The document discusses harmful microbes and biological weapons. It describes biological agents that can be used as weapons, including bacteria, viruses, toxins and more. It covers the history of biological weapons dating back to crude forms used in ancient times, as well as more modern developments and uses in warfare. The document also discusses the production and delivery of biological weapons, diseases they can cause, and recent technological advances that have increased threats from biological warfare.
Bioterrorism is using living organsims as weapons of mass destruction or to cause panic in population. it has existed since ancient times and yet pose a potential future threat. this compilation is not exhaustive and contains references at the end for further reading
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
biological weapons, an weapons which can kill many and that also by means of biology this may refer as silent killer as being describe in many science fiction movies like resident evil etc
Biological Warfare.....
Straight and Short Information on Biological Warfare.....
Now In 2020, The COVID-19(The Novel Corona Virus) is the best example of Biological Warfare.......
Contents-
#Historical Events
#Biological Warfare
#Bio-Weapons
#Biological Agents
#Weapons Development Cycle
#Advantages
#Disadvantages
#Conclusion
#References
#Case Study
“Microbial forensics” has been defined as “a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence
from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution
purposes” (Budowle et al., 2003). This emerging discipline is still in the early stages of
development and faces substantial scientific challenges to provide a robust suite of technologies
for identifying the source of a biological threat agent and attributing a biothreat act to a particular
person or group. The unlawful use of biological agents poses substantial dangers to individuals,
public health, the environment, the economies of nations, and global peace. It also is likely that
scientific, political, and media-based controversy will surround any investigation of the alleged
use of a biological agent, and can be expected to affect significantly the role that scientific
information or evidence can play. For these reasons, building awareness of and capacity in
microbial forensics can assist in our understanding of what may have occurred during a biothreat
event, and international collaborations that engage the broader scientific and policy-making
communities are likely to strengthen our microbial forensics capabilities. One goal would be to
create a shared technical understanding of the possibilities—and limitations—of the scientific
bases for microbial forensics analysis._ NCBI
Introduction to bioterrorism , history of bioterrorism, key features of biological agents used as bioweapons, biological agents and effects, bioterrorism agents, effects of biological attacks, COVID-19 used as bioweapon , technology at work, preventive measures.
Bioterrorism
Introduction
Bioterrorism is the intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals or plants to accomplish political or social objectives. Agents of bioterrorism can be altered or mutated in such a way soas to increase their virulence and ability to cause disease. They can be engineered to resist current medications. They can be spread through air, food, water, fomites, or through infected hosts (including humans, animals, insects, and other reservoirs)
Definition
Biological Agents as Causes of Mass Destruction
Sources of Biological Agents
Types of Biological Agents
Epidemics
Bioterrorism
History : Major events across the globe
Impact of Biological Disaster
Prevention of Biological Disaster
Bioterrorism is using living organsims as weapons of mass destruction or to cause panic in population. it has existed since ancient times and yet pose a potential future threat. this compilation is not exhaustive and contains references at the end for further reading
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
biological weapons, an weapons which can kill many and that also by means of biology this may refer as silent killer as being describe in many science fiction movies like resident evil etc
Biological Warfare.....
Straight and Short Information on Biological Warfare.....
Now In 2020, The COVID-19(The Novel Corona Virus) is the best example of Biological Warfare.......
Contents-
#Historical Events
#Biological Warfare
#Bio-Weapons
#Biological Agents
#Weapons Development Cycle
#Advantages
#Disadvantages
#Conclusion
#References
#Case Study
“Microbial forensics” has been defined as “a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence
from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution
purposes” (Budowle et al., 2003). This emerging discipline is still in the early stages of
development and faces substantial scientific challenges to provide a robust suite of technologies
for identifying the source of a biological threat agent and attributing a biothreat act to a particular
person or group. The unlawful use of biological agents poses substantial dangers to individuals,
public health, the environment, the economies of nations, and global peace. It also is likely that
scientific, political, and media-based controversy will surround any investigation of the alleged
use of a biological agent, and can be expected to affect significantly the role that scientific
information or evidence can play. For these reasons, building awareness of and capacity in
microbial forensics can assist in our understanding of what may have occurred during a biothreat
event, and international collaborations that engage the broader scientific and policy-making
communities are likely to strengthen our microbial forensics capabilities. One goal would be to
create a shared technical understanding of the possibilities—and limitations—of the scientific
bases for microbial forensics analysis._ NCBI
Introduction to bioterrorism , history of bioterrorism, key features of biological agents used as bioweapons, biological agents and effects, bioterrorism agents, effects of biological attacks, COVID-19 used as bioweapon , technology at work, preventive measures.
