Bio weapon -Effect, Delivery method, History, which country has biological weapon, 5 important weapons, types of agent, Category A,B,C , Characteristics,Advance and Disadvantages of biological weapon, Case study, Conclusion.
Strain development techniques of industrially important microorganismsMicrobiology
Strain improvement and development involves manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnology applications. Targets of improvement include rapid growth, genetic stability, non-toxicity, large cell size, ability to use cheaper substrates, increased productivity, and reduced cultivation costs. Methods for optimization include modifying environmental conditions, nutrition, mutagenesis, transduction, conjugation, transformation, and genetic engineering. Common industrial microorganisms are bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It begins by defining PGPR as beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth. It then covers the classification, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of PGPR, including direct mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production as well as indirect mechanisms like siderophore production and induced systemic resistance. The document also discusses the roles, commercialization, and importance of PGPR as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
Microbial insecticides offer an alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest control. They include bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), fungi, viruses, protozoa, nematodes, and actinomycetes. Bt is the most widely used and produces crystal proteins that are toxic once ingested by the target insect. Other common microbial insecticides include Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, and the actinomycete insecticides avermectins, milbemycins, and spinosad. Microbial insecticides have advantages like being non-toxic to humans and wildlife but also have disadvantages like being pest-
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about plant-microbe interactions given by Manisha Thakur. It discusses how plants constantly encounter biotic and abiotic stresses. Microbes that colonize plants can have pathogenic, symbiotic, or associative relationships. Specific examples provided include mutualistic relationships like rhizobia in root nodules, and types of pathogenic relationships such as necrotrophy and biotrophy. The document also discusses concepts like the rhizosphere and how root exudates influence microbial communities in and around plant roots and leaves.
This document provides an introduction to biosafety. It defines biosafety as safety from exposure to infectious agents according to the CDC. It then discusses the history of biosafety, including the first biosafety conference in 1955 and the establishment of biosafety levels 1 through 4 by the CDC. The document outlines the need for biosafety in laboratories working with infectious agents and describes the scope of biosafety across fields like medicine, agriculture and exobiology. It also covers biosafety issues in academic research, regulations, signage, hazardous materials, and provides details on the four biosafety levels based on pathogen risk.
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Strain development techniques of industrially important microorganismsMicrobiology
Strain improvement and development involves manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnology applications. Targets of improvement include rapid growth, genetic stability, non-toxicity, large cell size, ability to use cheaper substrates, increased productivity, and reduced cultivation costs. Methods for optimization include modifying environmental conditions, nutrition, mutagenesis, transduction, conjugation, transformation, and genetic engineering. Common industrial microorganisms are bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It begins by defining PGPR as beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth. It then covers the classification, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of PGPR, including direct mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production as well as indirect mechanisms like siderophore production and induced systemic resistance. The document also discusses the roles, commercialization, and importance of PGPR as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
Microbial insecticides offer an alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest control. They include bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), fungi, viruses, protozoa, nematodes, and actinomycetes. Bt is the most widely used and produces crystal proteins that are toxic once ingested by the target insect. Other common microbial insecticides include Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, and the actinomycete insecticides avermectins, milbemycins, and spinosad. Microbial insecticides have advantages like being non-toxic to humans and wildlife but also have disadvantages like being pest-
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about plant-microbe interactions given by Manisha Thakur. It discusses how plants constantly encounter biotic and abiotic stresses. Microbes that colonize plants can have pathogenic, symbiotic, or associative relationships. Specific examples provided include mutualistic relationships like rhizobia in root nodules, and types of pathogenic relationships such as necrotrophy and biotrophy. The document also discusses concepts like the rhizosphere and how root exudates influence microbial communities in and around plant roots and leaves.
This document provides an introduction to biosafety. It defines biosafety as safety from exposure to infectious agents according to the CDC. It then discusses the history of biosafety, including the first biosafety conference in 1955 and the establishment of biosafety levels 1 through 4 by the CDC. The document outlines the need for biosafety in laboratories working with infectious agents and describes the scope of biosafety across fields like medicine, agriculture and exobiology. It also covers biosafety issues in academic research, regulations, signage, hazardous materials, and provides details on the four biosafety levels based on pathogen risk.
