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Biofuels
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- 2. • Renewable energy Biofuel Biomass Carbonneutral fuel Geothermal Hydroelectricity Solar energy Tidal power Wave power Wind power
- 3. • A biofuelis a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price hikes, the need for increased energy security, and concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.
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- 6. Technology • Biomass technologytoday serves many markets that were developed with fossil fuels and modestly reduces their use • Uses - Industrial process heat and steam, Electrical power generation, Transportation fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) and other products. • Primary focus of the Biomass Program – development of advanced technologies.
- 7. Bio-refinery • A facilitythat integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. • Analogous to today's petroleum refineries • It is based on the “Sugar Platform“ and the “Thermochemical Platform“
- 8. Bio-diesel • Madeby transforming animal fat or vegetable oil with alcohol . • Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil or soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease. • Directly substituted for diesel either as neat fuel or as an oxygenate additive
- 10. Modified Waste VegetableFat • Designed for general use in most compression ignition engines . • It can be modified in various ways to make a 'greener' form of fuel
- 11. Jatropha • Biodiesel fromJatropha • Seeds of the Jatropha nut is crushed and oil is extracted • The oil is processed and refined to form bio-diesel.
- 13. Gasification Technology •Gobar gasProduction •Biogas •Synthesis gas
- 14. Raw Materials forGasification
- 15. Gobar gas • Gobargas production is an anaerobic process • Fermentation is carried out in an air tight, closed cylindrical concrete tank called a digester
- 17. Wood • Domestic heatingwith wood is still by far the largest market for bio-energy • Dramatic improvements of technology in domestic heating equipment • Improved tiled stoves, advanced logwood boilers, woodchip boilers, pellet boilers and pellet stoves. • Pourable wood-based fuel is also available
- 19. Environmental Concerns • AirPollution • Soil Deterioration
- 20. Air Concerns • Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use have the potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors o Increase in Nox emissions •Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful •Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric concentrations of carcinogens • Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter
- 21. Soil Concerns •Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients • Production of dedicated energy crops renders land fallow • Reduced land availability for cattle grazing •Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy crops contaminate ground and surface water o Affects fish and wildlife
- 22. Environmental Benefits •Reductionof waste • Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels • Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle • Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
- 23. Socio-Economic Benefits •Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian communities • Increase in jobs • Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser dependence on foreign resources
- 24. BIO FUELS THE WORLDSCENARIO
- 25. BRAZIL •World leaderin production and export of ethanol. •Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200,000 barrels of gasoline. •24% blend ethanol mandatory. •Competitiveness •Bio diesel initiatives underway
- 26. U.S.A. • Ethanol : a big boost to economy • E85 sells cheaper than gasoline • Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr • MTBE phased out in many states • Soya bean main source of biodiesel
- 27. E.U. • Rapeseed main source of bio diesel • 3-15% blended petrol • France: Bio diesel exempted from domestic tax • Germany: Sales of bio diesel 99 million US gallons • Rise of SVO as domestic fuel
- 28. The Significant Others •China: 3rd largest producer of ethanol producing 220,000 tons of ethanol, exporting 90,000 tons in 2000. • In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is used as a significant fuel source • Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot- scale production from palm oil.
- 29. India • Sources ofethanol: • Sugarcane • Molasses • Agricultural waste • Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projected • Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion litres
- 30. India (Contd.) • Sourcesof biodiesel: • Honge • Jatropha • High capital, broad scale production plan initiated • Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27
- 31. Bio Mass • Biomassalready supplies 14 % of the world’s primary energy consumption. On average, biomass produces 38 % of the primary energy in developing countries. • USA: 4% of total energy from bio mass, around 9000 MW • INDIA is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs about 25,000 crores annually for the government to import oil.
- 32. • Bio Massfrom cattle manure, agricultural waste, forest residue and municipal waste. • Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio gas • Digester consumes roughly one third the power it’s capable of producing. • Fertilizers as by product. • Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow per day!!
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