Bioterrorism
Introduction
Bioterrorism is the intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals or plants to accomplish political or social objectives. Agents of bioterrorism can be altered or mutated in such a way soas to increase their virulence and ability to cause disease. They can be engineered to resist current medications. They can be spread through air, food, water, fomites, or through infected hosts (including humans, animals, insects, and other reservoirs)
Definition
Biological Agents as Causes of Mass Destruction
Sources of Biological Agents
Types of Biological Agents
Epidemics
Bioterrorism
History : Major events across the globe
Impact of Biological Disaster
Prevention of Biological Disaster
Disease or bio-warfare? The usage of various pathogens in bioterrorisminventionjournals
Although it is a general belief that epidemics of plague, smallpox or yellow fever are highly unlikely nowadays due to the existence of antibiotics and immunization shots, the agents causing the disease have remained a threat due to the possibility of them being weaponized and spread on a large scale. Contemporary terrorism is no longer confined to detonating bombs in buildings of great importance, suicide attacks or airplane hijacking. It can also comprise the usage of pathogens/ biological agents to cause massive health disturbances. The preference expressed towards the usage of such agents is justified by the easy access and primary skills needed in manufacturing a weapon, as well as the high rates of morbidity and mortality among the affected population. Additionally, states are confronted with high healthcare risks due to the fact that such agents are difficult to be detected and often pass as common diseases, such as influenza, until the greater scale of the epidemic is acknowledged by the authorities.
Disease or bio-warfare? The usage of various pathogens in bioterrorisminventionjournals
Although it is a general belief that epidemics of plague, smallpox or yellow fever are highly unlikely nowadays due to the existence of antibiotics and immunization shots, the agents causing the disease have remained a threat due to the possibility of them being weaponized and spread on a large scale. Contemporary terrorism is no longer confined to detonating bombs in buildings of great importance, suicide attacks or airplane hijacking. It can also comprise the usage of pathogens/ biological agents to cause massive health disturbances. The preference expressed towards the usage of such agents is justified by the easy access and primary skills needed in manufacturing a weapon, as well as the high rates of morbidity and mortality among the affected population. Additionally, states are confronted with high healthcare risks due to the fact that such agents are difficult to be detected and often pass as common diseases, such as influenza, until the greater scale of the epidemic is acknowledged by the authorities
Biological weapons infectious agents (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoan etc.) used to intentionally inflict harm on humans.
Generally, the types of agents used as biological weapons cause systemic diseases, hemorrhagic fevers, pneumonias, or involve toxins and biological poisons.
Its all about Bio terrorism. Here i am trying to involve all content(maximum) those are available on online like ready.gov; CDC. i think it will cover all information that are need to know.
Biological terrorism dates as far back as ancient Roman civilization. This early version of biological terrorism was used to destroy enemy forces. It continued on into the 14th century.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Introduction:
• A biological agent — also called bio-agent, biological threat
agent, biological warfare agent, biological weapon, or
bioweapons is a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, or fungus
that can be used purposefully as a weapon in bioterrorism or
biological warfare.
• Biological agents have the ability to adversely affect human
health in a variety of ways, ranging from relatively mild allergic
reactions to serious medical conditions, including death.
• Many of these organisms are ubiquitous in the natural
environment where they are found in water, soil, plants, or
animals.
• Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain a
tactical advantage over the enemy, either by threat by actual
deployments.
NEETHU ASOKAN
3. Cont...
Biological weapons are unique because they are made up of
pathogenic organisms that can reproduce and cause infection
(and death) in a large number of hosts.
It takes hours to days for symptoms of exposure to appear
Biological weapons are relatively inexpensive to produce.
All of the equipment used to produce biological agents is dual
use, with applications in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and
pesticide industries.
Dissemination and dispersion are key to the effective
employment of biological weapons.
Many toxic organisms are subject to destruction by external
forces (e.g., sunlight, explosives).
NEETHU ASOKAN
4. History of Biological Weapons
Crude forms of biological warfare have been employed ,when the
decaying corpses of animals and humans were placed near water
and food supplies of adversaries.
Over the years, different diseases, including plague and
smallpox etc.
World War I saw the development of biological warfare
strategies.
Cholera and plague were thought to be used in Italy and Russia
while anthrax was presumably used to infect animals in Romania.
A consequence of such events was the 1925 Protocol for the
Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or
Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare—known
as the Geneva Protocol.
NEETHU ASOKAN
5. Cont...
This protocol banned the use of biological agents in warfare
but not research, development, production, or stockpiling of
such agents.
The advent of World War II, rapid developments occurred in
biological warfare capability in the United States and other
nations.
