The document provides an overview of biofuels and discusses their history, current uses, and future perspectives. It begins with defining biofuels as fuels derived from organic substances like crops and residues. It then discusses the brief history of biofuels dating back to the 1850s and reasons for their reemergence in the early 1900s. The document outlines the current energy policy goals in the US related to biofuel production and notes some of the key biofuels in use today like corn ethanol and E85 blends. In closing, it discusses perspectives on land use requirements and environmental impacts related to expanding biofuel production.
Transformer Architectures in Vision
[2018 ICML] Image Transformer
[2019 CVPR] Video Action Transformer Network
[2020 ECCV] End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers
[2021 ICLR] An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale
Deep Learning Models for Question AnsweringSujit Pal
Talk about a hobby project to apply Deep Learning models to predict answers to 8th grade science multiple choice questions for the Allen AI challenge on Kaggle.
Transformer Architectures in Vision
[2018 ICML] Image Transformer
[2019 CVPR] Video Action Transformer Network
[2020 ECCV] End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers
[2021 ICLR] An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale
Deep Learning Models for Question AnsweringSujit Pal
Talk about a hobby project to apply Deep Learning models to predict answers to 8th grade science multiple choice questions for the Allen AI challenge on Kaggle.
the third world countries are having the issue of hidden hunger or micronutrient deficiency. harvest plus is a CGIAR initiative with a mission of eradication of hidden hunger by 2020. the biofortification programmes are gaining their pace due to this organization.
Intro to selective search for object proposals, rcnn family and retinanet state of the art model deep dives for object detection along with MAP concept for evaluating model and how does anchor boxes make the model learn where to draw bounding boxes
Deep Learning Tutorial | Deep Learning TensorFlow | Deep Learning With Neural...Simplilearn
This Deep Learning presentation will help you in understanding what is Deep Learning, why do we need Deep learning, what is neural network, applications of Deep Learning, what is perceptron, implementing logic gates using perceptron, types of neural networks. At the end of the video, you will get introduced to TensorFlow along with a usecase implementation on recognizing hand-written digits. Deep Learning is inspired by the integral function of the human brain specific to artificial neural networks. These networks, which represent the decision-making process of the brain, use complex algorithms that process data in a non-linear way, learning in an unsupervised manner to make choices based on the input. Deep Learning, on the other hand, uses advanced computing power and special type of neural networks and applies them to large amounts of data to learn, understand, and identify complicated patterns. W will also understand neural networks and how they work in this Deep Learning tutorial video. This Deep Learning tutorial is ideal for professionals with beginner to intermediate level of experience. Now, let us dive deep into this topic and understand what Deep Learning actually is.
Below topics are explained in this Deep Learning presentation:
1. What is Deep Learning?
2. Why do we need Deep Learning?
3. What is Neural network?
4. What is Perceptron?
5. Implementing logic gates using Perceptron
6. Types of Neural networks
7. Applications of Deep Learning
8. Working of Neural network
9. Introduction to TensorFlow
10. Use case implementation using TensorFlow
Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course will transform you into an expert in deep learning techniques using TensorFlow, the open-source software library designed to conduct machine learning & deep neural network research. With our deep learning course, you’ll master deep learning and TensorFlow concepts, learn to implement algorithms, build artificial neural networks and traverse layers of data abstraction to understand the power of data and prepare you for your new role as deep learning scientist.
Why Deep Learning?
It is one of the most popular software platforms used for deep learning and contains powerful tools to help you build and implement artificial neural networks.
Advancements in deep learning are being seen in smartphone applications, creating efficiencies in the power grid, driving advancements in healthcare, improving agricultural yields, and helping us find solutions to climate change.
There is booming demand for skilled deep learning engineers across a wide range of industries, making this deep learning course with TensorFlow training well-suited for professionals at the intermediate to advanced level of experience. We recommend this deep learning online course particularly for the following professionals:
1. Software engineers
2. Data scientists
3. Data analysts
4. Statisticians with an interest in deep learning
PR-169: EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural NetworksJinwon Lee
TensorFlow-KR 논문읽기모임 PR12 169번째 논문 review입니다.
이번에 살펴본 논문은 Google에서 발표한 EfficientNet입니다. efficient neural network은 보통 mobile과 같은 제한된 computing power를 가진 edge device를 위한 작은 network 위주로 연구되어왔는데, 이 논문은 성능을 높이기 위해서 일반적으로 network를 점점 더 키워나가는 경우가 많은데, 이 때 어떻게 하면 더 효율적인 방법으로 network을 키울 수 있을지에 대해서 연구한 논문입니다. 자세한 내용은 영상을 참고해주세요
논문링크: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.11946
영상링크: https://youtu.be/Vhz0quyvR7I
A Comparison of Loss Function on Deep EmbeddingCenk Bircanoğlu
Presentation of my master thesis defence. The topic is a comparison of the loss functions in Deep Learning. I experimented on CIFAR-10, MNIST, GaMO, CIFE databases with common network models AlexNet, VGG, and GoogleNet. I use 18 different loss functions in these experiments and run total 216 network training on GPU.
Super resolution in deep learning era - Jaejun YooJaeJun Yoo
Abstract (Eng/Kor):
Image restoration (IR) is one of the fundamental problems, which includes denoising, deblurring, super-resolution, etc. Among those, in today's talk, I will more focus on the super-resolution task. There are two main streams in the super-resolution studies; a traditional model-based optimization and a discriminative learning method. I will present the pros and cons of both methods and their recent developments in the research field. Finally, I will provide a mathematical view that explains both methods in a single holistic framework, while achieving the best of both worlds. The last slide summarizes the remaining problems that are yet to be solved in the field.