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Biosafety refers to ensuring safety when working with biological organisms. This document discusses biosafety concepts and issues including containment levels, biosafety cabinets, and risk assessment. The four biosafety levels range from level 1 posing minimal risk to level 4 posing high individual risk without vaccines or treatments. Biosafety cabinets are used to protect workers and the environment, with class I protecting environment, class II protecting samples and environment, and class III providing maximum protection in BSL-4 labs. Risk assessment considers an organism's pathogenicity, virulence, proliferation ability, and transmission route. Guidelines for recombinant DNA research emphasize risk-based containment and avoiding unnecessary regulation.
1) Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to study and benefit the natural environment, such as remediating pollution or developing green technologies.
2) Bioaccumulation occurs when organisms absorb substances like pesticides at a higher rate than they can eliminate them, resulting in increasing concentration of the substance in the organism's body over time.
3) Bioremediation uses microorganisms to remove pollutants from the environment, either on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Examples include phytoremediation and bioleaching.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Bio mining uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to extract metals from ores. It involves two main processes: bioleaching and biooxidation. Bioleaching involves dumping low-grade ore into a heap and soaking it with acid and bacteria, which degrade the ore and release minerals into fluid. This technique is commonly used to extract gold, copper, nickel, zinc, uranium, and silver. The most common microbes used are Thiobacillus and Leptospirillium.
This document discusses life under extreme environmental conditions and focuses on extremophiles - organisms that thrive in extreme temperatures, acidity, salinity, or other stressful conditions. It provides examples of thermophiles that live in high temperatures, psychrophiles that thrive in cold temperatures, and halophiles that survive in highly saline environments. The key adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive their extreme habitats are also summarized, such as membrane modifications, stress proteins, and organic solutes that regulate osmotic balance.
This document provides an overview of biosafety, including definitions, background on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and biosafety concerns. It discusses risk assessment and includes case studies on Starlink maize and Monsanto vs. Schmeiser. Guidelines, international agreements like the Cartagena Protocol, and biosafety regulation in India are also summarized. Key organizations involved in biosafety like ICGAB and mechanisms for implementing guidelines in India are outlined.
Biodiversity, Microbial Biodiversity, Bacterial Biodiveristy, Archae Biodiversity, Protozoa Biodiversity, Fungal Biodiversity, Origin of Life, Origin of Life on Earth, Chemical Evolution, Physical Evolution, Biological Evolution
This document discusses biosafety issues related to genetically modified crops. It provides background on GM crops and their history. It then outlines several biosafety concerns including the safety of inserted genes and proteins, ecological impacts such as increased weediness and effects on biodiversity, environmental concerns like secondary pest problems and insect resistance, and socioeconomic issues. The regulatory mechanisms in place in India to evaluate GM crops are also described, including the various competent authorities. International regulations like the Cartagena Protocol are also mentioned.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
This document discusses microbial communities and biofilms. It begins by explaining that microbes thrive in diverse ecosystems under a range of conditions. Microbial communities are heterogeneous mixtures that interact. Biofilms provide advantages like nutrient sharing and protection. The document then discusses techniques to analyze microbial communities, including genetic methods. It covers positive and negative impacts of biofilms in areas like infections, food production, and wastewater treatment. Stress can impact microbial diversity by selecting certain organisms. Modern techniques allow direct analysis of constituent populations in communities.
bioreactors and fermentors are culture systems to produce cells or organisms. They are used in various applications, including basic research and development, and the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals, food and food additives, chemicals, and other products. A broad range of cell types and organisms can be cultivated in bioreactors and fermentors, including cells (like mammalian cell lines, insect cells, and stem cells), microorganisms (like bacteria, yeasts, and fungi), as well as plant cells and algae.Bioreactor and fermentor are two words for basically the same thing. Scientists who cultivate bacteria, yeast, or fungi often use the term fermentor. The term bioreactor often relates to the cultivation of mammalian cells but is also generically used.
Endophytic microbes live within plant tissues without causing harm and can benefit plants through various mechanisms. This document discusses endophytic bacteria and fungi, their transmission within plants, and how they can promote plant growth, act as biocontrol agents, and increase stress tolerance in plants. Specifically, endophytes produce plant hormones, fix nitrogen, make nutrients more available, and induce systemic resistance to pathogens or tolerance to stresses like drought. Their interactions with plants demonstrate potential for agriculture and phytoremediation.
