Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

KEY CONCEPTS
1.1 The study of life reveals common themes
1.2 The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and
diversity of life
1.3 In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses
1.4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and
diverse viewpoints
Those things that you have learned in elementary, you will learn it in this lesson, but it is extended. In this lesson, you will something new, which is Unifying themes. It contains a lot of important things as new and old.
Those things that you have learned in elementary, you will learn it in this lesson, but it is extended. In this lesson, you will something new, which is Unifying themes. It contains a lot of important things as new and old.
ZOO1-Introduction:Themes in the study of Life LeizlAnnaMaria
It presents the introduction to biology with its themes. This includes characteristics of life, level of biological organization, ecosystem dynamics, cell types and feedback mechanisms. Furthermore, evolution is defined and described as core theme in biology.
• THEMES OF LIFE:
o BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
o THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
o STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
o REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
o ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
o ENERGY AND LIFE
o REGULATION
o EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
o SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
o SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Bio chapter 2: A Chemical Connection to BiologyAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and
in combinations called compounds
2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
Advanced Manufacturing is “a family of activities that (a) depend on the use and coordination of information, automation, computation, software, sensing, and networking, and/or (b) make use of cutting edge materials and emerging capabilities enabled by the physical and biological sciences, for example nanotechnology, chemistry, and biology. This involves both new ways to manufacture existing products, and especially the manufacture of new products emerging from new advanced technologies.”
Advanced Manufacturing is not limited to emerging technologies; rather, it is composed of efficient, productive, highly integrated, tightly controlled processes across a spectrum of globally competitive (...) manufacturers and suppliers. For advanced manufacturing to accelerate and thrive in the United States, it will require the active participation of communities, educators, workers, and businesses, as well as (…) governments.
ZOO1-Introduction:Themes in the study of Life LeizlAnnaMaria
It presents the introduction to biology with its themes. This includes characteristics of life, level of biological organization, ecosystem dynamics, cell types and feedback mechanisms. Furthermore, evolution is defined and described as core theme in biology.
• THEMES OF LIFE:
o BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
o THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
o STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
o REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
o ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
o ENERGY AND LIFE
o REGULATION
o EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
o SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
o SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Bio chapter 2: A Chemical Connection to BiologyAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and
in combinations called compounds
2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
Advanced Manufacturing is “a family of activities that (a) depend on the use and coordination of information, automation, computation, software, sensing, and networking, and/or (b) make use of cutting edge materials and emerging capabilities enabled by the physical and biological sciences, for example nanotechnology, chemistry, and biology. This involves both new ways to manufacture existing products, and especially the manufacture of new products emerging from new advanced technologies.”
Advanced Manufacturing is not limited to emerging technologies; rather, it is composed of efficient, productive, highly integrated, tightly controlled processes across a spectrum of globally competitive (...) manufacturers and suppliers. For advanced manufacturing to accelerate and thrive in the United States, it will require the active participation of communities, educators, workers, and businesses, as well as (…) governments.
KEY CONCEPTS
43.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits
common to groups of pathogens
43.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific
recognition
43.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
43.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease
KEY CONCEPTS
18.1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by
regulating transcription
18.2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
18.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene
expression
18.4 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
18.5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control
Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
16.1 DNA is the genetic material
16.2 Many proteins work together in
DNA replication and repair
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
Chapter 15: Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
15.1 Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical
basis in the behavior of chromosomes: Scientific inquiry
15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
15.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause
some genetic disorders
15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard
Mendelian inheritance
KEY CONCEPTS
14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
14.2 Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance
14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics
14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of
inheritance
KEY CONCEPTS
13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting
chromosomes
13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
KEY CONCEPTS
12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular
control system
KEY CONCEPTS
45.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target
receptors, triggering specific response pathways
45.2 Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system are common in endocrine signaling
45.3 Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development,
and behavior
KEY CONCEPTS
11.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell
11.2 Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
11.3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay
signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
11.4 Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
11.5 Apoptosis integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways
KEY CONCEPTS
10.1 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
10.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
10.3 The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
10.4 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates
Chapter 50: Sensory and Motor MechansimsAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
50.2 The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and
equilibrium detect moving fluid or settling particles
50.3 The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on light-
absorbing pigments
50.4 The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors
50.5 The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
50.6 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into
locomotion
KEY CONCEPTS
48.1 Neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer
48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron
48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
KEY CONCEPTS
9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic
fuels
9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
9.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
9.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
9.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to
produce ATP without the use of oxygen
9.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
KEY CONCEPTS
8.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and
energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics
8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs
spontaneously
8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
8.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
8.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
KEY CONCEPTS
7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability
7.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a
membrane with no energy investment
7.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
7.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
KEY CONCEPTS
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to
study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that
compartmentalize their functions
6.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and
performs metabolic functions in the cell
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
6.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
6.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
KEY CONCEPTS
5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary
information
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
KEY CONCEPTS
4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
2. Deep Reading
• Read as an overview
• Read and highlight
• Read and take notes
• Read, take notes, answer questions
• Read, take notes, answer questions, use the
text to fill in lecture notes
• Read, take notes, answer questions, synthesize
with lecture notes, write sample questions
• Teach someone/something what you learned
4. 1. What is the correct order (from small to large)?