영상 복원(Image restoration, IR)은 low-level vision에서 매우 중요하게 다루는 근본적인 문제 중 하나로서 denoising, deblurring, super-resolution 등의 다양한 영상 처리 문제를 포괄합니다. 오늘 발표에서는 영상 복원 분야 중에서도 super-resolution 문제에 대해 집중적으로 다루겠습니다. 전통적인 model-based optimization 방식과 deep learning을 적용하여 문제를 푸는 방식에 대해, 각각의 장단점과 최신 연구 발전 흐름을 소개하겠습니다. 마지막으로는 이 둘을 하나로 잇는 통일된 관점을 제시하고 관련 연구들 살펴본 후, super-resolution 분야에서 아직 남아있는 문제점들을 정리하겠습니다.
the third world countries are having the issue of hidden hunger or micronutrient deficiency. harvest plus is a CGIAR initiative with a mission of eradication of hidden hunger by 2020. the biofortification programmes are gaining their pace due to this organization.
Intro to selective search for object proposals, rcnn family and retinanet state of the art model deep dives for object detection along with MAP concept for evaluating model and how does anchor boxes make the model learn where to draw bounding boxes
Deep Learning Tutorial | Deep Learning TensorFlow | Deep Learning With Neural...Simplilearn
This Deep Learning presentation will help you in understanding what is Deep Learning, why do we need Deep learning, what is neural network, applications of Deep Learning, what is perceptron, implementing logic gates using perceptron, types of neural networks. At the end of the video, you will get introduced to TensorFlow along with a usecase implementation on recognizing hand-written digits. Deep Learning is inspired by the integral function of the human brain specific to artificial neural networks. These networks, which represent the decision-making process of the brain, use complex algorithms that process data in a non-linear way, learning in an unsupervised manner to make choices based on the input. Deep Learning, on the other hand, uses advanced computing power and special type of neural networks and applies them to large amounts of data to learn, understand, and identify complicated patterns. W will also understand neural networks and how they work in this Deep Learning tutorial video. This Deep Learning tutorial is ideal for professionals with beginner to intermediate level of experience. Now, let us dive deep into this topic and understand what Deep Learning actually is.
Below topics are explained in this Deep Learning presentation:
1. What is Deep Learning?
2. Why do we need Deep Learning?
3. What is Neural network?
4. What is Perceptron?
5. Implementing logic gates using Perceptron
6. Types of Neural networks
7. Applications of Deep Learning
8. Working of Neural network
9. Introduction to TensorFlow
10. Use case implementation using TensorFlow
Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course will transform you into an expert in deep learning techniques using TensorFlow, the open-source software library designed to conduct machine learning & deep neural network research. With our deep learning course, you’ll master deep learning and TensorFlow concepts, learn to implement algorithms, build artificial neural networks and traverse layers of data abstraction to understand the power of data and prepare you for your new role as deep learning scientist.
Why Deep Learning?
It is one of the most popular software platforms used for deep learning and contains powerful tools to help you build and implement artificial neural networks.
Advancements in deep learning are being seen in smartphone applications, creating efficiencies in the power grid, driving advancements in healthcare, improving agricultural yields, and helping us find solutions to climate change.
There is booming demand for skilled deep learning engineers across a wide range of industries, making this deep learning course with TensorFlow training well-suited for professionals at the intermediate to advanced level of experience. We recommend this deep learning online course particularly for the following professionals:
1. Software engineers
2. Data scientists
3. Data analysts
4. Statisticians with an interest in deep learning
PR-169: EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural NetworksJinwon Lee
TensorFlow-KR 논문읽기모임 PR12 169번째 논문 review입니다.
이번에 살펴본 논문은 Google에서 발표한 EfficientNet입니다. efficient neural network은 보통 mobile과 같은 제한된 computing power를 가진 edge device를 위한 작은 network 위주로 연구되어왔는데, 이 논문은 성능을 높이기 위해서 일반적으로 network를 점점 더 키워나가는 경우가 많은데, 이 때 어떻게 하면 더 효율적인 방법으로 network을 키울 수 있을지에 대해서 연구한 논문입니다. 자세한 내용은 영상을 참고해주세요
논문링크: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.11946
영상링크: https://youtu.be/Vhz0quyvR7I
A Comparison of Loss Function on Deep EmbeddingCenk Bircanoğlu
Presentation of my master thesis defence. The topic is a comparison of the loss functions in Deep Learning. I experimented on CIFAR-10, MNIST, GaMO, CIFE databases with common network models AlexNet, VGG, and GoogleNet. I use 18 different loss functions in these experiments and run total 216 network training on GPU.
Super resolution in deep learning era - Jaejun YooJaeJun Yoo
Abstract (Eng/Kor):
Image restoration (IR) is one of the fundamental problems, which includes denoising, deblurring, super-resolution, etc. Among those, in today's talk, I will more focus on the super-resolution task. There are two main streams in the super-resolution studies; a traditional model-based optimization and a discriminative learning method. I will present the pros and cons of both methods and their recent developments in the research field. Finally, I will provide a mathematical view that explains both methods in a single holistic framework, while achieving the best of both worlds. The last slide summarizes the remaining problems that are yet to be solved in the field.
영상 복원(Image restoration, IR)은 low-level vision에서 매우 중요하게 다루는 근본적인 문제 중 하나로서 denoising, deblurring, super-resolution 등의 다양한 영상 처리 문제를 포괄합니다. 오늘 발표에서는 영상 복원 분야 중에서도 super-resolution 문제에 대해 집중적으로 다루겠습니다. 전통적인 model-based optimization 방식과 deep learning을 적용하여 문제를 푸는 방식에 대해, 각각의 장단점과 최신 연구 발전 흐름을 소개하겠습니다. 마지막으로는 이 둘을 하나로 잇는 통일된 관점을 제시하고 관련 연구들 살펴본 후, super-resolution 분야에서 아직 남아있는 문제점들을 정리하겠습니다.
Biofuels Issues, Trends and Challenges
"RENALT ENERGY" - providing integrated solutions to "Green" petrochemicals, integrated Bio-Refining /conventional oil Refining, and Biomass-to-chemicals, primarily through Energy and Process Consultancy.
