck believed that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, and that evolution progressed towards greater complexity. His ideas were later disproven. Darwin's observations of finches during his voyage on the HMS Beagle, including variation between island populations, helped lead him to develop the theory of natural selection.
Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection
The document discusses ecological genetics and natural selection. It defines key terms like genetic variation, mutation, genetic recombination, and sources of genetic variation. It describes Darwin's theory of natural selection as the differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on heritable traits that provide advantages in their environment. The document provides examples of natural selection including directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection. It also discusses evolution as a change in gene frequencies over time due to factors like natural selection, genetic drift, and mutations. Adaptive radiation is defined as the process by which one species diversifies into multiple species occupying different ecological niches.
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This document provides an overview of adaptation and selection. It discusses natural selection, sexual selection, and artificial selection. Natural selection leads to differential survival based on phenotypes. Sexual selection acts on secondary sexual characteristics and can occur through female choice or male competition. Artificial selection in laboratory experiments aims to simulate natural selection. Key concepts discussed include selection differentials, response to selection, heritability, directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection. Constraints on adaptation from developmental and architectural factors are also addressed.
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The document discusses evidence for evolution from the fossil record, distribution of fossils, and succession of forms over time. It describes Lamarck's theory of acquired traits being passed to offspring and Darwin and Wallace's theory of natural selection. Key evidence includes homologous and vestigial structures, similarities in embryology and macromolecules providing evidence that evolution has occurred and living things share common ancestors. Patterns of evolution include convergent, divergent and coevolution resulting from changing environmental pressures.
Theory of evolution notes
Natural selection is the driving force behind evolution. According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection:
1) There is genetic variation within populations. Traits that increase reproductive success will be passed on more frequently.
2) Individuals with traits better suited to the environment will have greater access to resources and be more likely to reproduce.
3) Over time, individuals with traits that increase reproductive success will comprise a greater proportion of the population, leading populations to evolve.
Evolution- Laila Bangwar & Lujane Pagganwala
This document presents an overview of evolution through natural selection. It defines evolution as cumulative heritable changes in a population over time. It provides evidence for evolution through fossil records showing changes over generations, as well as examples of artificial and natural selection leading to changes in populations. Specifically, it discusses how overproduction of offspring combined with variation and environmental pressures results in natural selection of traits increasing the chance of survival, and gives examples of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and pesticide resistance in rats evolving through this process.
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This document outlines Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses how Darwin was influenced by his observations on a voyage, including different finch species on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin proposed that organisms vary in traits, some traits help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully, and these traits become more common over generations through natural selection, resulting in evolution of species over time as they adapt to their environments.
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Biology 26.1
This document defines key terms related to the animal kingdom, including invertebrates, vertebrates, feedback inhibition, blastula, protostomes, deuterostomes, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, and more. It describes animals as multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs and outlines their essential functions of feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Complex animals are noted to have high cell specialization, internal organization, bilateral symmetry, a head with sense organs, and a body cavity.
Biology 26.2
Sponges contain specialized cells like choanocytes that use flagella to move water through the sponge for feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion. They have structures like spicules made of calcium carbonate or silica that form their skeleton, and archaeocytes that produce these spicules. Sponges reproduce through internal fertilization and larval stages, and some can form protective gemmules during unfavorable conditions.
Biology 22.5
Angiosperms are flowering plants that reproduce sexually through flowers. Flowers contain ovaries that surround and protect seeds. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots based on whether their seeds have one cotyledon (monocot) or two cotyledons (dicot). Flowering plants can also be annuals, biennials, or perennials depending on whether their life cycle is one, two, or more than two years.
Earth science 13.1
The document discusses Precambrian time from 4.56 billion years ago until the Cambrian period over 4 billion years later. It describes shields as flat expanses of ancient metamorphic rock within continental interiors. Stromatolites are layered mounds formed from algae trapping sediment and calcium carbonate. Earth's original atmosphere lacked oxygen but primitive organisms evolved photosynthesis which began releasing oxygen into the atmosphere around 2.5 billion years ago.
Earth science 13.4
The Cenozoic Era saw the rise of mammals as the dominant land animal, replacing reptiles. Flowering plants known as angiosperms also became the dominant land plant over gymnosperms. Major geological events like mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes occurred in western regions due to plate tectonics during this era. Mammals were better adapted than reptiles for more active lifestyles through bearing live young and maintaining steady body temperatures.
