Orthodontic tooth movement involves applying prolonged force to a tooth to cause bone remodeling and tooth migration. There are three types of natural tooth movement: eruption, drift, and changes during mastication. Orthodontic forces create areas of pressure and tension in the periodontal ligament that initiate a biological process of bone resorption on the pressure side and bone deposition on the tension side. This movement occurs in stages as the periodontal ligament and bone adapt to the new tooth position.
Development of dentition & occlusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Development of dentition & occlusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Development of dentition. /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Early vs late orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Classification of malocclusion in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause of the problem.
Components of removable appliances 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Physiology of tooth movement 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Orthodontics-Periodontics Relationship
ntroduction
Biological basis for orthodontic therapy
Periodontal tissue response to orthodontic force
Effects of orthodontic tooth movement on the periodontium
Orthodontic tooth movement in adults with periodontal tissue breakdown
Specific factors associated with orthodontic tooth movement
Implants and orthodontic therapy
Systematics of combined ortho – perio treatment
Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO)
Minor periodontal surgery and orthodontic treatment
Review of literature
orthodontic biology of tooth and supporting structure.docxDr.Mohammed Alruby
The goal is to examine the relationship between orthodontic biomechanics and the underlying biological process
When orthodontic force is applied to the crown of the tooth it is transmitted through the roots to the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone
Histology of supporting structure:
- Periodontal ligament
- Alveolar bone
I- Periodontal ligament:
A- Cellular component:
• Forming cells:
Osteoblast: bone forming cells
Fibroblast: PDL fibers forming cells
Cementoblast: in layer adjacent to the roots
• Resorptive cells:
Osteoblast: large cell rich acid phosphatase enzyme that demineralize the bone and disintegrate of organic matrix
Fibroblast: disintegrate fibers
Cementoblast: resorb cementum
• Progenitor cells: undifferentiated mesenchymal cells UMC: small cells with closed nucleus and little cytoplasm & monocytes
• Epithelial rest of malassez: arise as a result of breakdown of epithelial root sheath at the time of cementogesis
• Defensive cells: as macrophages & mast cells
B- Periodontal fibers:
1- Collagen fibers:
the main bulk of PDL fibers and found in 5 groups:
- Alveolar crest group: from cervix to alveolar crest
- Horizontal group: from cementum to bone horizontally
- Oblique group: the main attachment that run obliquely from cementum to bone in an apical direction
- Apical group: circumscribed the apex and responsible for resistance to rotation
- Inter-radicular group: inter-mediate plexus, observed midway between bone and root
- Supra-alveolar group:
Dento-gingival
Dento-periosteal
Transeptal
Circular
Alveolo-gingival
2- Oxytalan fibers:
Immediate elastic fibers that resist dissolution by acids unlike collagen
Run from cementum or bone to blood vessels
Play a role in supporting the blood vessels against distortion and compressive strain
c- Ground substances:
organic matrix surrounding the PDL elements, it is chemically composed of CHO linked with protein. CHO- protein complex commonly divided into two groups: proteoglycan and glycoprotein
ground substances of periodontal ligament is in a continuous state of remodeling process
d- Neurovascular elements:
myelinated: pain sensation
non-myelinated: blood vessels wall
PDL functions:
- Supportive
- Nutritive
- Remodeling
- Sensory
II- Alveolar bone:
= in human, marrow spaces are rare in the buccal and lingual plates, these spaces decreased with age
= wider spaces are lined with a layer of fenestrated compact bone when PDL fibers are anchor these fibers is called bundle bone
N: B:
= collagen turn over in PDL is higher 4 times than skin and 2 times than gingiva and this due to the forces in PDL is multi-directional takes vertical and horizontal component
= lake of marrow spaces implies that bone resorption takes more time so that the tooth movement in mesial and distal direction occur more than labial and lingual sides
= the resorptive cells increase as the marrow spaces increase
N: B:
The new deposited tissue during tooth migration have 3 stages:
Stage I osteoid:
is the pr
orthodontic biology of tooth and supporting structure.docxDr.Mohammed Alruby
Histology of supporting structure
- Periodontal ligament
- Alveolar bone
= types of tooth movement
= classification of force during treatment
= factors affect tooth movement
= hyalinization
= types of root resorption
= factors affect tooth movement according to pressure tension theory
= role of chemical mediators in tooth movement
= role of neurotransmitter in tooth movements
Molecular and ultracellular basis of orthodontic tooth movementMiliya Parveen
Contents -
Introduction
Response to normal function
Response to Continuous Pressure
Force for Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Modes of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Hyalinization
Role of Piezoelectric Current
Theories of orthodontic mechanisms
Phases of tooth movement
Pathways of tooth movement
Signaling molecules and metabolites in orthodontic tooth movement
Role of Cytokines, Growth Factors and Transcription Factors
Role of Prostaglandins
Cellular networking in tooth remodeling
The intracellular second-messenger systems
Role of Vitamin D and diacylglycerol
RANK RANKL/OPG pathway
Sequence of events after force application
Changes in PDL
Changes in Gingiva
Markers For Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Conclusion
Biology of bone in complete dentures, removable partial denture, overdenturePiyaliBhattacharya10
describes the biology of bone in physiologic condition, about bone remodeling, bone resorption in complete denture, combination syndrome, bone resorption in immediate denture and overdenture
Tissue reaction in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Similar to Biological basis of tooth movement (20)
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
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APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Biological basis of tooth movement
1. Guided by- Dr. Prakash Ch.Roy
Dr. Rajib kr. seal
Dr. Abhijit Das
Dr. Amit Shaw
2. Orthodontic tooth movement is a unique
process where a solid object (tooth) is made to
move through a solid medium (bone).