Biomass-to-"Green" chemicals: Biomass-to-chemicals refers to the process of producing chemicals from Biomass. The major Biomass -to-chemicals processes utilized in worldwide, with our strategic focus on, Biomass-to-methanol, MTO and MTP processes that produce the same chemical products, such as ethylene and propylene, as the petrochemical facilities, due to better cost efficiencies and greater demand for these chemicals.
We also have interest in, Biomass-to-olefins, Biomass-to-PVC, Biomass to-aromatics and Biomass-to-ammonia/urea processes.
We provide a broad range of integrated services spanning the project life-cycle from feasibility studies, consulting services, provision of proprietary technologies, design, engineering, and after-sale technical support.
1 Corinthians 7;15-40, Sanctified By A Christian, Unbelieving Spouse; Slaves ...Valley Bible Fellowship
1 Corinthians Chapter 7;15-40, Spouse And Kids Sanctified Through A Christian?; A Departing Unbelieving Spouse; Unbound From Marriage; God’s Timing Is Perfect; Slaves Of Sin; Time Is Short
The presentation of the Master of Science Degree Program "Biorefineries; Related Technologies" at Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Full proceedings paper at: http://www.extension.org/72854
The great Texas Oil Boom, also referred to as the Gusher Age, provided for dramatic economic growth in the US in the early 20th century, and ushered in rapid development and industrial growth. Although we typically think of the Middle East when we consider the impacts of oil discoveries on local economies (reference Dubai), at the time of its discovery, the oil finds in Texas were unprecedented; and the US quickly became the world’s top producer of petroleum.
As we all know, the rest of the world came to the party, and the US was soon falling in the ranks of top petroleum producers. Though the US oil reserves are vast, increasing concerns over the environmental impacts of finding, mining, extracting, refining, and consuming fossil fuels has incentivized the development of renewable energy resources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and bioenergy. Of these forms of renewable energy, bioenergy holds the promise for replacement of fossil fuels for transportation use.
Current Status of Bio-Based Chemicals
Bio-Based is defined as a product that has been made from a biological (living) or renewable source (i.e. corn, sugar cane, cellulose, vegetable oils). Bio based products use new carbon instead of old carbon (106 years old Biomass or bio organics which has got converted to fossil fuels).
For soft copy of this document please feel free to contact us on info@biotechsupportbase.com or snjogdand@gmail.com
Microbial application for biofuel productionSAIMA BARKI
Microbial application for biofuel production-Third generation of the biofuels-emerging trend to accomplish with decreasing energy resources of the world-twenty-first century- a clean and green environment to decrease the greenhouse gases and to protect the third world countriess and also the food insecurities.
Biomass Energy:
Bioenergy Overview
Biomass Resources
Creating Energy from Biomass
Biomass Economics
Biomass Environmental Issues
Promise of Bioenergy
Ethanol Production
Biomass resources include any organic matter available on a renewable basis, including dedicated energy crops and trees, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and other waste materials. Material handling, collection logistics and infrastructure are important aspects of the biomass resource supply chain.
Resources
Herbaceous Energy CropsHerbaceous energy crops are perennials that are harvested annually after taking two to three years to reach full productivity. These include such grasses as switchgrass, miscanthus (also known as Elephant grass or e-grass), bamboo, sweet sorghum, tall fescue, kochia, wheatgrass, and others.
Woody Energy CropsShort-rotation woody crops are fast growing hardwood trees harvested within five to eight years after planting. These include hybrid poplar, hybrid willow, silver maple, eastern cottonwood, green ash, black walnut, sweetgum, and sycamore.
Industrial CropsIndustrial crops are being developed and grown to produce specific industrial chemicals or materials. Examples include kenaf and straws for fiber, and castor for ricinoleic acid. New transgenic crops are being developed that produce the desired chemicals as part of the plant composition, requiring only extraction and purification of the product.
Agricultural CropsThese feedstocks include the currently available commodity products such as cornstarch and corn oil; soybean oil and meal; wheat starch, other vegetable oils, and any newly developed component of future commodity crops. They generally yield sugars, oils, and extractives, although they can also be used to produce plastics and other chemicals and products.
Aquatic CropsA wide variety of aquatic biomass resources exist such as algae, giant kelp, other seaweed, and marine microflora. Commercial examples include giant kelp extracts for thickeners and food additives, algal dyes, and novel biocatalysts for use in bioprocessing under extreme environments.
Agriculture Crop ResiduesAgriculture crop residues include biomass, primarily stalks and leaves, not harvested or removed from the fields in commercial use. Examples include corn stover (stalks, leaves, husks and cobs), wheat straw, and rice straw. With approximately 80 million acres of corn planted annually, corn stover is expected to become a major biomass resource for bioenergy applications.
Forestry ResiduesForestry residues include biomass not harvested or removed from logging sites in commercial hardwood and softwood stands as well as material resulting from forest management operations such as pre-commercial thinnings and removal of dead and dying trees.
Municipal WasteResidential, commercial, and institutional post-consumer wastes contain a significant proportio
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
2. Welcome 2009 Kellogg Biological Station ROKS Students Semester theme: Biofuels Our final project for our Integrated Social Sciences Class
3. Our Goals for this Evening To present the topic of biofuels in a neutral and informative way. To change the current discourse on biofuels To facilitate dialogue amongst attendees and create meaningful social networks centered around biofuels To totally 4 point this presentation.Hey Geoff! (*Hint hint*)
7. Biofuels in a Nutshell Ali David ROKS Final Project December 2009
8. Bi-o-fu-el[bahy-oh-fyoo-uhl] /baɪoʊ,fyuəl/ -noun “Any fuel standard derived from an organic substance, including but not excluded to starches harvested from agricultural systems, waste from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), and residues from processing timber.” Definition taken from Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
23. The Million Dollar Question: Why are we preferentially using biofuels for our energy needs more than other forms of renewable energy?