Earth science 13.2
The Paleozoic Era saw an explosion of life, as the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia formed most of the southern and northern portions of the supercontinent Pangea. During the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods, life was restricted to the seas surrounding Gondwana, which contained the continents of present-day South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and parts of Asia. By the end of the Paleozoic Era, around 400 million years ago, all continents had fused into the single landmass of Pangea, and plants first began moving from waterside habitats onto land.
Earth science 13.3
The Mesozoic era was the Age of Reptiles, where reptiles like dinosaurs quickly became the dominant land animals due to developing shelled eggs. Gymnosperms also dominated as the prominent plant during this time. A major geological event was the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea. Many reptile groups went extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era.
Earth science 9.1
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Originally proposed by Wegener, it suggests the continents were part of a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago that has since broken apart, moving the landmasses into their current positions. Fossil and rock evidence support this idea, including matching fossil organisms and mountain ranges found on separate continents today that indicate the continents were once joined.
Earth science 8.2
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Biology 28 2 groups of arthropods
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Biology 2.4
Chemical reactions involve reactants being converted into products through breaking and forming chemical bonds, requiring a minimum amount of energy called the activation energy. Catalysts like enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this activation energy, with enzymes being protein catalysts that facilitate substrate reactions within cells.
Earth science 12.3
This document discusses radiometric dating and how it is used to determine the absolute ages of rocks and minerals. It explains key concepts such as radioactivity, half-life, and how comparing ratios of radioactive isotopes like carbon-14 and carbon-12 can be used to calculate radiocarbon dates for samples. Radiometric dating relies on the fact that radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate and comparing the amounts of parent and daughter isotopes allows the age of a sample to be estimated.
Earth science 9.1
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Originally proposed by Wegener, it suggests the continents were part of a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago that has since broken apart, moving the landmasses into their current positions. Fossil and rock evidence support this idea, including matching fossil organisms and mountain ranges found on separate continents today that indicate the continents were once joined.
Earth science 7.3
Wind shapes landscapes through processes like deflation, desert pavement formation, and loess and dune deposition. Deflation is the lifting and removal of loose material by wind. Desert pavement is a layer of coarse pebbles created when wind removes finer material. Loess deposits are windblown silt deposits that form blanket-like layers, while dunes are ridges of wind-deposited sand that can vary in shape depending on wind and vegetation factors.
Earth science 7.2
Much of the weathered debris in deserts comes from mechanical weathering like alluvial fans formed where stream slopes abruptly decrease. While chemical weathering is less common, over long periods clays and thin soils can form. Desert streams are ephemeral, only flowing after rain, and often drying up before reaching oceans due to evaporation and soil infiltration. Most desert erosion comes from running water, though wind also erodes deserts, water does the most erosional work.
Earth science 7.1
Glaciers are large masses of ice that originate on land from compacted snow and move due to gravity. During an ice age, large ice sheets form on continents and flow outward, carving U-shaped valleys and depositing unsorted sediment called till. Valley glaciers are smaller glaciers confined to mountain valleys that flow due to plastic deformation and basal sliding between the ice and bedrock.
Earth science 6.3
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Earth science 6.2
This document defines key terms related to streams and their processes, including bed load, capacity, alluvium, delta, natural levee, floodplain, flood, drainage basin, divide. It also describes concepts such as how streams erode and deposit sediment according to flow velocities, and how flooding occurs and can be mitigated. The overall work of streams is to shape the landscape through erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediment within drainage basins.
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Biology 15.3
- 1. Darwin Presents His Case 15.3
- 2. Artificial Selection • Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variations among different organisms.
- 3. Struggle for Existence • Competition among members of a species for food, living space, and other necessities of life.
- 4. Fitness • Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.
- 5. Adaptation • Inherited characteristics that increases an organism’s chance of survival.
- 6. Survival of the Fittest • Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.
- 7. Natural Selection • Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.
- 8. Descent with Modification • Principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time.
- 9. Common Descent • Principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors.
- 10. Homologous Structures • Structure that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues.
- 11. Vestigial Organ • Organ that serves no useful function in an organism.
- 12. Key Concept • How is natural variation used in artificial selection? –In artificial selection, nature provided the variation, and humans selected those variations that they found useful.
- 13. Key Concept • How is natural selection related to a species’ fitness? –Natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species’ fitness in its environment.