a) cells, organelles, organ system, community,
ecosystems
b) molecules, organism, population, communities,
biosphere
c) molecules, cells, tissues, ecosystems, communities
d) organelles, cells, population, biosphere, ecosystems
e) cells, organs, population, ecosystems, communities
5. 1. What is the correct order (from small to large)?
a) cells, organelles, organ system, community,
ecosystems
b) molecules, organism, population, communities,
biosphere
c) molecules, cells, tissues, ecosystems, communities
d) organelles, cells, population, biosphere, ecosystems
e) cells, organs, population, ecosystems, communities
6. Five Unifying Themes of Biology
1.Heritable Information for continuity of life: all
organisms begin with one cell
2.Organization: emergent properties of biological
systems from order–newest emerging properties from
bioinformatics; Structure and function are correlated at
all levels of organization
3.Interactions with other organisms & environment
4.Energy and Matter: Regulation through feedback
mechanisms
5.CORE THEME: Evolution Explains Unity &
Diversity
7. LE 1-2
Order.
Evolutionary adaptation.
Response to the
environment.
Regulation.
Energy processing.
Reproduction.Growth and
development.
Properties of life—this semester at a molecular level!
Emergent properties
from Organization
Energy and
matter:
Biochemistry &
feedback
Interactions
Hereditary Information for continuity
Core theme
All begins with one cell that
divides many, many times
Structure & function
correlated at all levels
8. Theme 1. The
cell houses
information
Membrane
Cytoplasm
EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
1 µm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
10. DNA double helix Single strand of DNA
Nucleotide
Cell
Nucleus DNA
Theme 1. Heritable Information
11. Entire genome in every cell—differential gene expression to differentiate. DNA
directs the development of an organism.
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Egg cell
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embryo’s cells
With copies of
inherited DNA
Offspring with traits
inherited from both parents
12. A Clone of Xenopus laevis Frogs
Nuclei from a
single female in
tail-bud tadpole
stage with 3
albino mutations
All clones are
female and
albino
16. Theme 2. Organization leads to
Emergent Properties of Biological
Systems— e.g. ordering a myriad of
biochemical reactions results in
a- CELL
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Outer membrane
and cell surface
Arabidopsis 2010: Projects to Determine the Function of Every Gene For a Systems
Map for the Small Mustard Plant, Arabidopsis
http://www.nsf.gov/bio/pubs/awards/2010awards.htm
17. Systems Biology
• High-throughput technology
output = mass quantities of data
• Bioinformatics
organizing the data to learn about relationships
and uncover hidden truths
• Interdisciplinary teams
requires knowledge & expertise from computer
science, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics,
engineering, etc.
20. The entire library of genes is on a slide—see
which ones each cell light up
21. Microarray Analysis of Those Genes Whose Expression in the Early Xenopus
Embryo Is Caused by a specific transcription factor, Xnr1
22.
23. 2. Which of the following scientific studies would
represent an example of a “systems biology”
approach?
a) measuring the effect of an invading insect that eats
oak leaves on the numbers of oak trees and on any
subsequent changes in the number and types of
decomposer fungi in the soil
b) discovering the structure of an enzyme that is important
in digestion of protein
c) comparing the microscopic structure of leaves of two
different species of magnolias
d) measuring the reproductive rate of emperor penguins
during exceptionally warm and exceptionally cold years
e) comparing the DNA sequence of two closely related
plants and inferring their evolutionary histories
24. Which of the following scientific studies would represent
an example of a “systems biology” approach?