In February 1942, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
established a Biological Warfare Committee, chaired by Edwin
B. Fred of the University of Wisconsin.
The technologies examined at Fort Detrick included pathogen
identification, modes of transmission, infection, detection,
public health measures, containment, rapid drying of
organisms, and packing for delivery.
NEETHU ASOKAN
6. Microbes as Biological Weapons
The microorganisms and toxins that could act as biological
weapons are naturally occurring.
The agents that could potentially to be used as biological weapons
are diverse and widely distributed in nature and include
− viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
−the toxins produced by many microbes
„These microbes are found naturally in soils, waters, plants, and
animals.
Biological terrorism, the use of biological weapons non-state
government groups and crazed individuals.
The threat of release of biological agents in a particular
community, tranportation system, school, or shopping mall causes
a crippling effect.
NEETHU ASOKAN
7. Conti....
Biological weapons derived from biological materials are
considered weapons of mass destruction.
Biological weapons is actually a four-part system
Payload
Munition
Delivery system
Dipersion
Payload:
The payload is biological material consisting of an infectious
agents (pathogen) or a toxin produced by bacteria, plant or
animal.
Munition :
The serves to containerize the payload to maintain it potency
during delivery. NEETHU ASOKAN
8. Conti...
Delivery System :
The delivery system can be missile, vehicle (aircraft, boat,
automobile, truck) or an artillery shell that transport the
payload to a susceptible target.
Dispersion System :
The dispersion system provided by an explosive force or spray
mechanism, ensures dissemination of the payload at the
intended target.
Infectious biological payloads that could potentially be used
include those causing anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), Plague
(Yersinia pestis), tularemia (Francisella tularensis) equine
encephalitides, hemorrhagic fevers (arenaviruses, filoviruses,
and flaviviruses) and small pox (variola virus).
NEETHU ASOKAN
9. Cont...
Toxins include botulinum toxin from clostridium botulinumricin
toxin trichothecene mycotoxins from fusarium.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin from staphylococcal.aureus and toxins
from marine organisms such as dinoflagellates, shellfish & blue –
green algae.
Biological Exposure Routes
Biological agents vary in how they are transmitted to
humans and how they enter the body.
Transmission of biological agents through the air (aerosol
transmission) is likely to impact the greatest number of
individuals, but transmission by other means water, food,
insect vectors, etc. may also be routes of exposure of
individuals to biological agents.
NEETHU ASOKAN
10. Differences in Effects and Transmissibility
„
Among the viruses, bacteria, and fungi that may be used as
biological weapons, there are significant differences in their
effects and transmissibility.
They also differ greatly in the rates of morbidity (disease) that
occur following exposure and mortality (death) that occur as a
consequence of disease development.
This has a significant impact on the threat posed by each
specific biological agent and how we might defend against
them.
NEETHU ASOKAN
11. Disease Outcomes
Exposure to biological agents can have various outcomes,
ranging from mild disease with few symptoms to severe
disease and high rates of mortality.
Some diseases, like many of the hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola,
Marburg, etc.), can not be prevented, except by avoiding
exposure.
NEETHU ASOKAN
12. Biological warfare and Terrorism :
Biological Weapons are the tools of Biological Warfare,
Bioterrorism, and Biocrime.
Biological Warfare is the sanctioned employment of biological
weapons by nations in the conduct of war.
Biological Terrorism is the employment of biological weapons by
non-state government groups, including religious cults, militants,
and crazed individuals.
Biocrime is a bioterrorist act that targets a specific individual or
group rather than the masses.
Evidence of biological terrorism worst attack in American history
occurred when a truck bomb caused a massive explosion that took
down the north face of the Alfred p. Murrah Federal Building in
Oklahoma City.
NEETHU ASOKAN
13. Cont...
• One Hundred sixty-eight people died, including 19 Children,
and hundreds were wounded.
• The terrorist was Timothy McVeigh, Who was seeking revenge
for ‘crimes’ committed by the U.S. Government.
• The study of history reveals the influential role played by
microbes in battles and wars, perhaps even more influential than
artillery, tanks, and other weapons of conventional warfare.
• Battlefield Condition to the spread of infectious disease
because of unsanitary conditions, the unavailability of
uncontaminated drinking water, poor personal hygiene,
crowding, inadequate supplies of safe foods, overwhelmed and
inadequate medical facilities.
•Epidemic typhus fever and relapsing fever transmitted from
person to persons by the feces of body lice, prevail under
crowded conditions , and the inability to practice good personal
hygiene.
NEETHU ASOKAN
14. Conti...
During the war, bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases, including
typhoid fever, staphylococcal and streptococcal infections,
battlefield gangrene, smallpox, chicken pox, measles, malaria,
amebic dysentery, killed and incapacitated more soldiers than did
rifles, cannon, and other weapons.