This document discusses bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to dissolve metals from ores. The most common microorganisms used are Thiobacillus thiooxidants and Thiobacillus ferrooxidants. Bioleaching can occur directly via microbial contact with ores or indirectly by microbes producing leaching agents. Common applications include copper, uranium, gold and silver, and silica leaching. Bioleaching is used commercially in slope, heap, and in situ leaching with ores placed in piles or left in the ground and irrigated with microbes.
Baculoviruses are viruses that can infect and kill many invertebrate organisms, including insects. They are usually small and contain double-stranded DNA. Baculoviruses can remain dormant in the environment for long periods before infecting insects. Most baculoviruses must be eaten by the host insect to cause infection. Genetic engineering has enhanced baculoviruses for use as biological insecticides by introducing genes that increase the speed of killing insects. Introduced genes include genes for Bt toxin, scorpion neurotoxin, and other toxins. Baculoviruses are good candidates for species-specific pest control due to their ability to persist in the environment and multiply rapidly within
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is one of the EOR techniques where bacteria and their by-products are utilized for oil mobilization in a reservoir.
It is the process that increases oil recovery through inoculation of microorganisms in a reservoir, aiming that bacteria and their by-products cause some beneficial effects.
This document provides an overview of bioleaching and discusses its applications in extracting various metals. Bioleaching employs bacteria to convert insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates. The key microorganisms involved are mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron and sulfur. The bioleaching process involves providing bacteria with metal ores or concentrates, oxygen, nutrients, and maintaining optimal temperature and pH. Factors like mineral composition, surface area, and leaching method affect bioleaching. It allows extraction of metals from low-grade ores and has advantages of being cheaper and more environmentally friendly compared to conventional methods. Gold, uranium, and copper are some metals extracted via bio
The document discusses biological warfare and biological weapons. It defines biological warfare as using biological agents like bacteria, viruses, and fungi to harm or kill humans, animals, and plants. It provides examples of historical uses of biological weapons and diseases used in warfare like anthrax and glanders. The document outlines the development of biological weapons by nations in the 20th century and bans on their use through treaties. However, it notes that some countries still maintain secret biological weapons programs today in violation of treaties.
Biosafety refers to ensuring safety when working with biological organisms. This document discusses biosafety concepts and issues including containment levels, biosafety cabinets, and risk assessment. The four biosafety levels range from level 1 posing minimal risk to level 4 posing high individual risk without vaccines or treatments. Biosafety cabinets are used to protect workers and the environment, with class I protecting environment, class II protecting samples and environment, and class III providing maximum protection in BSL-4 labs. Risk assessment considers an organism's pathogenicity, virulence, proliferation ability, and transmission route. Guidelines for recombinant DNA research emphasize risk-based containment and avoiding unnecessary regulation.
1) Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to study and benefit the natural environment, such as remediating pollution or developing green technologies.
2) Bioaccumulation occurs when organisms absorb substances like pesticides at a higher rate than they can eliminate them, resulting in increasing concentration of the substance in the organism's body over time.
3) Bioremediation uses microorganisms to remove pollutants from the environment, either on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Examples include phytoremediation and bioleaching.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Bio mining uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to extract metals from ores. It involves two main processes: bioleaching and biooxidation. Bioleaching involves dumping low-grade ore into a heap and soaking it with acid and bacteria, which degrade the ore and release minerals into fluid. This technique is commonly used to extract gold, copper, nickel, zinc, uranium, and silver. The most common microbes used are Thiobacillus and Leptospirillium.
This document discusses life under extreme environmental conditions and focuses on extremophiles - organisms that thrive in extreme temperatures, acidity, salinity, or other stressful conditions. It provides examples of thermophiles that live in high temperatures, psychrophiles that thrive in cold temperatures, and halophiles that survive in highly saline environments. The key adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive their extreme habitats are also summarized, such as membrane modifications, stress proteins, and organic solutes that regulate osmotic balance.
This document provides an overview of biosafety, including definitions, background on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and biosafety concerns. It discusses risk assessment and includes case studies on Starlink maize and Monsanto vs. Schmeiser. Guidelines, international agreements like the Cartagena Protocol, and biosafety regulation in India are also summarized. Key organizations involved in biosafety like ICGAB and mechanisms for implementing guidelines in India are outlined.
