This document provides a review of key concepts from chemistry of life, cell biology, genetics, and evolution. It defines organic compounds and the six elements that make up living things. It describes the four major categories of organic molecules and their structures and functions. It also reviews cell structures, organelles, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Genetic concepts like DNA, genes, mutations, and Mendelian genetics are summarized. Finally, it defines evolution by natural selection and provides evidence to support the theory of evolution.
These slides are part of the Integrating Biology & Inquiry Skills curriculum located at wp.geneseo.edu/ibis-curriculum
Print two-sided, short edge binding. Cut along gray lines for four copies per page.
These slides are part of the Integrating Biology & Inquiry Skills curriculum located at wp.geneseo.edu/ibis-curriculum
Print two-sided, short edge binding. Cut along gray lines for four copies per page.
The first presentation in the ubio exclusive series ‘Biology for Computer Engineers’, gave an introduction to biochemistry basics and covered protein biochemistry. The second presentation in the series focuses on cells, which are the basic life forms. It provides short introduction to biochemistry of nucleic acids and lipids and explains the concept of ‘life’ and its evolution. It then goes on to discuss biology of the cell, especially cell structure and cell functions.
As in the previous presentation, the focus of this cell biology ppt is on highlighting the thread of common logic that runs beneath the enormous diversity of life forms, while giving an overview of biochemistry and cell biology. Future editions of our molecular biology articles will feature genetic biotechnology, bioinformatics and computational biology.
What is biochemistry?
Biochemistry explores chemical processes related to living organisms. It is a laboratory-based science combining biology and chemistry.
Biochemists study the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems and, in turn, their functions and ways to control them. Biochemistry emerged as a separate discipline when scientists combined biology with organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry. They began to study areas such as:
How living things get energy from food
The chemical basis of heredity
What fundamental changes occur in disease
Biochemistry includes the sciences of molecular biology, immunochemistry, and neurochemistry, as well as bioinorganic, bioorganic, and biophysical chemistry.
What do biochemists do?
Biochemists interact with scientists from a wide variety of other disciplines, usually on problems that are a very small piece of a very large and complex system.
Biochemists in industry are interested in specific applications that will lead to marketable products
Biochemists in academia or government labs conduct more basic and less applied research
Where is biochemistry used?
Biochemistry has obvious applications in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. Other applications include:
Food Science
Biochemists determine the chemical composition of foods, research ways to develop abundant and inexpensive sources of nutritious foods, develop methods to extract nutrients from waste products, and/or invent ways to prolong the shelf life of food products.
Agriculture
Biochemists study the interaction of herbicides/insecticides with plants and pests. They examine the structure–activity relationships of compounds, determine their ability to inhibit growth, and evaluate the toxicological effects on surrounding life.
Pharmacology, Physiology, Microbiology, Toxicology, and Clinical Chemistry
Biochemists investigate the mechanisms of drug actions; engage in viral research; conduct research pertaining to organ function; or use chemical concepts, procedures, and techniques to study the diagnosis and therapy of disease and the assessment of health.
the branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico-chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms.
the processes and substances with which the science of biochemistry is concerned.
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.[1] Biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
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State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
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Cyber risk predictions
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Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
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Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
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At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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3. Define Organic
Compounds that contain carbon
atoms that are covalently bonded to
other elements, typically
hydrogen, oxygen, and other carbon
atoms
C-H-O
4. All living things are made up of 6
essential elements: SPONCH
Name the 6 elements of life:
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
5. Elements join together by
chemical bonds to form
compounds. Name the 3 types of
chemical bonds
Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
6. There are 4 major categories of
organic molecules that are made
up of the SPONCH elements.
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
7. Lipids
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Structure: 3 fatty acid chains linked by a
glycerol backbone
Function: Building blocks of the cell
membrane, energy storing
molecules
Examples: Steroids like cholesterol & fats
8. Carbohydrates
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Structure: Monosaccharides bonded
together in long chains (poly)
Function: Key source of energy!