24. Biofuels have the same variety of applications as fossil fuels Wind, Water, Solar, and other Renewable Sources Electricity Biofuels Electricity, Gas, and Oil for Combustion Engines Based on statement given by Fred Mays of the Energy Information Administration
25. Why are we in this current situation? Production and use of biofuels have increased dramaticallyworldwide Scientific community divided on many core issues Public is either uninformed, apathetic, or highly skeptical
27. The origins of Biofuels: An early struggle 1850s-1900s Campheneas an alternative whale oil in lamps $2.00/gallon tax placed on all alcohol (adjusted for inflation = $42.64) Kerosene replaced Camphene as a cheaper fuel source Information from Solomon, B. D., Barnes, J. R., Halvorsen K. E. (2007). “Grain and cellulosic ethanol: History, economics, and energy policy”. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), 416-425
28. Reemergence and the Farm Chemurgic Movement 1900s – 1930s Alcohol tax was repealed in 1906 Early combustion engines designed to run on both gasoline and alcohol Farm Chemurgic Movement: Industrial Applications for surplus crops Information from Solomon, B. D., Barnes, J. R., Halvorsen K. E. (2007). “Grain and cellulosic ethanol: History, economics, and energy policy”. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), 416-425
29. Why didn’t biofuels succeed back then? 1900s – 1930s Mechanization = Less Flexibility New Deal programs favored conventionalcrops Proliferation of leaded gasoline as an alternative to alcohol Information from Solomon, B. D., Barnes, J. R., Halvorsen K. E. (2007). “Grain and cellulosic ethanol: History, economics, and energy policy”. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), 416-425
30. 40 years of expanding infrastructure… 1930s – 1970s While industry grew at an unprecedented rate in the United States, it was entirely powered by fossil fuel. Little progress or emphasis was placed on biofuel
31. Foreign oil becomes a liability 1970s –2000s 1970s oil embargo, formation of OPEC Nixon introduces “Project Independence” in 1974 Other concerns for negative health and environmental effects associated with gasoline Information from Solomon, B. D., Barnes, J. R., Halvorsen K. E. (2007). “Grain and cellulosic ethanol: History, economics, and energy policy”. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), 416-425
32. How did biofuels make a comeback? 1970s –2000s Research performed in the ’70s and ’80s New Regulations introduced in the ’90s: Clean Air Act, Energy Policy Act, EPACT Act Renewed interest in rural development and energy security Information from DiPardo, J. “Outlook for biomass ethanol production and demand.” Energy Information Administration website. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/features/biomass.pdf
33. The Great Ethanol “Boom” 2000s-Now Flex-fuel cars introduced into the market 1.6 billion gallons of ethanol in 2000, to 9 billionin 2009 US is now the world’s leading producer of biofuels Information taken from Automotive News Data Center http://www.autonews.com/section/datacenter And the Renewable Fuels Association Website http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#A
34. New practices bring new problems 2000s-Now Ethanol boom may have gone “bust” Researchers now question environmental effects of ethanol production Media/blogosphere focused on negative consequences for developing nations Information from the National Biodiesel Board, Science Magazine, Twitter.com, and Wordpress.org Wyner, W. T. (2008).“The US Ethanol and Biofuels Boom: Its Origins, Current Status, and Future Prospects” BioScience, 58(7), 646-653.
36. Why are these misleading? The sharp rise in global food prices has many contributing factors other than the expansion of biofuel production: A rapidly growing population worldwide Widespread Crop failures People in developing countries consuming more meat High prices of oil raise costs of production and shipping Information taken from International Food Policy Research Institute Website http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/bp001.pdf
37. Ultimately, decreasing or halting the production of biofuels will not reduce rates of global hunger in a significant way.
38. In Summary… Biofuels come from many different sources and in many forms We preferentially use biofuel since it has similar applications to fossil fuels Biofuels have been in our history for 150 years Media has not accurately presented core arguments about biofuels, especially those concerning famine and food prices
49. Quote: The fuel problem is rapidly getting more serious… It has been found that a mixture of 25% each of gasoline with 50% ethanol works very satisfactorily in our present motors; those proportions correspond fairly well with the output of various ingredients that may be anticipated. This may prove to be the solution of the fuel problem. “New Fuels” from Scientific American Published on April 13,1918! We have been searching for renewable fuel sources for almost 100 years!
57. To bring business to rural economies Sustainability Energy Independence Human Health Stimulates the local Economy Human Dimensions Richland, Michigan
63. HydrocarbonsUnion of Concerned Scientists - “The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels” http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/the-hidden-cost-of-fossil.html
68. Hydrocarbons} Heat-trapping gases warm the atmosphere } Contribute to acid rain; causes lung irritation, bronchitis, pneumonia } Reacts with nitrogen oxides to form smog Union of Concerned Scientists - “The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels” http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/the-hidden-cost-of-fossil.html
69. Fossil Fuels Environmental Issues Carbon dioxide Nitrogen oxides Sulfur oxides Carbon monoxide Methane Dust, soot, smoke Union of Concerned Scientists - “The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels” http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/the-hidden-cost-of-fossil.html
70.
71. Ethanol does not contain toxic gasoline components such as benzene, a carcinogen.
72. Ethanol is non-toxic, water soluble, and quickly biodegradable.Union of Concerned Scientists - “The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels” University of Nebraska - Lincoln
76. How will other countries be affected if companies begin to grow their crops abroad?Instead of making a 100% switch to biofuel, it might be better to have it be one of many alternative sources. Union of Concerned Scientists - “The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels” University of Nebraska - Lincoln
77. Fossil Fuels Political Issues Most vehicles in the US run on gasoline, which requires crude oil to be made. Where does our oil come from? From a different country: From within the United States: Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.doe.gov
78. Fossil Fuels Political Issues Most vehicles in the US run on gasoline, which requires crude oil to be made. Where does our oil come from? From a different country: From within the United States: 35% Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.doe.gov
79. Fossil Fuels Political Issues Most vehicles in the US run on gasoline, which requires crude oil to be made. Where does our oil come from? From a different country: From within the United States: 65% 35% Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.doe.gov
82. Current Energy Policy The US Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Improving Fuel Economy Reducing Oil Dependence http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2008analysispapers/eisa.html
83. Current Energy Policy The US Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Goals: For greater energy independence and security To protect consumers To increase production of clean renewable fuels To increase the efficiency of products, buildings, and vehicles To promote research on and deploy greenhouse gas capture storage options http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2008analysispapers/eisa.html
84.
