Earth and Life Science Lessons for Second Quarter

1. GET READY!

3. What is Life?

4. Life is defined as “the ability of
an organism
to reproduce, grow, produce
energy
through chemical reactions to
utilize the
outside materials”.

5. How life originated on earth?

7. THEORIES
OF LIFE
DIVINE CREATION THEORY
ABIOGENESIS
BIOGENESIS

8. Theory of
Special
Creations
proposed that life on earth is created by a supernatural
power, the GOD.
• A. All living organisms were created same day [NO
DIFFERENCE IN THEIR APPEARANCE].
• B. They were created in the present form [NO EVOLUTION].
• C. Their bodies and organs are fully developed to meet the
requirement to run the life [NO ADAPTATION]

9. Theory of
spontaneous
generations/
Abiogenesis
• assumes that non-
living material in a
spontaneous manner
give rise to life.
• Proposed by Aristotle
who observed rotting
meat and flies.
• Existed for nearly
2000 years

10. Van Helmont concluded that mice could be created from a dirty
shirt.
He placed grains of wheat and a dirty shirt in a container and in
21 days mice appeared.
Conclusion: Sweat caused wheat to ferment into mice.
Abiogenesis!

11. Nonspontaneous
Generation/ BIOGENESIS
Redi In 1668 Francesco
Redi (Italian physician)
tested Aristotle’s
hypothesis (meat and
flies)
• Maggots appeared
on open jars of
meat
• Conclusion: Flies
come from flies!
Biogenesis – life
from life.

12. • Lazzaro Spallanzani
(1729-1799)
• Spallanzani repeated
experiment using
heated broth
• Boiled flasks longer and
sealed flasks
• Critics again objected to
sealed flasks!

13. The Final Blow! Louis
Pasteur (1822-1895)
1864 – Pasteur
developed a swan-
neck flask
Experiment:
Boiled broth, air could
enter but microbes
were trapped in
curved flask Broth
remained clear
“Omne vivum ex vivo”
(“Life only comes from
life”)
Biogenesis finally
proven!
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/spon
taneous-generation/

14. How different kinds of organisms
are formed in the world?

15. •Early Forms of
Life
•Microfossils
are fossils that
contain the
remains of tiny
plants and
animals.

16. The
cyanobacteria

18. 1. WHICH
AMONG THESE
THEORIES IN
THE ORIGIN OF
LIFE DO YOU
BELIEVE?
EXPLAIN WHY.
DIVINE CREATION THEORY
ABIOGENESIS
BIOGENESIS
ACTIVITY 1

19. 2.
•What are the types of
evolutionary adaptation?
•Explain each using examples.
E.g. giraffe

20. Evolutionary
Adaptation

21. Lamarck's Hypothesis

22. Change
through use
and disuse
• If a giraffe stretched its neck for leaves, for
example, a "nervous fluid" would flow into
its neck and make it longer. Its offspring
would inherit the longer neck and continued
stretching would make it longer still over
several generations. Meanwhile organs that
organisms stopped using would shrink.

24. Uniformitarianism
Uniformitarianism is the doctrine that existing processes acting
in the same manner and with essentially the same intensity as
at present are sufficient to account for all geologic change.

26. Natural Selection

27. • the changes in the genotype of an organism that
increase the chances of the organism to survive and
procreate are preserved and passed down to the new
generation.

28. There is variation in traits.
For example, some beetles are
green, and some are brown.

29. The surviving brown beetles have
brown baby beetles because this
trait has a genetic basis.
• Heredity of the traits of the beetles who
survive
The more advantageous trait, brown coloration,
which allows the beetle to have more offspring,
becomes more common in the population. If this
process continues, eventually, all individuals in the
population will be brown.
• Eventually, the advantageous trait dominates

31. Directional Selection

33. This type of natural selection occurs when selective pressures are working
in favour of one extreme of a trait. Therefore, when looking at a distribution
of traits in a population, a graph tends to lean more to one side:
Example: Giraffes with the longest necks are able to reach more leaves to

37. Stabilizing Selection

38. Stabilizing Selection
Example: For a plant, the plants that are very tall are exposed to more wind and are at risk
being blown over. The plants that are very short fail to get enough sunlight to prosper.
Therefore, the plants that are a middle height between the two get both enough sunlight
protection from the wind.

41. Disruptive Selection

43. Disruptive Selection
• This type of natural selection occurs when selective pressures are working
in favour of the two extremes and against the intermediate trait. This type
of selection is not as common. When looking at a trait distribution, there
are two higher peaks on both ends with a minimum in the middle as such:
• Example: An area that has black, white and grey bunnies contains both
black and white rocks. Both the traits for white and black will be favored by
natural selection since they both prove useful for camouflage. The
intermediate trait of grey does not prove as useful and therefore selective
pressures act against the trait.

