International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a wireless tire pressure monitoring system that uses sensors and radio frequency transmission. It consists of pressure and temperature sensors in each tire that transmit data via an RF transceiver to a receiver module. The receiver alerts the driver if pressure is too high or low via an LCD display and buzzer. Serial peripheral interface (SPI) protocol is used for communication between the microcontroller and RF transceiver to allow high-speed data transfer with few wires. Testing showed the system accurately measures pressure and warns of abnormal readings in real-time as needed for vehicle safety.
This document outlines the contents of a paper on an automatic reverse braking system, including chapters that discuss the need for and benefits of such a system, a literature survey, factors considered in the system's design like braking distance and distance to obstacles, a block diagram and description of the system, descriptions of its components like sensors, compressor, valves and braking arrangement, future applications, and conclusions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The accelerator pedal position (APP) sensor converts movement of the accelerator pedal into a voltage signal that is sent to the throttle actuator control module and powertrain control module. It is made up of two individual sensors for redundancy. As the pedal is pressed, the APP sensor signals the engine control module about the pedal position and rate of change, controlling acceleration. If the APP sensor fails, the vehicle may idle roughly, not respond to the pedal, or go into limp mode, with the engine light illuminating.
CAS is a collision avoidance system designed to prevent rear-end collisions. It uses sensors like millimeter-wave radar and an electronic control unit to detect the distance and closing speed to vehicles ahead. When a collision is detected as imminent, it provides warnings through visual and audio alerts and applies braking to help avoid or mitigate the impact of a crash. CAS has become increasingly common in vehicles from manufacturers worldwide since the early 2000s and could expand to other transportation modes in the future.
The document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics or "autotronics". It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section outlines major milestones from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern innovations in infotainment and connectivity. The body details various electronic systems in braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine/fuel systems. It concludes by discussing ongoing research in active safety systems, vehicle communication, and adaptive technologies.
This document describes the braking system on a Mercedes vehicle, including the anti-lock brake system (ABS), electronic traction control system (4-ETS), and electronic brake proportioning (EBP). It discusses how these systems work together to control braking pressure and traction. The ABS, 4-ETS, and EBP systems share components like wheel speed sensors and a control unit. These systems monitor wheel speeds and adjust brake pressure as needed to prevent locking and maintain stability during braking and acceleration.
This document summarizes a wireless tire pressure monitoring system that uses sensors and radio frequency transmission. It consists of pressure and temperature sensors in each tire that transmit data via an RF transceiver to a receiver module. The receiver alerts the driver if pressure is too high or low via an LCD display and buzzer. Serial peripheral interface (SPI) protocol is used for communication between the microcontroller and RF transceiver to allow high-speed data transfer with few wires. Testing showed the system accurately measures pressure and warns of abnormal readings in real-time as needed for vehicle safety.
This document outlines the contents of a paper on an automatic reverse braking system, including chapters that discuss the need for and benefits of such a system, a literature survey, factors considered in the system's design like braking distance and distance to obstacles, a block diagram and description of the system, descriptions of its components like sensors, compressor, valves and braking arrangement, future applications, and conclusions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The accelerator pedal position (APP) sensor converts movement of the accelerator pedal into a voltage signal that is sent to the throttle actuator control module and powertrain control module. It is made up of two individual sensors for redundancy. As the pedal is pressed, the APP sensor signals the engine control module about the pedal position and rate of change, controlling acceleration. If the APP sensor fails, the vehicle may idle roughly, not respond to the pedal, or go into limp mode, with the engine light illuminating.
CAS is a collision avoidance system designed to prevent rear-end collisions. It uses sensors like millimeter-wave radar and an electronic control unit to detect the distance and closing speed to vehicles ahead. When a collision is detected as imminent, it provides warnings through visual and audio alerts and applies braking to help avoid or mitigate the impact of a crash. CAS has become increasingly common in vehicles from manufacturers worldwide since the early 2000s and could expand to other transportation modes in the future.
The document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics or "autotronics". It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section outlines major milestones from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern innovations in infotainment and connectivity. The body details various electronic systems in braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine/fuel systems. It concludes by discussing ongoing research in active safety systems, vehicle communication, and adaptive technologies.
This document describes the braking system on a Mercedes vehicle, including the anti-lock brake system (ABS), electronic traction control system (4-ETS), and electronic brake proportioning (EBP). It discusses how these systems work together to control braking pressure and traction. The ABS, 4-ETS, and EBP systems share components like wheel speed sensors and a control unit. These systems monitor wheel speeds and adjust brake pressure as needed to prevent locking and maintain stability during braking and acceleration.