85. Higher car & fuel efficiency standards of 35 MPG for all cars and trucks by 2020
86. A new car & fuel efficiency program for manufacturers and manufacturer’s fleetshttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2008analysispapers/eisa.html
87.
88. Higher car & fuel efficiency standards of 35 MPG for all cars and trucks by 2020
89. A new car & fuel efficiency program for manufacturers and manufacturer’s fleetsMaybe if you are buying a car, or if fuel prices go up and it becomes too expensive to drive on gasoline http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2008analysispapers/eisa.html
90.
91. Higher car & fuel efficiency standards of 35 MPG for all cars and trucks by 2020
92. A new car & fuel efficiency program for manufacturers and manufacturer’s fleetsMaybe if you are buying a car, or if fuel prices go up and it becomes too expensive to drive on gasoline http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2008analysispapers/eisa.html
97. About 15% less expensive than gasoline at most gas stations
98. 85% is made from plant matter; renewable source but also 6-20% less fuel efficient (less MPG)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/flexible_fuel.html
99.
100.
101. Already 8 million on the road today!http://www.greencar.com/articles/top-new-flex-fueled-autos-2008.php * Highway MPG
102.
103. These crops contain simple sugars, which are processed into fuel through fermentation
104. 90% of ethanol in the United States currently comes fromcorn
105.
106. What about other countries? Clearing forests for crops= threats to habitat, biodiversity ç The southwestern Brazilian Amazon is one of the world’s largest agricultural frontiers. Native vegetation and pastures are rapidly being converted to heavily mechanized row-crop agriculture, including soybean and corn. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Cerri & Students trace gas emissions from cleared land in MatoGrosso, Brazil Brazil http://ecosystems.mbl.edu/news/eco_news_12_03_07.html# http://sugarcaneblog.com/2008/10/03/brazil%E2%80%99s-land-reform-biggest-culprit-for-amazon-deforestation/ http://leslietaylor.net/gallery/animals/mammals.htm
107. What about other countries? ç ? Palm Oil is #1 biofuel in Indonesia, but growing it is accompanied by a number of problems Indonesia “Indonesia’s Biodiversity Will Be Gone Within 30 Years” Map: http://www.trfic.msu.edu/products/seasia_products/LUCC/LUCC.html http://intercontinentalcry.org/state-of-the-forest-indonesias-battle-to-save-its-rainforests/ http://www.whatsthatbug.com/2009/03/16/massive-cicada-from-borneo/
124. What is cellulosic ethanol? A biofuel made from glucose (a simple sugar) which is derived from cellulose. Cellulose is: a major component of all plant cell walls the most abundant biological material on earth
125. Sources of Cellulose for Ethanol Production Cellulose is available from two major sources: Residues - Agricultural wastes such as corn stover (non-edible parts of plants) - Industrial and municipal solid wastes like paper pulp - Forest industrial wastes like sawdust Dedicated crops - Energy crops such as switchgrass, miscanthus, and hybrid poplars
126. How is it produced? 1. Harvested and delivered to biorefinery 2. Pretreated thermally or chemically to soften/partially break down 3. Broken down into simple sugars by enzymes 4. Fermented by microbes into ethanol 5. Separated from water and other components and purified through distillation End result is chemically identical to grain ethanol
127. Current Research at KBS! ç Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) The GLBRC, here at Kellogg Biological Station, is a leader in studying the effects of candidate crops on the environment. Seeks to answer questions such as: - At what market price would farmers start to grow crops for cellulosic biofuels? - How will cellulosic biofuel crops affect habitat for wildlife and beneficial insects, water conservation, and soil quality? - How much cellulosic ethanol can be produced from various crops? http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/maps/images/KBS-GLBRC-Main-Site-lg.gif
128. What are the advantages? Cellulose is abundant--wide range of abundant feedstocks Agricultural wastes are a low cost feedstock Usage of crop residues creates new source of income for farmers from existing acreage Lower fuel and carbon dioxide costs than grain crops Perennial energy crops prevent soil erosion and increase soil fertility Energy crops can be grown on land unsuitable for food crops, thus solving the fuel vs. food debate
129. What is holding us back from using it? Difficult to break down and convert to ethanol Process is complex, and energy intensive Viable technologies do not yet exist
130. What is necessary for its successful implementation? Development of technologies for producing cellulosic ethanol at a large, commercial scale Mandatory flex-fuel requirement for new vehicles Increased nation-wide ethanol pump stations
134. Pond scum and how it could one day fuel your transportation A brief overview of algal biofuels Chris Woelk ROKS 2009
135. Algal Biofuels What are algal biofuels? What is produced? They are fuels that are derived from algae in oceans, lakes and ponds Algae are capable of producing carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen (sugars) and lipids (fats & oils)
136. What common types of algae are used? Most algae studied are Chlamydomonasreinhardtii, Volvoxcarteri and the diatom Phaeodactylumtricornutum. Recent improvements in technology have allowed for the studying of other cyanobacteria, algae and diatoms. Volvox carteri cell courtesy of Cambridge University
137. Inputs: What do you need to put in? The utilization of algae requires slightly lesswater than what is needed to grow corn 8-foldless water than rape seed cultivation on fertilized land 6-10 foldmore than needed by unfertilized switchgrass Matt Cardy/Getty Images Rapeseed plants growing on a farm near Tetbury, England. Rape seed, corn and soybeans are among the sources for the current generation of biofuels.