Orthodontic treatment is possible due to the
fact that whenever a prolonged force is applied
on a tooth,bone remodelling occurs around the
tooth resulting in its movement.
3. Naturally occurring tooth movements that
take place during and after tooth eruption.
This include:
A)Tooth Eruption.
B)Migration or drift of teeth.
C)Changes in tooth position during mastication.
4. Tooth eruption is the axial movement of tooth from its
development position in the jaw to its final position in the oral
cavity.
The following are some theories which explains the eruption
process.
a)Blood pressure theory:
According to this theory,the tissue around the
developing end of the root is highly vascular.This vascular
pressure is believed to cause the axial movement of teeth.
5. b)Root Growth:
According to this theory,the apical growth of
roots result in an axially directed force that brings about the
eruption of teeth.
This theory was rejected because:
The tooth moves at a greater distance than the root length.
Onset of root growth and eruption do not coincide.
Teeth without roots also erupt.
c)Hammock ligament theory:
According to Sicher, a band of fibrous tissue
exists below the root apex spanning from one side of
alveolar wall to other. This fibrous tissue appears to form a
network below the developing root and is rich in fluid
droplets.the developing root forces itself against this band
of tissue, which in turn applies an occlusally directed force
on tooth.
6. d)Periodontal traction theory:
This theory states that the
periodontal ligament is rich in fibroblasts
that contain contractile tissue.The
contraction of these periodontal fibers
(mainly the oblique group of fibers)
results in axial movement of the tooth.
7. Refers to the minor changes in tooth position
observed after eruption .
Human dentition shows a natural tendency to
move in a mesial & occlusal direction.
Usually a result of proximal and occlusal wear
of teeth,
They move in a mesial and occlusal direction
to maintain inter-proximal and occlusal
contact.
8. During mastication ,the teeth
and PDL structures are
subjected to intermittent heavy
forces which occurs in cycles of
one second or less and may
range from 1-50 kg based on the
type of food being masticated.
9. Physiologic response to heavy pressure against
a tooth:-
<1 sec – PDL fluid incompressible, alveolar
bone bends, piezoelectric effect.
1-2 sec – PDL fluid compressed, tooth moves
within the PDL space.
3-5 sec – PDL fluid squeezed out, tissue
compressed, immediate pain.
10. Histology of tooth movement:
Orthodontic movement bring about areas of pressure and
tension around the tooth. The histologic changes seen during
tooth movement vary according to the amount and duration of
force applied.
11.
12. Classically the movement of teeth
has been explained via the
pressure:tension hypothesis in
which PDL tissues in pressure side
results in bone resurption , while
placing the PDL tissues under tensile
force lead to bone deposition.
13. Changes on pressure side:
The PDL in direction of tooth movement gets compressed to
almost 1/3rd of it’s original thickness.
A marked increase in the vascularity of PDL on this side is
observed due to increase in capillary blood supply.
This increase in blood supply helps in mobilization of cells such
as fibroblasts and osteoclasts.
Osteoclasts are bone resorbing cells that lie in Howship’s
lacunae .
when forces applied are within physiologic limits,the resorption
is seen in alveolar plate immediately adjacent to the
ligament.This kind of reorption is called frontal resorption.
14. Changes on tension side:
PDL stretched
Distance between alveolar process & tooth is widened.
Increased vascularity.
Mobilization of fibroblasts & osteoblasts.
Osteoid is laid down by osteoblast in PDL immediately
adjacent to lamina dura.
Lightly calcified bone mature to form woven bone.
15. Secondary remodelling changes:
Bony changes also takes place elsewhere to
maintain the width or thickness of alveolar bone.These
changes are called secondary remodeling changes.
For eg:-If a tooth is being moved in a lingual direction there is
compensatory deposition of new bone on the outerside of the
lingual alveolar bony plate and also a compensatory resorption
on the labial side of the labial alveolar bone.
This is to maintain the thickness of the supporting alveolar
process .
16.
17. On the pressure side :-
Root closely approximates the lamina dura .