Examples: Sugar and starch
9. Proteins
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, &
Nitrogen
Structure: Amino acids bonded in long
chains that coil around each
other into specific shapes
Function: Enzymes (speed up
reactions), structural
(hair, muscle, skin, etc), antibodies
(protect body)
Examples: Enzymes, collagen, antibodies
10. Nucleic Acids
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitr
ogen & Phosphorus
Structure: Long chain of nucleotides
bonded together
Function: DNA (store genetic info), and
RNA (aid in building proteins)
Examples: DNA, RNA
11. Define Chemical Reaction:
The process during which chemical bonds
between atoms are broken and new ones
are formed, producing one or more
different substances
AB + CD AC +BD
12. Write an example of a chemical
reaction and label the reactants
and products:
NaCl Na+ + Cl-
Reactant Products
15. Any factors that affect the shape
of an enzyme affect the enzyme’s
activity.
What effect does pH and temperature
have on an enzyme’s function?
pH and temp must be within an optimal
range for an enzyme to do its job
If pH and/or temp are not in the proper
range then the enzyme may change shape
or become inactive
19. Complete the Table:
Cell Part Function (job) Plant/Animal/
Both
Plasma Encloses the cell & separates Both
Membrane the cytoplasm from its
surroundings, regulates what
enters & leaves the cell
Nuclear Separates the nucleus from Both
Envelope the cytoplasm
Nucleus Stores DNA and makes mRNA Both
Nucleolus Located inside the nucleus, Both
mRNA is made here
20. Complete the Table:
Cell Part Function (job) Plant/Animal/
Both
Cytoplasm Interior part of the cell made Both
up of fluid that cushions all
organelles
Mitochondria Provide energy to the cell Both
Endoplasmic Process & modify proteins Both
reticulum that were made in the
nucleolus
Golgi Package proteins into vesicles Both
apparatus for export throughout the cell
21. Complete the Table:
Cell Part Function (job) Plant/Animal/
Both
Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes to Both
clean up the cell
Ribosome Aid in protein synthesis Both
Vacuole Help digestion of materials, Plant
store nutrients & keep cell
pressure
Cell Wall Support & maintain shape, Plant
protect cell from damage,
connect to nearby cells
22. Complete the Table:
Cell Part Function (job) Plant/Animal/
Both
Chloroplast Use light energy to make Plant
food (carbohydrates) through
photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton Help to maintain cell shape & Both
aids in movement of
materials in the cell
Centriole Help the formation of the Animal
spindle to move
chromosomes during mitosis
23. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Prokaryote Eukaryote
True nucleus
No nucleus
Organelles
No organelles
Reproduce either
Reproduce asexually sexually or asexually
Small Larger
Example: bacteria Example: plant, animal,
protist, fungi cells
24. Draw the structure of the cell
membrane:
What is it called?
Phospholipid bilayer
Image source: library.thinkquest.org
25. Diffusion, Osmosis, & Facilitated
Diffusion
Diffusion – Passive transport across a membrane from
an area of high concentration to low
concentration (downstream)
**Does not require energy
Osmosis – Diffusion of Water
**Does not require energy
Facilitated Diffusion -
Passive transport across a membrane from
an area of high concentration to low
concentration that requires carrier proteins
**Does not require energy
26. What are the 6 Kingdoms of Life?
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animals
28. Define Photosynthesis
The process that captures the sunlight’s
energy in the chloroplast of plant cells and
converts it to glucose (sugar), the food for
life
30. How are Photosynthesis &
Cellular Respiration related?
They are opposites!
One makes sugar (photosynthesis)
One breaks sugar (respiration)
31. Humans need oxygen to be able
to perform cellular respiration
and gain ATP energy.
What would happen to the oxygen levels
on Earth if photosynthesis stopped?
Oxygen
32. What happens when a phosphate
group is removed from ATP?
Energy is released for the cell to use!
33. Compare the energy levels of
ATP, ADP, and AMP to the energy
levels of a battery
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is like a
fully charged battery with 3 phosphates
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) is like a
partially charged battery with 2
phosphates
AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate) is like a
dead battery with only 1 phosphate
34. Draw and label the phases of the
cell cycle:
What is the function
of the cell cycle?
To successfully
make new cells for
growth of the
organisms or
replacement of
dead or damaged
cells
40. How do nucleotides form the
structure of DNA?
Nucleotides link
together to form a
chain
Corresponding
nucleotides match-
up according to the
base-pairing rules
to form the second
chain
41. Draw a molecule of DNA
Hydrogen bonds
Sugar/Phosphate
backbone
Nucleotide
Nitrogen bases
42. What is a double helix?
2 strands of
nucleotides
attached by
hydrogen bonds
in the middle and
twisted together
44. What is the relationship between
Gene and DNA?