138. More Specific Inputs The natural water source for algae is seawater which can also be substituted with nutrient-laden agricultural runoff, while terrestrial biofuel crops require freshwater The high concentrations of salt needed for algae could be obtained from the brine that is currently discarded during the desalination of seawater Courtesy of Enegis LLC
139. Methods for growing algae Courtesy of Getty Images Algae can be cultivated in several ways: On an open-pond system where the algae can be skimmed off the waters surface and then harvested In a clear tube/tank (often referred to as a bioreactor) with carbon dioxide (CO2)filtered into the reservoir as a nutrient source where, after sufficient growth, the biomass and secreted lipids can be harvested
140. Lipids Lipids contain twice the energy stored per carbon atom when compared to carbohydrates This translates into a twofold increase in fuel energy content Courtesy of algaeforbiofuels.com
141. Benefits of Algal Biofuels Little to no land-space is necessary No need for freshwater No fertilization Algae can be cultivated indoors Fuel derived from algae produces little to no emissions in comparison to gasoline Image courtesy of agmrc.org
142. Implementation Algae have been cultivated on a commercial basis for decades now They have been used in the production of high value compounds for food, feed, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products Bioreactor designs need to be more affordable. They can be closed tubes, plates or bags made of plastics, glass or other transparent materials Currently there are no bioreactors in place that could be used practically for the mass production of algae Algae need only light, nutrients and carbon dioxide CO2used for driving photosynthesis in algae can be taken from many CO2 emitting sources such as smoke stacks on powerplants
143. Example bioreactors High density vertical bioreactor bags (Photo courtesy of Global Green Solutions) Photo-bioreactor composed of horizontal Closed-growth chambers (Photo courtesy of Solix Biofuels, Inc.) YouTube - Making fuel out of algae
144. Uses for algae Lipids (oils) less dense than algal biomass and water (Courtesy of Solix Biofuels, Inc)
145. Uses for Algae Biocrude – untreated oil extracted from algal biomass, also produced from soy, palm and canola Green Diesel – renewable diesel produced by removing oxygen atoms from the biocrude Biodiesel – created by chemicallyconverting lipids (fats/oils) so they can be blended with traditional diesel to make biodiesel at a lower cost than green diesel Bioethanol – produces ethanol that can be used in FlexFuel and E85 ready vehicles. Biobutanol – a different type of automotive fuel, it is 10% less dense than gasoline and can be used in place of regular unleaded fuels Image courtesy of the New York Times
146. Additional Uses Biojet – Jet fuel produced from biocrude, equivalent to jet fuel and jet engines do not require modification to run on 100% biojet Co-products – comprised of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, it is roughly 40% oil depending on the algal species being used Lipids can be used in biofuel production and to make fibers and polymers Carbohydrates can be used to make biodegradable plastics, polymers and coatings Proteins can be used for animal and fish feed or pesticides Image courtesy of MSNBC depicts a Continental Airlines 737 that ran one engine on a 50:50 mixture of jet fuel and biojet Image courtesy of Sapphire Energy depicting a hose containing a 91 octane fuel (Jet fuel) from algae
147. Costs The current (2009) price of algal biomass is currently traded for more than 5000€/ton (roughly $7500) This is due to the perceived nutritional value of biomass produced for animal feed and the small production scale Most algae produced is skimmedfrom open ponds which is expensive and inefficient High costs for classical photo-bioreactor designs As demand increases and technology improves these costs can be driven down Image courtesy of heatusa.com
148. Leading research facilities An aerial view of a open-pondalgae farm being used by PetroAlgae A landscape view of PetroAlgae’s most recent field site in Melbourne, Florida
149. Global Green Solutions Inc. Known for converting waste biomass into low coststeam for industrial purposes and also to cogenerate electricity. It is also a leader in algae research for biofuel use Image of the homepage for Global Green Solutions Inc.www.globalgreensolutionsinc.com
150. Large scale and an efficient lab experiment Algae are grown in areas with lots of sunlight and at moderate temperatures To make profit, a business would need to have a significant amount of land to lay out growth chambers, or have engineers create a multilevel building that allows equal lighting to all bioreactors. What makes them successful? Courtesy of University of Dayton Research Institute
151. Places for improvement Algal growth depends mostly on the amount of light and quality of light that reaches chlorophyll within the cells of the algae The best bioreactors have the highest surface area and allow the most light in or contain an internal light source Utilize methods to reduceauxilary energy demands Long term research Efficient mixing Image courtesy of biofuelsdigest.com depicting a proposed Eco-Pod addition to Filene’s in Boston
152. What needs to happen for its successful implementation (improvements)? There needs to be technological developments to prevent contamination in open-air systems like ponds For closed systems a consistent, cheap source of sterile CO₂ needs to be found and implemented. Image courtesy of ozones.com
153. Globally Brazil (sugar cane, jatropha) Malaysia (canola oil) Germany (rape seed) Indonesia (palm oil) United States (corn oil)
154. The European Commission confirmed a target of 10 percent biofuels; and, proposed that the fuels must be sustainable, not just renewable. Biodiesel Pump in Europe
155. According to the Nikkei Business Daily (via Tradingmarkets.com), Japan’s Suzuki Motor Company will begin selling cars that run completely on 100% ethanol in the US and Brazil by 2010. Suzuki
156. Special Thanks To… Gwen Pearson and Kay Gross, Staff at KBS Geoff Habron, our professor Steve Hamilton, Susann Sippel, And Aaron McCright, our other professors Researchers at the LTER Dennis Pennington from MSU Extension Researchers at the GLBRC The Staff of the Conference Center
Editor's Notes
This is the title slide! Alright!
-Welcome visitors to KBS, explain what the ROKS program is -Undergraduates from MSU and other universities -We all take the same classes together, separate internships-Each ROKS year has a theme. Ours was “biofuels”-This presentation is the final project for our SOC class, and we’re super glad everyone could make it-Get a quick sampling of who’s attendingKBS Faculty?Community Board Members?Educators?