44. ACTIVITY 1.2
EXAMPLE TYPE OF
SELECTION
EXPLANATION
MOTH
GIRAFFE
OYSTER
RABBIT
SQUIRREL
FLOWER
LIZARD
BABY

45. Characteristics/
Properties of Life

46. High Degree of
Organization

48. Molecule

49. Cell Organelle

50. C E L L

51. Tissue

52. Organ

53. Organ System

54. Organism

55. Population

56. Community

58. Biosphere

59. THEMES OF LIFE

60. ACTIVITY 2:
•PRESENT AN EXAMPLE OF NATURAL
SELECTION. INCLUDE PICTURES AND
CAPTION. (BOND PAPER)

61. 1. New Properties Emerge at
Successive Levels of
Biological Organization

63. 2. Life’s Process Involve the
Expression and Transmission of
Genetic Information

64. -Deoxyribonucleic acid-
DNA controls the development
and maintenance of organisms

65. Reproduction ensures the survival
of species. (Sexual and asexual
reproduction)

67. Animals that undergo sexual reproduction include
some reptiles, fishes, insects, and mammals.

68. 3. Life Requires the Transfer
and Transformation of Energy
and Matter

69. Primary producers - organisms
that make their own food

70. Primary consumers- animals
that eat primary producers
(herbivore)

71. Secondary consumers-
(carnivore/ omnivore)

72. Tertiary consumers
Quarternary consumers

73. From Ecosystems to Molecules,
Interactions are Important In
Biological Systems

74. Symbiosis is a relationship where two or
more species live in direct and intimate
contact with one another. It includes:
1. Parasitism
2. Mutualism
3. Commensalism

75. MUTUALISM

76. COMMENSALISM

77. PARASITISM

78. • Energy and Life
• Living organisms obtain energy from the food
they eat. Plants undergo photosynthesis where they
convert the energy from the sun into sugar. Since
most of the animals cannot produce their own
energy, they get the energy from the consumption
and assimilation of the biomass of plants and other
animals.
• Thermal Regulation
• The ability of an organism to regulate their
internal conditions is called homeostasis.
• Humans have to maintain a body temperature
of 37 ∘ C. When the temperature outside our bodies
becomes hot, the skin cools down by perspiration,
maintaining the normal body temperature.

79. QUIZ 1
•Choose the letter of the correct answer.
•1. When did the early forms of life exist?
•A. 1.5 billion years ago
•B. 2.5 billion years ago
•C. 4.5 billion years ago
•D. 3.5 billion years ago

80. QUIZ 1
2. Where is the first form of life seen?
• A. microfossils
•B. layers of rocks
•C. oceanic crusts
•D. sediments

81. •3. Which of the following is the first
photosynthetic organism to form?
•A. cyanobacteria
•B. algae
•C. fungi
•D. gymnosperm

82. 4. Which is NOT true about the
prokaryotes?
• A. They are simple in structure, small,
and unicellular.
• B. They do not have nucleus.
• C. They survive in extreme conditions.
• D. They have nuclei.

83. •5. Which of the following symbiotic
relationship is described as one
organism benefits, while the other is not
harmed?
•A. Parasitism
•B. Commensalism
•C. Mutualism
•D. Homeostasis

84. 6. The following is the doctrine that existing
processes acting in the same manner and
with essentially the same intensity as at
present are sufficient to account for all
geologic change.
A. Lamarck’s Hypothesis
B. Uniformitarianism
C. Disruptive Selection
D. Stabilizing Selection

85. •7. Which of the following statements is NOT
correct?
• A. Photosynthetic organisms decreased the
amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
• B. Organisms change over time as a result of
adaptation for survival.
• C. Multicellular organisms evolved from
unicellular eukaryotes.
• D. The earliest forms of life were the
prokaryotes.

86. 8. Which of the following is
characterized when one phenotype
favors over the other?
A.Stabilizing Selection
B.Disruptive Selection
C.Directional Selection
D.Natural Selection

87. 9. Why do you think the emergence of plants and
animals came later than simple living organisms?
• A. They are too big and take time to form.
• B. They are the least important factor in the
environment.
• C. Their cell structures are more complex.
• D. They contain more nucleus compared to
lower forms of organisms.

88. • 10. Considering the present condition of the environment,
do you think living organisms are still evolving today?
• A. Yes, because humans continuously alter the
environment that triggers evolution among living organisms
in order to survive.
• B. No, because the environment remains favourable to
living organisms.
• C. Yes, because it is a natural phenomenon which we
cannot stop from happening.
• D. No, because there is no condition outside their bodies
that will trigger evolution.