Genes are sections of DNA that code for
proteins
The rest of the DNA codes for nothing!
45. 3 Steps of DNA Replication:
1. DNA helicase unwinds the double helix by
breaking the hydrogen bonds, forming
the replication fork
2. DNA polymerase adds complementary
nucleotides to the separated DNA strands
3. DNA polymerase continues until it
reaches the end of the molecule, forming
2 identical DNA molecules
46. Gene expression is the process of
turning the genes in the DNA into
a phenotype that can be seen
Draw and label
the 2 phases of
gene
expression, an
d where they
happen in the
cell
47. End Products
Replication Transcription Translation
Start DNA DNA RNA
End DNA RNA Protein
49. What will happen if there is a
mutation in a gamete?
Gametes are egg and sperm cells
A mutation would result in a genetic
disorder or failure to fertilize (no zygote)
50. Two parents are heterozygous for
brown eyes
Bb x Bb
B b
Genotype Ratio:
B BB Bb 1BB:2Bb:1bb
b Bb bb
Phenotype Ratio:
3 Brown:1 Blue
What Percent of the Offspring have Blue Eyes?
25%
51. Why do men experience male-
pattern baldness more than
women?
The trait is sex-linked
Men only have one X chromosome, so
whatever allele they get for hair, whether
it is the dominant normal or the recessive
allele that causes baldness, it will show.
Men have XY and women have XX
52. Using Mendel’s laws of
segregation and independent
assortment, explain why not all
tall people have brown hair.
The law of segregation says that during
meiosis the alleles separate independently
during Metaphase II of meiosis
The law of independent assortment says
that homologous chromosomes separate
independently during Metaphase I of
meiosis
The two traits are chosen randomly
53. Describe an example for each of
the following:
Codominance – Polygenic traits -
Both forms of the trait are Several genes control one
displayed – dalmation dog trait – skin color or hair
with black spots color
Incomplete dominance – Multiple alleles -
Neither allele for the trait More than 2 alleles for one
is dominant – white flower trait – Blood types
X red flower = pink! A, B, AB, O
55. Describe the 4 levels of structural
organization in the human body
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
56. Digestive System
Function Path of Food (all Important
major organs) Digestive
Enzymes
Breaks down and Mouth – pharynx – Amylase – in
absorbs nutrients epiglottis – saliva, breaks
from food; Esophagus – down sugar
removes waste; stomach – small
maintains water intestine – large Pepsin – in
balance intestine – rectum stomach, breaks
– anus down protein
Lipase – in
pancreas, breaks
down fat
57. Circulatory System
Function Path of Blood (all major
organs)
Transports nutrients, Capillary drops off
wastes, hormones, and nutrients to cell & picks up
gases waste – venule – vein –
right atrium – right
ventricle – pulmonary
artery – capillaries (lungs)
– pulmonary vein – left
atrium – right atrium –
aorta – artery – arteriole -
capillary
58. Excretory System
Function of Kidneys Function of Liver
Regulate the amount of Secretes bile which helps
water and salts in the break down fats and
blood absorb vitamins; regulates
sugar levels in blood
59. Respiratory System
Function Path of oxygen/carbon
dioxide (all major
organs)
Move air into and out of Mouth/nose – pharynx –
lungs; controls gas epiglottis – larynx –
exchange between blood trachea – bronchi –
and lungs bronchioles – alveoli –
bronchioles – bronchi –
trachea – larynx –
epiglottis – pharynx –
mouth/nose
60. Nervous System
Function Basic Unit – The Major
Neuron (How it Components
Works)
Regulates Neuron is made up Peripheral NS –
behavior; of dendrites that sensory & motor
maintains receive an neurons
homeostasis; electrical signal
regulates other which is then Central NS – brain
organ systems; carried to the cell & spinal chord
controls sensory body which is then
and motor carried through the
functions axon and is then
passed on to the
next neurons
dendrites
61. Muscular/Skeletal System
Function of Muscles 2 functions of bones
Help in movement of Provide shape and support
bones; contraction of heart to the body
and other organs Produce blood cells and
platelets in the marrow of
the bone
62. 3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal – muscles that move bones
Smooth – involuntarily controlled; the
muscles that cause the stomach to
contract
Cardiac – involuntarily controlled; is the
muscle that makes up the heart
63. 2 Types of Connective Tissue
Ligament – attaches bone to bone
Tendon – attaches muscle to bone
65. Explain how body temp is
maintained
When it is cold out, the sensory neurons
(nervous system) send a signal to the spinal
cord then the brain
The brain interprets the signal and sends a
message to the motor neurons
The motor neurons trigger the muscles in
your body to contract/relax over and over,
which causes the bones to move
This increases warmth in the body
The heart also beats faster sending warm
blood more quickly throughout the body to
increase warmth
67. What is Evolution by Natural
Selection?
