Biofules their classification types and advantages

1. BIOFUELS
(TYPES, CLASSIFICATION,ADVANTAGES
OVER FOSSIL FUELS)

2. (Alternate fuel)

3. Rationale for choosing Biofuel topic
• Now-a days demand for fuels are increasing rapidly but conventional fossil fuels are non-
renewable. They are declining rapidly. Fossil fuels cause pollution by CO2 and sulphur
emission in environment.
• For conservation and prevention of pollution there is need for alternate energy sources that
are safer and less harmful than conventional fossil fuels.

4. CONTENT
• Biofuels
• History of biofuels
• Classification of biofuels
• Common biofuels
o Bioethanol
o Biodiesel
o Biobutanol
o Biogas
• Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels

5. BIOFUELS
• Biofuel is the fuel which is produced from organic products and
wastes.
• Biofuel is fuel that is produced through contemporary
processes from biomass.
• Biofuels are liquid fuels and blending components produced
from biomass feedstock, used primarily for transportation.
• Bioethanol is made from sugar, algae, wheat and beet.
• Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, algal lipids, animal fats.
• Biomethane can be produced from waste organic material,
sewage, agriculture waste and domestic wastes.
Fungi
switch grass
Soya beans
Cow dung

6. Corn
Palm oil Sugar cane
Animal fat Agricultural waste Algae
BIOFUELS FEEDSTOCK

7. BIOENERY
• Bioenergy is energy derived from biofuels. Biofuels
are fuels produced directly or indirectly from organic
material – biomass – including plant materials and
animal waste.
• Bioenergy covers approximately 10% of the total
world energy demand.
• Traditional unprocessed biomass such as fuelwood,
charcoal and animal dung accounts for most of this
and represents the main source of energy for a large
number of people in developing countries who use it
mainly for cooking and heating.

8. 840

9. BIOFUELS PRODUCTION IN
PAKISTAN
In 2019, biofuels production for Pakistan
was 0.09 thousand barrels per day.
Though Pakistan biofuels production
fluctuated substantially in recent years, it
tended to increase through 2000 - 2019
period ending at 0.09 thousand barrels
per day in 2019.
•Mainly biogas is produced from animal
manure.

10. Punjab skill development fund
(PSDF) lunch biogas plant
training program.
Initiatives for biofuels production in Pakistan

11. 1890s
In 1890s Rudolf Diesel was a first
person who made biodiesel from
vegetable oil.
1970s and 1980s
In 1970s and 1980s
environmental protection agency
EPA situated in America
suggested that fuel should be free
from sulphur dioxide, carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxides.
1998
In 1998 EPA allowed the
production of Biofuel on
commercial level which was the
alternative source of the petrol.
2010
In 2010 the production of
biofuels reaches up to 105 billion
liters worldwide.
2011
In 2011, European countries
were the largest that made
biodiesel almost about 53%. The
international Energy Agency set
a goal to reduce the usage of
petroleum and coal and will be
switched on to biofuels till 2050.
HISTORY
OF
BIOFUELS

12. Classification
of Biofuels
• Also called conventional biofuels. It includes
sugar, starch, or vegetable oil
1st generation
• known as advanced biofuels and can be
manufactured from different types of
biomass. The biomass contains
lignocellulosic material like wood, straw and
waste plastic
2nd generation
• Extract from algae mostly marine algae
3rd generation
relatively harmless to the environment if spilled
Biofuels are fuels made from food crops grown on arable land. Also called
conventional biofuels. It includes sugar, starch.
The feedstock used to make the fuels either grow on arable land but are
byproducts of the main crop. Also known as advanced biofuels and can be
manufactured from different types of biomass. The biomass contains
lignocellulosic material like wood, straw and waste.
•Algae can be produced in ponds or tanks on land, and out at sea.
•Algal fuels have high yields, can be grown with minimal impact
on fresh water resources, can be produced using saline water
and wastewater, have a high ignition point, and
are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if
spilled.
1st generation biofuels
2nd generation biofuels
3rd generation biofuels

13. Bioethanol Biodiesel Biogas Biobutanol
COMMON BIOFUELS

14. BIOETHANOL

15. BIOETHANOL
• Bioethanol is produced by the fermentation of carbohydrate rich source which includes sugar
cane, sugar beet, corn.
• It is colorless and clear liquid
• One of the widely used alternative automotive fuel in the world.
• Procedure
1. Bioethanol Milling ( sugarcane stem & separation of juice and biogases)
2. Fermentation (conversion of sugar into alcohol, production of ethanol)
3. Distillation (separation of ethanol)
4. Dehydration (azeotropic mixture)

16. BIOETHANOL
Sucrose glucose fructose
• C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
• C6H12O6 C2H5OH + CO2
glucose ethanol
Fermentation process requires 3 days to complete and is carried out at a temperature of
between 250°C and 300°C.