The animals, plants, water supplies, and food supplies are also
likely targets for biological weapons.
International relief agencies, including the red Cross and the
United Nations (UN), play a vital role in attempting to minimize
human misery.
The empoyment of biological weapon is difficult because of
several factors, including confirmation of allegation of
empolyment, the lack of reliable microbiological and
epidemiological data particularly during war.
NEETHU ASOKAN
16. Viral Hemorragic fever : (Yellow fever)
Etiology : Yellow fever virus, a flavivirus causing viral
hemorrhagic fever
Epidemiology : Occurs mainly in tropical Africa and South
America
Has two cycles :
Urban pattern of interhuman transmission, with the mosquitos
of Aedes aegypti as vectors
Sylvatic cycle, involving monkeys and Haemogogus and
Sabethes mosquitos
Considered a zoonotic infection
Incubation period: 3-6 days usua
Clinical disease can range from non-specific to hemorrhagic
fever. Person appears acutely ill.
NEETHU ASOKAN
17. Cont...
Clinical course:
◦ Acute illness gives way to apparent remission for about 24
hours; and in some, disease "aborts."
◦ In 15-25%, illness reappears and is more severe (period of
intoxication).
◦ In this phase, may see:
Fever
Vomiting, may be black
Epigastric pain
Jaundice and hepatic injury
Renal failure
Myocardial injury
May be major hemorrhagic manifestations
NEETHU ASOKAN
18. Cont...
Diagnosis:
Detection of virus or viral antigen in blood, serologic diagnosis
by measurement of IgM antibodies by ELISA.
Complications:
may see:
Hypotension
Delirium
Coma
Metabolic acidosis
In those surviving, there is a long convalescent period with
weakness and fatigue.
There may be tubular necrosis requiring dialysis, as well as
pneumonia and hepatic injury.
Mortality:
20-50% of patients with hepatorenal disease die.
NEETHU ASOKAN
19. Recent Developments Affecting Biological
Warfare Capability
• The introduction of modern biotechnology during the past 25
years has markedly changed the qualitative and quantitative
impact that biological warfare, or the threat of such warfare, can
have on military forces and urban communities.
• This new technology provides the potential capability of
(1) developing biological agents that have increased
virulence and stability after deployment;
(2) targeting the delivery of organisms to populations;
(3) protecting personnel against biological agents;
(4) producing, by genetic modification, pathogenic
organisms from non-pathogenic strains to com- plicate detection
of a biological agent.
NEETHU ASOKAN
20. Cont...
(5) modifying the immune response system of the target
population to increase or decrease susceptibility to pathogens; and
(6) pro- ducing sensors based on the detection of unique signature
molecules on the surface of biological agents or on the interaction
of the genetic materials in such organisms with gene probes.
The specific technologies used in realizing these capabilities
include
(1) cell culture or fermentation;
(2) organism selection;
(3) encapsulation and coating with straight or crosslinked
biopolymers;
NEETHU ASOKAN
21. Cont...
(4) genetic engineering;
(5) active or passive immunization or treatment with biological
response modifiers.
(6) monoclonal anti- body production.
(7) genome data bases, polymerase chain reaction equipment,
DNA sequencers, and the rapid production of gene probes
(8) the capability of linking gene probes and monoclonal
antibodies on addressable sites in a reproducible manner
NEETHU ASOKAN
22. Advantages & DisadvantagesAdvantages:
The advantages of biological weapons include deadly or
incapacitating effects on the target population, low cost,
continued microbial proliferation, difficulty of immediate
detection, and lack of physical damage to the area.
Disadvantages :
The disadvantages include danger to the healthy of the
aggressors, the effects of physical factors such a weather
conditions on the success of an attack, public aversion to use,
and the environmental persistenence of some agents.
NEETHU ASOKAN
23. CONCLUSION
Biological weapons have recently attracted the attention and
the resources of the nation. The terrorist activities will
continue to involve bombs and firearms, also include weapons
of mass destruction, including biological agents.
140 nations have participated in the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention (BWC) which prohibits the acquisition
of biological materials for hostile purpose and armed conflict.
24 Emergency services must build and maintain their ability to
manage large scale biological weapon attacks and that requires
continued education, training.
NEETHU ASOKAN
24. Reference
• Wheelis, Mark; Rózsa, Lajos; Dando, Malcolm (2006). Deadly
Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945. Harvard University .
• Robertson AG, Robertson LJ. From asps to allegations :
Biological warfare in history.
• Wiener SL. Strategies for the prevention of a successful
biological warfare aerosol attack. Mil Med.
• Microbial Challenge - Robert l. Krasner
NEETHU ASOKAN