Compresses the PDL and leads to occlusion of blood vessels.
The PDL is hence deprived of its nutritional supply leading to
regressive changes called hyalinization
18. On the tension side:-
Over stretched PDL .
Tearing of blood vessels & ischaemia.
Extreme forces applied net increase in osteoclastic activity
19. Is one which moves teeth most rapidly in the desired
direction ,with the least possible damage to tissue and
with minimum patient discomfort.
Optimum force is equivalent to the capillary pulse
pressure,which is 20-26 gm/sq. of root surface area.
Below the optimal level cause no reaction in PDL.
Forces exceeding optimal level would lead to areas of
tissue necrosis ,preventing frontal bone resorption.
20. Produce rapid tooth movement.
Minimal patient discomfort.
The lag phase of tooth movement is minimal.
No marked mobility of the teeth being moved.
21. Form of tissue degeneration characterized by formation of
a clear, eosinophilic homogenous substances
Denotes a compressed and locally degenerated PDL.
Reversible process.
Occurs in almost all forms of orthodontic tooth movement
but the areas are wider when the force applied is extreme.
22. Gradual shrinkage of PDL fibres.
Collagenous tissues gradually unite into a more or less cell free mass.
changes also occur in the ground substance.
break down of blood vessel walls leading to spilling of their contents.
Osteoclasts are formed after a period of
20-30 hrs.
The presence of hyalinised zone indicates that the ligament is non-functional and
therefore bone resorption cannot occur.The tooth is hence not capable of further
movement until the local damaged tissue has been removed and the adjacent
alveolar bone resorbs .
23. 2 mechanism:-
1. By osteoclasts differentiating in the peripheral intact PDL
membrane and in the adjacent marrow spaces.
2. Invasion of cells and blood vessels from the periphery of
the compressed zone by which necrotic tissue is removed.
The invading cells penetrate the hyalinized tissue and
eliminate unwanted fibrous tissue by enzymatic action and
phagocytosis.
24. A-Tipping –close to alveolar
crest
B-Excessive force during
tipping-two areas,one on
apical region and other in
marginal area.
C-Bodily-closer to middle
portion of root
27. Rapid tooth movement is observed over a short distance which
then stops.
Represents displacement of tooth in PDL membrane space and
probably bending of alveolar bone .
Both light and heavy forces displace the tooth to same extent .
Between 0.4 to 0.9mm usually occurs in a weeks time.
Both light & heavy forces displace the tooth to the same extent
during this phase.
28. Little or no tooth movement
occurs .
Formation of hyalinized tissue .
Extent upto 2-3 weeks .
29. Tooth movement progresses rapidly as t0he
hyalinized zone is removed and bone undergoes
resorption .
Osteoclasts are found over a larger surface area .
30. 1. Pressure tension theory by Schwarz.(classic
theory)
2. Fluid dynamic theory by Bien/ blood flow
theory:
3. Bone bending & piezoelectric theory:
31. Schwarz(1932) - author of this theory .
According to him ,whenever a tooth is subjected to an
orthodontic force it results in areas of pressure and
tension .
Areas of pressure show bone resorption while areas of
tension show bone deposition.
32. Farrar in 1876, first noted deformation or bending of interseptal
alveolar bones.
suggest that bone bending may be a possible mechanism for
bringing about tooth movement.
Piezo-electricity is a phenomenon observed in many crystalline
materials in which deformation of the crystal structure produces
a flow of electric current as a result displacement of electrons
from one part of the crystal lattice to the other.A small electric
current is generated & bone is mechanically deformed.
33. The possible source of electric current are :-
1. Collagen.
2. Hydroxyapetite.
3. Collagen hydroxyapetite interface.
4. Mucopolysaccharide.
34. As long as the force is maintained ,The crystal
structure is stable & no further electric effect is
observed.
When the force is released the crystals return to their
original shape & reverse flow of electrons is
observed.
This rhythmic activity produces a constant interplay
of electric signals .
35. Quick decay rate:
When the force is released electrons flow in the opposite
direction.
On application of a force on a tooth ,
Areas of concavity negative charges bone deposition.
Areas of convexity +ve
charges and bone resorption.
36. On the tension side.
Increase in number of osteoblasts .
Osteoblasts are ovoid cells with basophilic cytoplasm and a
oval nucleus.
Osteoblast increase in number by proliferation of their
precursor cells.
The PDL fibers readapt to new position of the tooth by
proliferation of intermediate zone.
37. By OSTEOCLASTS
Multi-nucleated giant cells and may have 12 or more nuclei.
They are irregularly and or club shaped with branching
processes .
They lie in bay like depressions called Howship’s lacunae.
The part of osteoclast in contact with resorbing bone has a
ruffled border.
38. During bone resorption three processes occur:
1. Decalcification.
2. Degradation of matrix.
3. Transport of soluble products to the
extracellular fluid or blood vascular system