17. Bioethanol production in world
• In the U.S., where most ethanol is derived from corn, fuel is typically 90 percent
gasoline and 10 percent ethanol.
• In Brazil the second-largest ethanol producer behind the U.S, fuel contains up
to 27 percent ethanol, with sugarcane as the main feedstock.

18. BIODIESEL

19. BIODIESEL
• Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel, is made from
re- new able biological sources such as vegetable
oils and animal fats.
• Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure
(straight chain) and number of carbon atoms (10
to 21)
• The Biodiesel can be prepared by
Transesterification.
• Biodiesel is a renewable, environmental friendly
substitute for petro-diesel fuel.
Long carbon chains of Methyl esters

21. BIODIESEL
EDIBLE OIL
SOURCES
• Sunflower
• Soybean
• Corn
• Rapeseed
NON-EDIBLE OIL
SOURCES
• Pongamia (Sukh Chein)
• Jojoba
• Castor
• Jatropha
It is produced from edible & non-edible oils, and animal fats.

22. Biodiesel from algae

23. TRANSESTERIFICATION

24. IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL
• Reduction of green house gas emissions
• Security of supply
• Environment friendly
• Clean burning
• Renewable fuel
• No engine modification
• Increase in engine life
• Biodegradable and non-toxic
• Easy to handle and store

25. Small plant Industrial plant

26. Application of Biodiesel
• Railway usage
• Aircraft use
•As a heating oil
• Cleaning oil spills
•Biodiesel in generators
• Vehicles

27. BIOBUTANOL

28. BIOBUTANOL
• The term Biobutanol refers to butanol made from renewable resources such as grain or
cornstalks by fermentation process
• Bacteria name solventogenic Clostridia is used for production of Biobutanol
• Butanol is more similar to gasoline.
• Second generation alcoholic fuel
• Has higher > energy density > combustion value > octane rating
• Less corrosive
• Less volatile

29. Different strains and substrate used and corresponding yields
microorganism substrate yield
C. beijerinckii Corn Stover 43%,18.04 g.l-1
of total solvent
17.54 g.l-1
butanol
Glucose
Rice straw
C. sporogenes
3.49 g.l-1 butanol,
5.32 g. l -1 total
solvent
MICRORGANISMS SUBSTRATE YEILDS

30. Biobutanol Applications
• Gasoline (as an additive) and brake fluid (formulation component)
• Solvent –for paints, coatings, varnishes
• Plasticizers –to improve how a plastic material processes
• Coatings –as a solvent for a variety of applications
• Chemical intermediate or raw material –for other chemicals and plastics
• Textiles –as a swelling agent from coated fabric
• Cosmetics –makeup, nail care products, shaving products.
• Butanol can be used in car

31. BIOGAS
• A mixture of CH4 , CO2 and other gases
• Biogas is a fuel used as domestic purpose
• Obtained from cow manure, fruit and vegetable
waste
• Biogas is produced by the breakdown of organic
waste by bacteria without oxygen anaerobic digestion

32. Composition of
biogas

33. Fertilizer

34. Biogas
Two Types of Anaerobic Digestion
• Mesophilic process 25-38°C for 14-30 days
• Thermophilic process 50-60°C for 12-14 days
• Produced from Anaerobic digestion in Anaerobic Digesters (AD)

35. Fueling Cooking Lighting
USES OF BIOGAS

36. Advantages of biogas as a fuel
• High calorific value
• Clean fuel
• No residue produced
• No smoke produced
• Non polluting
• Economical
• Can be supplied through pipe lines
• Burns readily

37. Advantages of Biofuels
• Renewable
• Biofuel is less expensive
• Reduce Greenhouse Gases
• Economic Security
• Easy to Source
• Lower level of Pollution
• No sulfur emission
• Biodegradable
Disadvantages of Biofuels
• High Cost of Production
• Industrial Pollution
• Future Rise in Price
• Shortage of Food
• Use of Fertilizer
• Release carbon dioxide result in global warming
• Engine problem
• Water use
• Needs large amount of land to produce biomass

38. Advantages of Biofuels over Fossil Fuels
• Fast production biofuels then fossil fuels
• Lower emissions Green gas
• Renewable
• Biodegradable
• Safer

39. Conclusion
•Reduce wastes
• Cleaner air
•Still there are problems to rectify
• New agricultural markets
• Global warming reduction
• Benefit developing nations
•Commercially produced in Europe and North America
• Asia Pacific and rest of the world is still depending on
conventional fossil fuels

40. REFERENCES
Principles Of Environmental Chemistry by James E. Girard
https://knoema.com/atlas/Pakistan/topics/Energy/Renewables/Biofuels-production
https://www.slideshare.net/AnjanaSNair/anjana-s-nair1-new-1
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/biofuel
https://sswm.info/factsheet/direct-use-of-biogas
Environmental chemistry Stanley Manahan