89. •11. What is the process by which the
sun's energy is trapped as the source
of energy and is converted into
chemical energy?
•adaptation
•B. evolution
•C. photosynthesis
•D.homeostasis

90. 12. Which of the following refers to the
process by which changes occur in the
characteristics of species of organisms
over time?
•A.evolution
•B. homeostasis
•C. regulation
•D. metabolism

91. •13. Which refers to the maintenance of
internal conditions of an organism
within a certain range?
•A. adaptation
•B. evolution
•C. metabolism
•D. homeostasis

92. 14. Which of the following sequences is likely
to be observed in an elephant, going from
smallest to largest?
•A. cell, organ, tissue, organism
•B. cell, organ, system, tissue
•C. organism, system, organ, tissue
•D. cell, tissue, system, organism

93. 15. Which of the following does not follow the principle of
form follows function?
• A. The thick and heavy bones of birds allow them to stay
longer in the air.
• B. The fins of a fish help it to propel itself through the
water.
• C. The beaver’s spoon-shaped tail helps them in swimming
and is also used as a defense mechanism.
• D. The biconcave shape of red blood cells provides greater
surface area which allow both red blood cells and oxygen to
exchange through the capillaries which are smaller in
diameter than the red blood cells.

94. •16. Which statement is NOT true about living
organisms?
• A. Living things are made up of cells.
• B. Living things adapt and evolve in order to
survive.
• C. Living things have different parts that depend
on the structure and form for their functions.
• D. Living things are made of organic elements only.

95. • 17. Which of the following is NOT an example of
homeostasis?
• A. Sweating cools the body down when temperature
rises.
• B. Energy is captured by plants to convert light energy
into chemical energy.
• C. If there is too much glucose in the blood, insulin
converts some of it to glycogen.
• D. The capillaries underneath your skin get constricted to
take the blood away from the surface of the skin to warm
the body up.

96. •18. Which is NOT true about the
extinction of a species?
• A. It can be caused by a natural
phenomenon.
•B. It is caused by humans only.
•C. It is never affected by human
activities.
•D. It has a progressive impact on
biodiversity.

97. • Some members of a species have a genetic change that causes them
to survive in their environment.
• They have survived to reproduce and pass these genetic changes to
their offspring.
• 19. What BEST explains this situation?
• A. All living organisms are made up of cells.
• B. Living things evolve through time.
• C. Living things interact with their environment in order to survive.
• D. Different organisms have to maintain different internal
conditions.

98. • Over a year, the population of Bengal tigers in India
decreased by half of its original size.
• 20. Which statement below best explains this change in the
Bengal tiger’s population?
• A. presence of rich habitat and sustainability in food
sources
• B. poaching due to the increasing demand for traditional
Asian medicines
• C. gradual change in climate and other environmental
factors
• D. increase in the number of prey in the area

100. • 8. Which is true about the extinction of a species?
• A. It can be caused by a natural phenomenon. C. It is never affected by human activities.
• B. It is caused by humans only. D. It has a progressive impact on biodiversity.
• Some members of a species have a genetic change that causes them to survive in their environment.
• They have survived to reproduce and pass these genetic changes to their offspring.
• 9. What BEST explains this situation?
• A. All living organisms are made up of cells.
• B. Living things evolve through time.
• C. Living things interact with their environment in order to survive.
• D. Different organisms have to maintain different internal conditions.
• Over a year, the population of Bengal tigers in India decreased by half of its original size.
• 10. Which statement below best explains this change in the Bengal tiger’s population?
• A. presence of rich habitat and sustainability in food sources
• B. poaching due to the increasing demand for traditional Asian medicines
• C. gradual change in climate and other environmental factors
• D. increase in the number of prey in the area

101. • 8. Which is true about the extinction of a species?
• A. It can be caused by a natural phenomenon. C. It is never affected by human activities.
• B. It is caused by humans only. D. It has a progressive impact on biodiversity.
• Some members of a species have a genetic change that causes them to survive in their environment.
• They have survived to reproduce and pass these genetic changes to their offspring.
• 9. What BEST explains this situation?
• A. All living organisms are made up of cells.
• B. Living things evolve through time.
• C. Living things interact with their environment in order to survive.
• D. Different organisms have to maintain different internal conditions.
• Over a year, the population of Bengal tigers in India decreased by half of its original size.
• 10. Which statement below best explains this change in the Bengal tiger’s population?
• A. presence of rich habitat and sustainability in food sources
• B. poaching due to the increasing demand for traditional Asian medicines
• C. gradual change in climate and other environmental factors
• D. increase in the number of prey in the area

102. • Activity 1. Similarities and Differences, Tell Me!
• Look around you and identify the living
organisms that surround you. What makes them
like one another? What makes them different?

103. •RECITATION
•What Can You Say?
• Your mother bought some meat from the market
one day. She placed the meat in a pan but forgot to
place it in the freezer. After some time, maggots were
seen crawling from the meat. What can you say about
these outcomes?