-Tonight, we don’t just want to talk in your ear. We have goals associated with this presentation-We also want to “reeducate” all of you. Chances are you’re either confused or misinformed about biofuels-Networking is a big goal. We’re counting on you to share what you learned here with others-Help us determine if we met our goals by filling out the surveys on the table. Our grades depend on it!
-This dry and wordy definition came from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. To put this in layman’s terms…-Biofuels come from the following sources
-Animals-Vegetables-But not Rocks(Layman enough for you?)
-Often when we hear the word “biofuels” we think of two words: corn and ethanol-Not that simple. Biofuels come from a multitude of sources, including but not limited to those listed here-Almost every living thing has a potential to be turned into biofuel-Not just ethanol either. Other liquid fuels include forms of diesel and butanol, as well as solid biomass pellets, and what we ironically call “synthetic natural gas”
-Here is a graph taken from the Energy Information Administration’s website-Out of the 7% of energy we get from renewable sources, about 50% comes from biofuel-More than hydroelectric, which is theoretically more developed and the usage more widespread
This slide asks a question!
-Most of our renewable sources of energy can only produce one type of energy: electricity-Using these sources for heat and transportation requires a major retooling of engines, furnaces, ect-Biofuels are the only renewable resource we have that has the same applications as fossil fuels-Switching to biofuels on the short term is far less labor and capital intensive
-Alright, we have every reason to switch over to biofuels, why hasn’t it happened?-Biofuels have become the ugly stepsister of alternative energies-Opinions on biofuels are just as varied as it’s sources and forms, scientists may support some forms and oppose others-While usage has increased, so has resistance from the media and public-Some of the issues will be addressed later, for now…
-Yet another title slide!-Say “I promise”
-It may surprise you, but we were running out of whales to power lamps in the 1850s-First forms of biofuels were Camphene, which was a mixture of alcohol, turpentine, and camphor oil. Cost 50 cents/gallon, compared to whale oil at 1.30 to 2.50/gallon.-In 1862, a “sin tax” on all forms of alcohol was put in place in an attempt to battle the growing debt from the civil war. Camphene wasn’t an intended target, but was effected all the same-Naturally, people found an alternative. Kerosene became the lamp oil of choice.
-Farmers and distillers united in 1906 to repeal the alcohol tax with the help of Theodore Roosevelt. This happened just a few years after he broke up Standard Oil-The first combustion engine was built to run on biofuel by Rudolf Diesel. The Model-T, built by Henry Ford Motor Company, could run on both gasoline and alcohol. Alcohol was then considered to be a “superior” fuel to gasoline by many in the industry-At the end of World War I, there was a huge surplus of crops like corn and cotton, which was hurting the rural economy. The Farm Chemurgic movement, founded by William “Billy” Hale, sought to use these crops in industrial applications for both fuel and textiles. They pushed for legislation that required blending alcohol with conventional gas and offering subsidies to oil companies who’d invest in it.
-The Chemurgic movement shifted it’s focus from conventional crops to those better suited for fuel and fiber, like Jersusalem artichokes, sorghum, ect. Farmers were unlikely to make the switch since most had invested their money into machines and systems specifically designed around one type of crop.-New Deal programs like the Agricultural Adjustment Act and Crop Insurance set up grain banks which allowed farmers to adjust their output to meet the demands of the market. This made switching to crops favored by the Chemurgistseven less attractive than before.-Leaded gasoline was the “final nail in biofuel’s coffin”. Gasoline caused a “knock”, which limited the development of faster and more powerful engines. Thomas Midgely, an engineer who worked for General Motors, discovered that adding lead compounds to gasoline eliminated the knock. GM held onto the patents, and the gasoline markets became vertically integrated within the company. They used their market power to pressure dealers into dropping the sale of alcohol, and effectively eliminated biofuel from the market.
-Self explanatory
-Usage of biofuels went into remission for a solid 70 years. The oil embargo and concerns for the national security risks involved with using foreign oil-Nixon pushed the “Project Independence” act through congress in 1974 with the stated goal of becoming completely energy independent by 1980. While it was unrealistic, this legislation got the ball rolling, and every administration since has had plans for finding alternatives to foreign oil.-The public was growing conscious of the damage that gasoline was dealing to both public health and the environment. Thomas Midgelypublished several studies which lead to the removal of lead additives to gas. There was also public concern growing about acid rain, would could be attributed to sulfur compounds present in fossil fuels.
-Research was gaining momentum all around the world as biofuels became promising candidates to replace gas. Work was done using sunflowers in South Africa, and Brazil launched their National Alcohol Program in 1975 which has proven to be one of the most successful implementations of biofuels in restructuring a national fuel market.-Regulations passed by the Clinton Administration in the 1990s set new standards to lower sulfur and GHG emissions. Biofuels lack the sulfur compounds that can cause acid rain, and the emissions from burning the fuel contain less GHGs.-Many reasons why biofuels were popular in the earlier part of the century were being considered, like energy security and revitalizing our agricultural communities.
-Flex-fuel car sales have been steadily increasing. Where only a quarter of a million flex-fuel cars were sold in 2006, the number jumped to 1.8 million cars sold in 2007, which equals about 1.1% of all cars sold.-Our output of ethanol is six times what it was just ten years ago. We’ve also tripled the number of processing plants now in use.-We surpassed Brazil in ethanol production in 2006. However, we aren’t exporting any yet. All ethanol currently produced is still consumed domestically.
-The world debit crisis has driven oil prices down which has slowed down ethanol production. Some biofuel companies have gone bankrupt, and many others hover on the brink.-Numerous studies have been published in the last few years that evaluate the environmental effects of expanding agriculture to accommodate biofuels. Some state that biofuel production may ultimately contribute to GHG emissions through changes in land use.-The media and bloggers have focused their attention on a possible link between the expansion of the biofuel market and famine. A majority of “wall posts”, “tweets”, and other updates state that using biofuels is not unlike “robbing the poor to feed the rich”. While it’s true that studies have been published that suggest biofuels may contribute to famine, our perception of the mechanisms behind it are warped somewhat.