a) measuring the effect of an invading insect that eats
oak leaves on the numbers of oak trees and on any
subsequent changes in the number and types of
decomposer fungi in the soil
b) discovering the structure of an enzyme that is important
in digestion of protein
c) comparing the microscopic structure of leaves of two
different species of magnolias
d) measuring the reproductive rate of emperor penguins
during exceptionally warm and exceptionally cold years
e) comparing the DNA sequence of two closely related
plants and inferring their evolutionary histories
25. Theme 2: Organization
Structure and Function
• At each level of the biological hierarchy we
find a correlation between structure and
function
26. Figure 1-22
Theme 2: Organization Structure
& function
Interdigit apoptosis does not happen as humans in
order to make webbing for flight
27. 3. The idea that form and function are related would
not be exemplified by which of the following
examples?
a) Cells in the intestinal lining of vertebrates have
many small projections that increase the surface
area for absorption of nutrients.
b) Plants that live in dry areas have large roots for
absorbing water.
c) Seeds that are dispersed by wind are very light.
d) Fish that swim rapidly have bodies that are
streamlined.
e) none of the above
28. 3. The idea that form and function are related would not
be exemplified by which of the following examples?
a) Cells in the intestinal lining of vertebrates have
many small projections that increase the surface
area for absorption of nutrients.
b) Plants that live in dry areas have large roots for
absorbing water.
c) Seeds that are dispersed by wind are very light.
d) Fish that swim rapidly have bodies that are
streamlined.
e) none of the above
29. Five Unifying Themes of Biology
1.Heritable Information for continuity of life: all
organisms begin with one cell
2.Organization: emergent properties of biological
systems from order–newest emerging properties from
bioinformatics; Structure and function are correlated at
all levels of organization
3.Interactions with other organisms & environment
4.Energy and Matter: Regulation through feedback
mechanisms
5.CORE THEME: Evolution Explains Unity &
Diversity
30. Theme 3: From Ecosystems to Molecules,
Interactions Are Important in Biological
Systems
• Interactions between the components of the
system ensure smooth integration of all the parts
• This holds true equally well for components of
an ecosystem and the molecules in a cell
31. Ecosystems: An Organism’s Interactions
with Other Organisms and the Physical
Environment
• At the ecosystem level, each organism
interacts continuously with other organisms
• These interactions may be beneficial or
harmful to one or both of the organisms
• Organisms also interact continuously with the
physical factors in their environment, and the
environment is affected by the organisms
living there
32. Figure 1.10
Sunlight
Leaves take in
carbon dioxide
from the air and
release oxygen.
Animals eat leaves
and fruit from the tree,
returning nutrients
and minerals to the
soil in their waste
products.
Water and
minerals in
the soil are
taken up
by the tree
through its
roots.
Leaves absorb light
energy from the sun.
Leaves fall to the
ground and are
decomposed by
organisms that
return minerals
to the soil.
CO2
O2
33. Molecules: Interactions Within
Organisms
• Interactions between components—organs,
tissues, cells, and molecules—that make up
living organisms are crucial to their smooth
operation
• Cells are able to coordinate various chemical
pathways through a mechanism called
feedback
35. Theme 3. Interactions within organisms
Enzyme 1
A A
BB
C C
DD
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
DD
Enzyme 2
Enzyme 3
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
36. LE 1-12
W
Enzyme 4
W
XX
Y Y
ZZ
Z
Z
Z ZZ
ZZ Z
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 6
Positive
feedback
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 6
Enzyme 5
Z
Z Z Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
37. Theme 4: Life Requires the Transfer and
Transformation of Energy and Matter
• The input of energy from the sun and the
transformation of energy from one form to
another make life possible
• When organisms use energy to perform work,
some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat
• As a result, energy flows through an
ecosystem, usually entering as light and
exiting as heat
38. Figure 1.9
ENERGY FLOW
Light
energy Heat
Chemical
energy
Plants take
up chemicals
from the soil
and air.
Chemicals
Decomposers
return
chemicals
to the soil.
Chemicals
pass to
organisms
that eat the
plants.
Producers, consumers, decomposers
39. Theme 5. Evolution explains both Unity &
Diversity
• 1.8 million species diversity
• Unity at every level
– Highest level of unity
1. composed of cells; membrane bound
cytoplasm
2. DNA is the hereditary material
3. use solar or chemical energy to do work
4. water-based chemistry
5. universal genetic code
40. Figure 1-19. Diversity among 3 orchid species, yet share organs & organ systems,
shape of flower, etc.
41. Figure 1-13. Great Diversity, yet unified features
Organisms are classified by their unifying characteristics.