Biodiversity, Microbial Biodiversity, Bacterial Biodiveristy, Archae Biodiversity, Protozoa Biodiversity, Fungal Biodiversity, Origin of Life, Origin of Life on Earth, Chemical Evolution, Physical Evolution, Biological Evolution
This document discusses biosafety issues related to genetically modified crops. It provides background on GM crops and their history. It then outlines several biosafety concerns including the safety of inserted genes and proteins, ecological impacts such as increased weediness and effects on biodiversity, environmental concerns like secondary pest problems and insect resistance, and socioeconomic issues. The regulatory mechanisms in place in India to evaluate GM crops are also described, including the various competent authorities. International regulations like the Cartagena Protocol are also mentioned.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
This document discusses microbial communities and biofilms. It begins by explaining that microbes thrive in diverse ecosystems under a range of conditions. Microbial communities are heterogeneous mixtures that interact. Biofilms provide advantages like nutrient sharing and protection. The document then discusses techniques to analyze microbial communities, including genetic methods. It covers positive and negative impacts of biofilms in areas like infections, food production, and wastewater treatment. Stress can impact microbial diversity by selecting certain organisms. Modern techniques allow direct analysis of constituent populations in communities.
bioreactors and fermentors are culture systems to produce cells or organisms. They are used in various applications, including basic research and development, and the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals, food and food additives, chemicals, and other products. A broad range of cell types and organisms can be cultivated in bioreactors and fermentors, including cells (like mammalian cell lines, insect cells, and stem cells), microorganisms (like bacteria, yeasts, and fungi), as well as plant cells and algae.Bioreactor and fermentor are two words for basically the same thing. Scientists who cultivate bacteria, yeast, or fungi often use the term fermentor. The term bioreactor often relates to the cultivation of mammalian cells but is also generically used.
Endophytic microbes live within plant tissues without causing harm and can benefit plants through various mechanisms. This document discusses endophytic bacteria and fungi, their transmission within plants, and how they can promote plant growth, act as biocontrol agents, and increase stress tolerance in plants. Specifically, endophytes produce plant hormones, fix nitrogen, make nutrients more available, and induce systemic resistance to pathogens or tolerance to stresses like drought. Their interactions with plants demonstrate potential for agriculture and phytoremediation.
This document discusses bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to dissolve metals from ores. The most common microorganisms used are Thiobacillus thiooxidants and Thiobacillus ferrooxidants. Bioleaching can occur directly via microbial contact with ores or indirectly by microbes producing leaching agents. Common applications include copper, uranium, gold and silver, and silica leaching. Bioleaching is used commercially in slope, heap, and in situ leaching with ores placed in piles or left in the ground and irrigated with microbes.
Baculoviruses are viruses that can infect and kill many invertebrate organisms, including insects. They are usually small and contain double-stranded DNA. Baculoviruses can remain dormant in the environment for long periods before infecting insects. Most baculoviruses must be eaten by the host insect to cause infection. Genetic engineering has enhanced baculoviruses for use as biological insecticides by introducing genes that increase the speed of killing insects. Introduced genes include genes for Bt toxin, scorpion neurotoxin, and other toxins. Baculoviruses are good candidates for species-specific pest control due to their ability to persist in the environment and multiply rapidly within
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is one of the EOR techniques where bacteria and their by-products are utilized for oil mobilization in a reservoir.
It is the process that increases oil recovery through inoculation of microorganisms in a reservoir, aiming that bacteria and their by-products cause some beneficial effects.
This document provides an overview of bioleaching and discusses its applications in extracting various metals. Bioleaching employs bacteria to convert insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates. The key microorganisms involved are mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron and sulfur. The bioleaching process involves providing bacteria with metal ores or concentrates, oxygen, nutrients, and maintaining optimal temperature and pH. Factors like mineral composition, surface area, and leaching method affect bioleaching. It allows extraction of metals from low-grade ores and has advantages of being cheaper and more environmentally friendly compared to conventional methods. Gold, uranium, and copper are some metals extracted via bio
The document discusses biological warfare and biological weapons. It defines biological warfare as using biological agents like bacteria, viruses, and fungi to harm or kill humans, animals, and plants. It provides examples of historical uses of biological weapons and diseases used in warfare like anthrax and glanders. The document outlines the development of biological weapons by nations in the 20th century and bans on their use through treaties. However, it notes that some countries still maintain secret biological weapons programs today in violation of treaties.