104. PT 1
•Make hugot lines on
•symbiosis (1)and
• theories/evolution of life (1).

105. QUIZ 1
• Choose the letter of the correct answer.
•1. When did the early forms of life exist?
•A. 1.5 billion years ago
•B. 2.5 billion years ago
•C. 4.5 billion years ago
•D. 3.5 billion years ago

106. QUIZ 1
•2. Which of the following is an example of directional
selection?
•A. moth
•B. human baby
•C. rabbit
•D. lizard

107. •3. These are cells that performs a
specific function in the body.
•A. organ
•B. tissue
•B. organism
•D. organ system

108. QUIZ 1
4. Where is the first form of life seen?
• A. microfossils
•B. layers of rocks
•C. oceanic crusts
•D. sediments

109. •5. Which of the following is the first
photosynthetic organism to form?
•A. cyanobacteria
•B. algae
•C. fungi
•D. gymnosperm

110. •6. Which of the following symbiotic
relationship is described as one
organism benefits, while the other is not
harmed?
•A. Parasitism
•B. Commensalism
•C. Mutualism
•D. Homeostasis

111. 7. The following is the doctrine that existing
processes acting in the same manner and
with essentially the same intensity as at
present are sufficient to account for all
geologic change.
A. Lamarck’s Hypothesis
B. Uniformitarianism
C. Disruptive Selection
D. Stabilizing Selection

112. 8. Which of the following is
characterized when one phenotype
favors over the other?
A.Stabilizing Selection
B.Disruptive Selection
C.Directional Selection
D.Natural Selection

113. 9. Which of the following refers to the
process by which changes occur in the
characteristics of species of organisms
over time?
•A.evolution
•B. homeostasis
•C. regulation
•D. metabolism

114. 10. Which of the following sequences is likely
to be observed in an elephant, going from
smallest to largest?
•A. cell, organ, tissue, organism
•B. cell, organ, system, tissue
•C. organism, system, organ, tissue
•D. cell, tissue, system, organism

115. 5 points each. Choose 2 items.
• A. Explain LAMARCK’S theory
• B. Natural selection
• C. Energy pyramid
• D. Symbiosis
• E. Level of organization

116. 5 POINTS

117. Describe each unifying theme illustrated below. Give details on
how these themes serve as the foundation in the study of
biology. 5 POINTS EACH

122. • Complete Me Directions: The two additional unifying themes of
Biology are: “science benefits from a cooperative approach and
diverse viewpoints” and “scientists make observations and then form
and test hypotheses”. Using the template below, share your ideas
about the mentioned themes as you relate it to science, technology
and society. Subject Theme: _________ My chosen word is ______.
First, I know that ____. In addition, I know that ____. Finally, I know
that ___. Now, you know something that I know ____.

124. 15. Which of the following does not follow the principle of
form follows function?
• A. The thick and heavy bones of birds allow them to stay
longer in the air.
• B. The fins of a fish help it to propel itself through the
water.
• C. The beaver’s spoon-shaped tail helps them in swimming
and is also used as a defense mechanism.
• D. The biconcave shape of red blood cells provides greater
surface area which allow both red blood cells and oxygen to
exchange through the capillaries which are smaller in
diameter than the red blood cells.

125. •16. Which statement is NOT true about living
organisms?
• A. Living things are made up of cells.
• B. Living things adapt and evolve in order to
survive.
• C. Living things have different parts that depend
on the structure and form for their functions.
• D. Living things are made of organic elements only.

126. • 17. Which of the following is NOT an example of
homeostasis?
• A. Sweating cools the body down when temperature
rises.
• B. Energy is captured by plants to convert light energy
into chemical energy.
• C. If there is too much glucose in the blood, insulin
converts some of it to glycogen.
• D. The capillaries underneath your skin get constricted to
take the blood away from the surface of the skin to warm
the body up.

127. •18. Which is NOT true about the
extinction of a species?
• A. It can be caused by a natural
phenomenon.
•B. It is caused by humans only.
•C. It is never affected by human
activities.
•D. It has a progressive impact on
biodiversity.

128. • Some members of a species have a genetic change that causes them
to survive in their environment.
• They have survived to reproduce and pass these genetic changes to
their offspring.
• 19. What BEST explains this situation?
• A. All living organisms are made up of cells.
• B. Living things evolve through time.
• C. Living things interact with their environment in order to survive.
• D. Different organisms have to maintain different internal
conditions.

129. • Over a year, the population of Bengal tigers in India
decreased by half of its original size.
• 20. Which statement below best explains this change in the
Bengal tiger’s population?
• A. presence of rich habitat and sustainability in food
sources
• B. poaching due to the increasing demand for traditional
Asian medicines
• C. gradual change in climate and other environmental
factors
• D. increase in the number of prey in the area