43. LE 1-16b--Unity
Cilia of windpipe cellsCilia of Paramecium
Cross section of cilium,
as viewed with an
electron microscope
0.1 µm
44. The Three Domains of Life
• At the highest level, life is classified into three
domains:
– Bacteria (prokaryotes)
– Archaea (prokaryotes)
– Eukarya (eukaryotes)
Eukaryotes include protists and the kingdoms
Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
46. LE 1-14. Classifying Life
Ursidae
Ursus
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus
americanus
(American
black bear)
47. Theme 5. The CORE of Biology--
Evolution
1859 published The Origin of The Species
50. LE 1-21
Population with varied inherited traits
Elimination of individuals with certain traits
Reproduction of survivors
Increasing frequency of traits that enhance
survival and reproductive success
51. Descent with modification in the Galapagos finches
Large
ground finch
Large cactus
ground finch
Sharp-beaked
ground finch
Geospiza
magnirostris
Geospiza
conirostris
Medium
ground
finch
Geospiza
fuliginosa
Small
ground
finch
Woodpecker
finch
Camarhynchus
psittacula
Large
tree finch
Medium
tree finch
Cactus
ground finch
Geospiza
difficilis
Cactus flower
eaters
Geospiza
scandens
Seed eater
Ground finches
Seed eaters
Tree finches
Common ancestor from
South American mainland
Insect eaters Bud eater
Warbler finches
Mangrove
finchGeospiza
fortis
Cactospiza
pallida Small
tree finch
Camarhynchus
pauper
Camarhynchus
parvulus
Green
warbler
finch
Gray
warbler
finch
Certhidea
olivacea
Certhidea
fusca
Vegetarian
finch
Platyspiza
crassirostris
Cactospiza
heliobates
Anatomical classification has now been confirmed with molecular evidence
52. 4. Examine the figure on the next slide and predict
which species pair has the most similar DNA
sequence.
a) vegetarian tree finch (Platyspiza crassirostris) and
mangrove finch (Cactospiza heliobates)
b) medium tree finch (Camarhynchus pauper) and
large tree finch (Camarhynchus psittacula)
c) large tree finch (Camarhynchus psittacula) and
small tree finch (Camarhynchus parvulus)
d) sharp-beaked ground finch (Geospiza difficilis) and
large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris)
e) No such predictions are possible.
53.
54. 4. Examine the figure on the previous slide and predict
which species pair has the most similar DNA sequence.
a) vegetarian tree finch (Platyspiza crassirostris) and
mangrove finch (Cactospiza heliobates)
b) medium tree finch (Camarhynchus pauper) and
large tree finch (Camarhynchus psittacula)
c) large tree finch (Camarhynchus psittacula) and
small tree finch (Camarhynchus parvulus)
d) sharp-beaked ground finch (Geospiza difficilis) and
large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris)
e) No such predictions are possible.
55. Themes Uncovered by many using Scientific Inquiry Type I: observation-
based discovery
e.g. Jane Goodall describing (qualitative) and measuring (quantitative) aspects
of chimp behavior
56. Scarlet king snake
Eastern coral
snake
Scarlet king snake
Key
Range of scarlet
king snake
North
Carolina
Range of eastern
coral snake
South
Carolina
Scientific Inquiry Type II: hypothesis-based inquiry
not poison
poisonous
57. LE 1-28
(a) Artificial king snake
(b) Artificial brown snake that has been attacked
Dr. Stephenson’s lab
does similar work if
looking for research
58. In areas where coral
snakes were present,
most attacks were on
brown artificial snakes.
In areas where coral snakes
were absent, most attacks
were on artificial king snakes.
LE 1-29
% of attacks on
artificial king snakes
% of attacks on
brown artificial snakes
Field site with
artificial snakes
83%
North
Carolina
South
Carolina
17%
16%
84%
Key
The hypothesis is supported
by the field experiment.
59. Terminology in Science
• Hypothesis: a testable, falsifiable educated
guess; a tentative answer to a well-framed
question
• Theory: much broader in scope than a
hypothesis; general enough to spin off many
new hypotheses; supported by a massive body
of evidence; explain a great diversity of
observations EVOLUTION
60. Science, Technology, & Society —understanding the connections between
science & society is important for our culture today e.g. Forensic science
61. TECHNOLOGIES
• DNA fingerprinting
– Not well-received at first
– Now a common tool of forensic science
• Mammalian cloning
– In 1997, Ian Wilmut and colleagues cloned the first
mammal
– Fears that the technology may be applied to humans
led to legislative bans on human cloning
1-8
62. • Genetic technologies allow the modification of animals in various ways
• For example, mice can be made to glow green (Figure 1.3)
– A jellyfish gene encoding a green fluorescent protein is introduced into lab
mice
– Upon exposure to ultraviolet light, the mice emit a bright green color
65. Practice Deep Reading p 19-20 and
box on page 21 of text
Group Work!