The document discusses harmful microbes and biological weapons. It describes biological agents that can be used as weapons, including bacteria, viruses, toxins and more. It covers the history of biological weapons dating back to crude forms used in ancient times, as well as more modern developments and uses in warfare. The document also discusses the production and delivery of biological weapons, diseases they can cause, and recent technological advances that have increased threats from biological warfare.
Biological weapons are living organisms or toxins that can be used as weapons to kill or incapacitate humans, animals, or plants. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. Biological weapons are categorized based on their priority and how easily they can spread. Some historical uses of biological weapons include using plague-infected corpses in the 14th century and smallpox against Native Americans in the 18th century. Modern concerns include the growing availability of gene editing technology that could be misused to create new biological weapons. Defenses against biological weapons focus on detection, protective equipment, vaccines, and rapid medical response.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and biological weapons. It discusses the history of using biological agents as weapons dating back to the 1300s. The "top four" bioterrorism agents are described as anthrax, plague, smallpox, and botulism. Details are given about anthrax and smallpox, including how they infect humans and their symptoms. The US biodefense projects called Project Bioshield are summarized, which provided funding for research into bioterrorism countermeasures. Overall prevention and response are discussed.
This document provides an overview of biological weapons, including their definition, types of biological agents, historical uses such as by Japan in World War II, the impacts they can have including disease outbreaks and loss of life, why they pose a threat to global peace, and steps individuals can take such as education and supporting peaceful programs. Biological weapons are composed of biological agents and delivery systems and have been banned by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, though some nations have still used them covertly.
Awareness of biological_warfare_in_nigeria (2)FRANCIS874214
Nigeria is unprepared to detect, deter, or defend against a biological weapons attack that could cripple critical systems like government or oil and gas. The author argues that Nigeria should establish a biodefense program in Nigerian universities, modeled after a program at George Mason University, to educate students on biodefense science and technologies like threat assessment and medical preparedness. Biological warfare has been used throughout history, and advances in microbiology have made biological agents more sophisticated weapons. Nigeria has committed to prohibiting biological weapons as a signatory of the Biological Weapons Convention.
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
Bioterrorism involves the intentional release of biological agents like viruses, bacteria, or toxins to cause disease or death in humans, animals, or plants. It has occurred throughout history, such as when the British distributed smallpox-infected blankets to Native Americans in the 18th century. Biological weapons are categorized based on their contagiousness and lethality. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox, and plague are highly contagious and lethal. While biological attacks are difficult to carry out and predict, strengthening public health measures like disease monitoring and drug development can help address this threat.
This document defines biological disasters as scenarios involving large-scale disease, disability, or death among humans, animals, and plants caused by live organisms or their toxins. It discusses biological agents that could cause mass destruction, including anthrax, plague, and smallpox. The document categorizes biological agents based on their potential impact and ability to spread. It also covers epidemics, bioterrorism, historical events involving biological weapons, and the impact and prevention of biological disasters. Prevention methods include immunization, hygiene, surveillance, and protecting from weather extremes.
This document discusses bioterrorism and bioterrorist agents. It defines bioterrorism and provides examples of historical bioterrorism incidents. It describes the three categories of bioterrorism agents according to the CDC based on their ease of transmission and potential for mortality. Priority agents are characterized by their ability to infect via aerosol and cause high morbidity and mortality. Sources of potential bioterrorism and impacts on direct infection, the environment and economy are reviewed. The anthrax attacks in the US in 2001 are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the history of biological weapons and efforts to prevent their use. It discusses how bioweapons development has roots in ancient times but became more advanced in the 20th century following breakthroughs in microbiology. Several nations engaged in bioweapons research during World Wars I and II. Treaties banning their use have not prevented some nations from continuing bioweapons programs. Vaccines, antibiotics, and other medical countermeasures have limited effectiveness against potential bioweapons due to the large number of possible agents and rise of drug resistance. Non-military solutions such as reducing poverty, improving health, and advancing detection technologies may help address the problem.
This document discusses biological agents that could potentially be used for bioterrorism. It categorizes biological agents according to their mortality rates and ability to be transmitted. Category A agents like anthrax and plague are highly lethal, while Category C agents like tuberculosis may cause significant illness but are less lethal. The document outlines the historical use of biological agents as weapons and notes that bioterrorism poses challenges because biological agents can be difficult to detect and have long-term health consequences. Protection against bioterrorism requires physical barriers, immunization, public awareness programs, and improved legislation and infrastructure.