-Nearly every political cartoon published about biofuel follows a specific formula: -Malnourished child with dark colored skin and an empty food bowl -Many feature a guy in a business suit, which we can assume is a rich western consumer -A majority of these also feature corn. The U.S. is the only country abroad that uses corn as a major biofuel crop.
-The global food crisis doesn’t have a single cause. Many people focus on biofuel production because it’s an easy target. The main causes of hunger are nebulous and hard to control.-Obviously more people means more food consumption, and our rates of production have not risen to match our rise in population-The past 3 years have been devastating on crops worldwide. Droughts, floods, and political instability has driven food production down in many areas, especially in developing countries-Meat consumption is at it’s highest ever around the world, and devoting grain to feedstock for animals results in a net loss of food available-Finally, the high price of fossil fuels are directly contributing to the surge. This is a problem that the production of biofuel aims to solve.
-It’s my last slide!-And with that, I’d like to hand things over to Sarah who will be expanding the topic of biofuels in the present
This part of the presentation is going to concentrate on biofuels today – I want to tell you a little about renewable bioenergy that is already in use (the kind that you can get at the local gas station) and touch on bioenergy that is forthcoming. I will talk about some of the research being done here at KBS and how it fits into the grand scheme of things. I will also talk about unique uses of the GLBRC sites – I know we have some teachers in the audience today who might be able to appreciate that part.
This is a pretty short presentation – about 15 minutes. In that time, here are some of the topics I hope to cover.
First of all, I want to start off with this quote from an issue of Scientific American. There is something special about this quote that may not be readily apparent….
This quote is from an article published in 1918! Our search for renewable energies is not new. It has been persisting for almost a century. With technology how it is today, maybe we can finally start to see some real results.
Why ARE we, and have we BEEN, interested in renewable resources? We want to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels - gas, oil, coal. We want to reduce our reliance on foreign oil – most of which comes from outside our borders. We want to lower emissions of greenhouse gases – like methane, sulfur, and carbon dioxide. The idea of growing biofuel crops IN ADDITION to food crops also excites farmers.
There is a very human dimension to all of these factors – having renewable fuel source is being sustainable - it ensures fuel sources forfuture generations. Having energy independence, or being able to produce all of our own oil, means that the US no longer has to rely on oil from volatile areas (the middle East) – local conflicts cause oil prices to drastically rise and fall. Being independent means more stable. Lowering greenhouse gas emissions takes away gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. As for rural economies… farmers will have more people to grow their crops for, stimulating the agriculture sector.
There are some problems with fossil fuels. 1) It’s finite; 2) It’s dirty; 3) We need to get it from other countries.
Largely because of coal and petroleum combustion, the amount of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in the air today are 35% and 18% higher, respectively, than they were before the industrial era.
Largely because of coal and petroleum combustion, the amount of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in the air today are 35% and 18% higher, respectively, than they were before the industrial era.
Largely because of coal and petroleum combustion, the amount of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in the air today are 35% and 18% higher, respectively, than they were before the industrial era.
Corn ethanol burns much more cleanly – the emissions are 30% water, and all of the other pollutants are reduced. For many, it is the environmental benefits are most appealing. [Should I have drawbacks after this slide?]
Corn ethanol burns much more cleanly – the emissions are 30% water, and all of the other pollutants are reduced. For many, it is the environmental benefits are most appealing. [Should I have drawbacks after this slide?]
All of us in this room are coming from a different background– some people came from Detroit, Lansing – even as far away as Washington State. Because of that, I want to frame this in terms of policy that affects all of us.
We get a lot of oil from OPEC countries. (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) It’s an oil cartel – agreement between competing companies.
The colored sections are non-OPEC countries.
2007, Bush signed the Independence and Security of 2007.
Taken right out of the Act: Some goals are to achieve greater energy security and independence, increase production of clean renewable fuels, promote research….. And to protect consumer and increase efficiency of products, buildings, and vehicles. This is a step in the right direction!
Let’s talk aboutbiofuels you can get today. Two weeks ago, I rented this car – I was driving to a place called Ithaca, NY (which is beautiful) – and of course, had to stop to fill up along the way. Well, when I popped open the little door to pump the gasoline in, I saw this:
No E-85. What is E-85 exactly? Some of us know a little bit about It – it relates because it’s a biofuel in use today.
Biofuels – Local interest
Flex-Fuel Vehicles
Flex-Fuel Vehicles
Ethanol
1 hectare is about 2.5 acres.
The southwestern Brazilian Amazon is one of the world’s largest agricultural frontiers. Native vegetation and pastures are rapidly being converted to heavily mechanized row-crop agriculture, including soybean and corn. Researchers from MBL’s Ecosystems Center and Brown University are studying how regional land cover and land use change affect carbon (CO2) and nitrogen (N2O) emissions to the atmosphere.
Brazil – A Case Study
Biofuels – Local interest
Biofuels – Local interest
Biofuels – Local interest
Energy Policy
Energy Policy
Energy Policy
Cellulose is basically fibrous plant material.
Agricultural wastes are a largely untapped resource. As of now, these agricultural residues are just plowed back into the soil, composted, burned or disposed in landfills.
Cellulosic biomass from trees,grasses, or agricultural wastes is harvested and delivered to the biorefinery. Biomassis ground into small, uniform particles. Thermal or chemical pretreatment separatescellulose from other biomass materials and opens up the cellulose surface to enzymatic attack. (3) A mix of enzymes is added to break down cellulose into simple sugars. (4) Microbes produce ethanol by fermenting sugars from cellulose and other biomass carbohydrates. (5) Ethanol is separated from water and other components of the fermentation broth and purified through distillation.
Because plants have undergone hundreds of millions of years of evolution to resist breakdown, the major component of plant cell walls, cellulose, is a challenge to convert. Converting it to ethanol is a complex and energy intensive process. Even though scientists know how to convert cellulose to ethanol, research is still being done on how this could be done on a large-scale.