• How does mouse coat color affect survival?
• Would you expect different colors in different
habitats if the species were strictly nocturnal?
Explain.
66. 5. Now you will look at data from two different enclosures:
one with light-colored soil (left), and one with dark-colored
soil (right). How many dark brown mice were caught in the
light-colored soil enclosure on a moonlit night?
a) 12
b) 17
c) 19
d) 37
67. 5. Now you will look at data from two different enclosures:
one with light-colored soil (left), and one with dark-colored
soil (right). How many dark brown mice were caught in the
light-colored soil enclosure on a moonlit night?
a. 12
b. 17
c. 19
d. 37
68. 6. On a moonlit night, would a dark brown mouse be
more likely to escape predation by owls on dark- or light-
colored soil? What data support your conclusion?
a. On light-colored soil; the lowest
level of predation was light brown
mice on light soil.
b. On dark-colored soil; fewer light
brown mice than dark brown mice
were caught on light soil under no
moon.
c. On dark-colored soil; fewer dark
brown mice were caught on dark
soil than on light soil under a full
moon.
d. On light-colored soil; fewer dark
brown mice were caught on dark
soil than on light soil under a full
moon.
69. 6. On a moonlit night, would a dark brown mouse be
more likely to escape predation by owls on dark- or light-
colored soil? What data support your conclusion?
a. On light-colored soil; the lowest
level of predation was light brown
mice on light soil.
b. On dark-colored soil; fewer light
brown mice than dark brown mice
were caught on light soil under no
moon.
c. On dark-colored soil; fewer
dark brown mice were caught
on dark soil than on light soil
under a full moon.
d. On light-colored soil; fewer dark
brown mice were caught on dark
soil than on light soil under a full
moon.
70. The Flexibility of the Scientific
Process
• The scientific method is an idealized process
of inquiry
• Hypothesis-based science is based on the
“textbook” scientific method but rarely
follows all the ordered steps
• Backtracking and “rethinking” may be
necessary part way through the process
72. Testing Ideas
• Forming hypotheses
• Predicting results
• Doing experiments and/or
making observations
• Measuring results
Interpreting Test Results
Data may…
• Support a hypothesis
• Contradict a hypothesis
• Inspire a revised or new
hypothesis
• Prompt revised
assumptions
• Observing nature
• Asking questions
• Sharing data and ideas
• Finding inspiration
• Exploring the scientific
literature
73. Figure 1.23c
• Feedback and
peer review
• Replication of
experiments and
observations
• Discussion with
colleagues
• Publication
• Devising new ideas
and questions
• Theory building
• Developing technology
• Addressing societal
issues
• Informing policy
• Solving everyday
problems
• Satisfying curiosity
• Building knowledge
Editor's Notes
Answer: b
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Answer: a
In the past, most research has been conducted on one or two levels of complexity (e.g., cells or population levels). Recently, however, scientists or teams of scientists have been studying how processes at one level affect processes on other scales. This question is designed to help students see connections among levels. Answers C–E address scientific questions at only one level: C is a study at the tissue level, D is a study at the population level, and E is a study at the molecular level. Answer B is likely a study simply at the molecular level, but a student might argue that it addresses two levels—molecular and cellular. It could certainly be expanded to a systems study if the scientists also studied molecular forces and folding of the protein chain. Answer A is likely the best answer because the two-species interaction between the invading insect and the oak (community level) affects the abundance of oak trees (population level) and the process of decomposition (ecosystem level). A possible extension of this question would be to ask students to broaden all the answers into systems biology studies.
Answer: e
The relationship between form and function is very important and results from the action of natural selection. In this question, all answers show a relationship between form and function, and therefore none of them connects correctly to the stem.
Figure 1.10 Interactions of an African acacia tree with other organisms and the physical environment
Figure 1.11 Feedback regulation
Figure 1.9 Energy flow and chemical cycling
Answer: c
The goal of this question is to make students actually look at the “family tree”—it’s very easy to just glance at it and think you understand it. Of the choices given, only answer C gives two species that are each other’s closest relative, e.g., “sister species.”
Answer: c
Answer: c
Figure 1.23 The process of science: a more realistic model
Figure 1.23a The process of science: a more realistic model (part 1: hypotheses)
Figure 1.23c The process of science: a more realistic model (part 3: analysis and feedback)