Evolution is the change of a species over time
This happens due to some kind of change in
the environment of an organism. It must
adapt or die
If there is a mutation or trait that is
advantageous, it will be selected for (natural
selection)
Organisms with the advantageous trait are
picked as mates and reproduce more
successfully, passing on the good genes
Over time, the build-up of differences is called
evolution
69. Evidence for Evolution
Fossil Comparative Anatomy Genetic &
Record Homologous Vestigial molecular
Structures Structures similarities
Bones from The forearm Whale used Gorilla and
Lucy show a of penguin, to be a 4- human have
relationship human, legged an almost
between apes lizard, and animal on identical
and humans bats all have land and then hemoglobin
the same moved into protein in the
bones the sea and blood
evolved so
that the
pelvis and
legs have lost
their function
70. Speciation
Mutation – elephant with NO tusks
Reproductive Isolation – does not get hunted by
poachers and lives freely
Natural Selection – live longer since they are not
hunted and are selected by other elephants
Divergence – over time if populations stay
separated they may continually adapt and develop
more and more genetic differences
New Species – if the 2 populations become so
genetically different that they no longer breed
successfully, they are considered 2 species
73. 8 Levels of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
74. Binomial Nomenclature Rules:
The first word is the Genus name and is
capitalized
The second word is the species and is
lowercase
Humans = Homo sapiens
75. Define Biodiversity
The variety of organisms, their genetic
differences, and the communities and
ecosystems in which they occur
76. How does evolution affect
biodiversity?
Evolution by natural selection offers a
means by which organisms can become
more and more different over time to a
point where they become new species.
Every living thing experiences evolution at
some speed
The large biodiversity of life on Earth can
be attributed to the process of evolution
81. Flow of energy
Energy begins with the producers who take
the sun’s energy and turn it into food
Primary consumers (herbivores) obtain their
energy by eating the producers
Energy moves to the secondary consumers
(omnivores/carnivores) who obtain their
energy by eating the herbivores
Lastly, when all organisms die, decomposers
obtain their energy and recycle it back into
the ecosystem
82. What does a food chain show?
The path of energy flow in a specific
ecosystem
Grass -> Rabbit -> Fox -> Wolf
83. How do food chains relate to food
webs?
A food web is made up of many
interconnected food chains
84. Why are energy pyramids usually
no more than 4 trophic levels?
As you go up the trophic levels in an
energy pyramid, energy is lost as heat
from the organisms that are not eaten
(die)
Once you reach the top there is very little
energy available
85. Decomposers
Decomposers belong
anywhere outside the
pyramid. This is
because of their
niche. Decomposers
niche in an
ecosystem is to
obtain energy from
any dead organism
and then to recycle
the nutrients back
into the ecosystem
86. Water Cycle
Water starts in the
nonliving as vapor in
the atmosphere
(clouds) then falls as
rain, goes into soil, is
taken up by the roots of
plants (now part of the
living) and then
transpired back into the
atmosphere
87. Carbon Cycle
Carbon in form of
carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis
Carbon in form of
food and living
things
88. Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen in the
non-usable form of
nitrogen gas
Denitrifying Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria bacteria
Nitrogen in the
usable form of
nitrates and
ammonia
89. Biological Communities
Commensalism Competition
Interaction between 2 When 2 organisms use the
organisms where 1 benefits same resources and there is
and the other is neither a struggle to obtain the
helped nor harmed resources
Parasitism Mutualism
Interaction between 2 Interaction between 2
organisms where 1 benefits organisms where both
and the other is harmed benefit
Predator/Prey
Interaction between 2 organisms where the predator needs
to hunt and kill the prey for food/energy in order to survive
91. Factors that affect population size
and biodiversity:
Climate change
Loss of resources
Changes in symbiotic relationships
Pollution due to human activity
92. Good Luck on the MCAS Biology Exam!
You can do it!