Bioterrorism involves the intentional release of biological agents like bacteria, viruses or toxins to cause illness or death in people. Biological agents can spread through the air, water or food. Bioterrorism dates back to ancient times when diseases were used as weapons. Modern bioterrorism agents are categorized based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Recent bioterrorism incidents include the 2001 anthrax attacks in the US. International treaties like the 1925 Geneva Protocol and 1972 Biological Weapons Convention prohibit the use of biological weapons.
Bioterrorism involves the intentional release of biological agents like bacteria, viruses, or toxins. Historically, biological agents have been used in warfare as far back as the 14th century. Biological agents are classified based on how easily they can spread and the severity of illness. Some notable agents that could be used in bioterrorism are anthrax, plague, and tularemia. While these agents may be easy to produce, deploying them effectively poses challenges. Nations must work to prevent bioterrorism through regulating dangerous materials and improving detection of outbreaks. Health systems and public health authorities need to prepare response plans and educate medical staff.
This document defines biohazards as substances that threaten living organisms, especially humans, such as viruses, toxins, microbes, or medical waste. It explains that antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or slow the growth of bacteria. Finally, it discusses how in World War I, soldiers faced many infectious diseases but antibiotics had not yet been widely used, while in World War II antibiotics were introduced to treat infectious diseases contracted by soldiers.
Bioterrorism is defined as the unlawful use of biological agents to harm or intimidate populations. This document provides an overview of bioterrorism, including a history of uses dating back to ancient times, classification of biological agents into priority categories (A, B, C), potential delivery methods, and key indicators of a bioterror event. Public health preparation and response focuses on familiarizing medical staff, incorporating into disaster plans, laboratory identification of agents, and coordinating public information.
This document discusses biohazards and antibiotics. It defines a biohazard as a substance that threatens living organisms, especially humans, such as viruses, toxins, microbes or medical waste. Antibiotics are substances that kill or slow bacterial growth and were discovered by Selman Waksman in 1942. During World War I, soldiers faced many infectious diseases since antibiotics had not yet been developed. Antibiotics helped treat infections in World War II once introduced.
This document discusses the emerging field of forensic microbiology and its applications. It begins by defining forensic microbiology as using molecular analysis to infer the origin and transmission of microbial strains. The main goals of forensic microbiology are to identify biological threats, vulnerable populations, create databases of genetic signatures, and develop identification protocols. The document then provides numerous examples throughout history of biological warfare and biocrimes using microorganisms, highlighting the need for this new discipline. It discusses laboratory aspects such as quality control, chain of custody, and guidelines established by groups like SWGMGF to validate forensic microbiology analysis results.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
2. BIOWEAPONS
BIOLOGICAL WEAPON also called “GERM
WEAPON”, any of number of disease
producing agent such as virus, bacteria,
fungi, toxins or other biological agents, that
may be utilize against human, animals,
plants.
3. WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICALWEAPON
Toxin material or pathogenic substances(Usually
microbes)
Biological weapons are potentially deadlier than
chemical weapons.
These substances work to kill or incapacitate the
host
Biological weapons are may be used to target living
organism such as
5. BIOWEAPON EFFECTS
The enemy can produce variety of effective BW
agents and can deliver them against population,
agricultural and water recourses.
BW agents may be used against humans to
produce illness, death, impede defensive actions,
impair morale, reduce the will to resist and
minimize production capability either for the
conduct of war for recovery and rehabilitation.
6. HISTORY
1346 Siege of kaffa, PLAGUE
1763 French and Indian war, SMALL POX
WW I German program, ANTHRAX
1925 Geneva protocol ban biological weapons
WW II Japanese program;
ANTHRAX,PLAGUE,CHOLERA,
1972 BWC (signed by 103 countries)
1975 Geneva convetions Ratified
7. WHO HAS BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Algeria
Canada
China
Cuba
Egypt
Ethiopia
Germany
France
Iran
Iraq
Isreal
Italy
India
Japan
Libya
Myanmar
N.Korea
Pakistan
Former soviet union
South Africa
S.Korea
Sudan
Syria
Taiwan
U.K
U.S.A
Yugoslavia