The document provides a comprehensive overview of biofuels, including their definition, history, classification into generations, types, advantages, and disadvantages. Biofuels are derived from biological materials and can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, support rural economies, and improve energy security, though they also carry risks such as food supply issues and environmental concerns. The information is presented by a group of students and includes references to various studies and articles on the topic.

1. Biofuels
By Group 2
Powering the Future with Renewable

2. Presenting Members
• Ali Hamza 1008
• Muhammad Zian 1009
• Fatima Zafar 1010
• Saima Rani 1011
• Muhammad Waqar 1013
• Zunaira Fatima 1014

3. Outlines:
• Introduction to Biofuels
• History of biofuels
• Why Biofuels?
• Classification of biofuels
• 1st-Generation Biofuels
• 2nd-Generation Biofuels
• 3rd Generation Biofuels
• 4th Generation Biofuels
• Types of Biofuels
• Biodiesel & Production
• Bioethanol & Production
• Biogas & Production
• Advantages of Biofuels
• Disadvantages of Biofuels
• Conclusion
• References

4. What is Biofuel
• A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived
from biological carbon fixation.
• Fuel which produced from renewable biological
resources such as plants biomass & treated
municipal industrial waste.
• Fuel that is produced over a short period
from biomass, rather than by the very slow natural
processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels,
such as oil.

5. History of biofuels
• In 1890, Rudolf Diesel 1st-made the biodiesel
from vegetable oil(Peanut).
• Henry Ford designed 1st-T car model to run on
ethanol.
• In 1970, biofuels surged in popularity during
energy crisis.
• In 21st century, people pay attention to the use of
biofuels in response to increasing demands &
tougher emission standards.

6. Why Biofuels
• To reduce our dependance on fossil fuels
• To reduce reliance on foreign oil
• To lower the emission of greenhouse gases
• To bring business to rural economies
• To make innovations in sustainable energy
production and utilization.

7. Classification of Biofuels

8. 1st Generation Biofuels
• Prepared from sugar, starchy crops, vegetable oil
or anima fat & also called Conventional Biofuels.
• The starch is fermented into bioethanol, or
vegetable oil processed into biodiesel.
• Used in large quantity have large impact on food
supply.
• Environment friendly as Fossil Fuels.
• For example, Corn, Sugarcane, Wheat.

9. 2nd Generation Biofuels
• Prepared from non-food crops or made from waste
products derived from agriculture and forestry
activities such as rice straw, rice husk, wood
chips, woody crops grass species (lignocellulosic)
& sawdust.
• also called advanced biofuels or sustainable
biofuels.
• includes breaking down complex plant cell
structures into simpler sugars, which can then be
fermented into biofuels.

10. 3rd Generation Biofuels
• Also known as oilgae since they are derived from
algae.
• Often involving the use of microorganisms such
as algae.
• Harvested algal oil is converted into Biodiesel.
• Algae leads to the production biodiesel, gasoline,
butanol, propanol and ethanol with high yield,
approximately 10 times higher than the second
generation biofuel.

11. 4th Generation Biofuels
• Extension of 3rd gen.
• Biofuels formed by using genetically engineered
organisms.
• Have ability to capture more CO2.
• Cyanobacteria are engineered to increase the oil
yield and are used for the efficient production of
bioenergy.
• Include alteration of lipid characteristics & lipid
excretion pathways.

12. Types of Biofuels

13. Biodiesel:
• Biodiesel is the most common biofuel in Europe.
It is produced from oils or fats
using transesterification and is a liquid similar in
composition to fossil/mineral diesel. Chemically,
it consists mostly of fatty acid methyl (or ethyl)
esters (fames).
• Currently reduces emissions with up to 60%
compared to diesel second generation B100.

14. Conti…
• Biodiesel is also an oxygenated fuel, meaning it
contains a reduced amount of carbon and higher
hydrogen and oxygen content than fossil diesel.
• Non-toxic and biodegradable.
• Safe to handle and transport.

15. Production of Biodiesel
Fig.1. Production of Biodiesel

16. Bioethanol:
• Used as biofuel alternative to gasoline made from
feedstock of sugarcane & corn.
• Ethanol can be mass produced by fermentation of
sugar or hydration of ethylene from petroleum &
other sources.
• Produced by the use of microorganisms and
enzymes through fermentation of sugars &
starches.

17. Production of bioethanol
Fig.2. Production of Bioethanol

18. Biogas:
• produced through the anaerobic digestion of
organic matter(Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats).
• Also produced by biodegradation of waste
materials fed into anaerobic digester to yield
Biogas.
• consists of methane (CH4) 60-70% along with
small amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) 30-40%.

19. Production of Biogas
Fig.3. Production of Biogas

20. Advantages of Biofuels
• Renewable Source
• Reduce Greenhouse Gases
• Economic Security& Energy Security
• Easy to Source
• Lower Level of Pollution
• Support for Agriculture
• Technology Development
• Reduced Dependency on Fossil Fuels

21. Disadvantages of Biofuels
• Food Shortage & Food Security
• Global Warming & Use of Fertilizers
• High cost of production &
• Impact on Soil Quality, Biodiversity & Water Use
• Dependency on Specific Feedstocks
• Limited Energy Balance
• Emissions from Land Use Change
• Competition with Food Crops

22. Conclusion
• Biofuels present both opportunities and risks.
• Biofuel production lead to power to local
community, improving agriculture, rural
electrification.
• Its consumption will contribute in solving the
global warming by achieving 100% natural carbon
cycle.
• Lead to the reduction of wastes, cleaning air,
improve balance of payments and introduce new
agricultural markets.

23. References:
1. Demirbas, A. (2009). Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel
projections. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(9), 2239-2249.
2. Farrell, A. E., Plevin, R. J., Turner, B. T., Jones, A. D., O'Hare, M., & Kammen, D. M. (2006).
Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmental goals. Science, 311(5760), 506-508.
3. Sims, R. E. H., Mabee, W., Saddler, J. N., & Taylor, M. (2010). An overview of second generation
biofuel technologies. Bioresource Technology, 101(6), 1570-1580.
4. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Renewables 2021: Analysis and forecast to 2026. IEA.
5. U.S. Department of Energy. (2022). Bioenergy Technologies Office.
[https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/bioenergy-technologies-office]
6. Smith, J. A. (Year). "Biofuels: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Renewable Energy, 25(3), 123-
145.
7. International Energy Agency (IEA). (Year). "Bioenergy Outlook 20XX." Retrieved from IEA
Website.
8. https://afdc.energy.gov/assets/images/fuels/Biodiesel-production-schematic-f282d90a.png
9. European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. (Year). "Biofuels in the European Union:
Challenges and Opportunities." Retrieved from EU Energy.
10. Gupta, S., & Zhang, Y. (Year). "Sustainable Production of Biofuels: A Review of Current
Technologies and Challenges." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 23-42.
11. Renewable Fuels Association (RFA). (Year). "Biofuels and the Future of Sustainable Transportation."
Retrieved from RFA.
12. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (Year). "Biofuels for a Sustainable Future."
Retrieved from IRENA.