Cruise control maintains a constant vehicle speed without driver pressure on the accelerator pedal. It uses a servo unit, control module, and speed set control. Diagnosis involves checking switches, cables, vacuum lines, and servo unit. Power windows use electric motors controlled by master and independent switches. The window regulator raises and lowers the glass. HomeLink programs the vehicle to operate garage door openers and other devices.
DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC GEOFENCING AND ACCIDENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON...IJCSEA Journal
The main objective of this project is to design and develop an embedded system for vehicle to detect the road accident for immediate medical help as well as for security purpose in theft prevention using single shock sensor. In case of accidental mode the system should inform automatically via text message to medical rescue team indicating the position of vehicle location. When there is no car driver, vehicle should automatically go into security mode. When a person tries to steal the vehicle, this system should send an alert message to the owner. The system Geo fencing and accidental monitoring system based on AT89S52 as a central core. This includes various technologies: a shock sensor, Liquid crystal display (LCD), Dual relay and wireless communication. This system also includes Geo fencing technology. Geo fencing enables the remote monitoring of predefined set of boundaries and automatic detect when vehicle exit from these areas.
This document discusses various accident prevention systems for passenger vehicles. It begins by outlining the causes of road accidents such as distracted driving and speeding. It then describes four key accident prevention systems: 1) forward collision mitigation systems that detect imminent crashes and automatically apply brakes, 2) lane departure systems that track vehicle position and alert drivers if they leave their lane, 3) blind spot detection systems that monitor sides and rear of vehicles to warn of approaching vehicles, and 4) adaptive headlight systems that turn with steering to improve visibility. In conclusion, the document states that while these systems are currently only in luxury cars, they may be deployed more widely in the future to potentially save millions of lives.
This document describes an intelligent reverse braking system that uses ultrasonic sensors and pneumatic brakes to automatically stop a vehicle if an obstacle is detected while reversing. The system works by using IR sensors to detect obstacles and send a signal to activate a solenoid valve, which releases compressed air to engage a pneumatic cylinder and apply the brakes. It discusses the components, operation, and benefits of the system for improving safety when reversing. The document also outlines potential future applications involving more advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous parking/driving capabilities.
This document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics, or autotronics. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section then outlines the timeline of electronic developments in automobiles from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern technologies like infotainment systems, GPS, and wireless connectivity. The document proceeds to describe several major automobile systems and how electronics are used in braking, steering, suspension, transmission, engine fuel injection, and safety features like airbags and adaptive cruise control. It concludes by discussing future research areas in automotive electronics.
This document provides an overview of automotive electronics or autotronics. It discusses the history of electronics in vehicles from engine control units in the 1970s to modern innovations like GPS and wireless connectivity. The main systems involved in autotronics that improve vehicle performance are the braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine systems. Adaptive cruise control and airbags are two safety features that rely on electronic sensors and controls. Implementing electronics in vehicles provides advantages like improved efficiency, reliability, safety, and reduced emissions compared to mechanical systems alone.
Automatic Car Theft Detection System Based on GPS and GSM Technologyijtsrd
An efficient automotive security system is implemented for anti theft using an embedded system integrated with Global Positioning System GPS and Global System for Mobile Communication GSM. System presented has Two types of tracking, one is online tracking with GPS system can only receive the vehicle location information from satellites and other is offline tracking. GSM system is installed in the vehicle for sending the information to the owner of the vehicle. The preventive measures like engine ignition cutoff is installed in the vehicle which is controlled using user or owner GSM mobile. The owner can lock or unlock his her vehicle with the help of SMS. The system is implemented on general purpose printed circuit board PCB Using Arduino. Sandeep Singh | Poonam Kumari ""Automatic Car Theft Detection System Based on GPS and GSM Technology"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23867.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23867/automatic-car-theft-detection-system-based-on-gps-and-gsm-technology/sandeep-singh
IRJET- Protection and Monitoring of Three Phase Induction MotorsIRJET Journal
The document discusses a system for protecting and monitoring three-phase induction motors. The system uses a SIMOCODE module connected to the motor to monitor parameters like overcurrent, stalled rotor, unbalanced load, ground fault, undervoltage, and winding temperature. It can detect faults and trip the motor after a set delay time. The SIMOCODE module is connected to an automation system via PROFIBUS to allow remote monitoring and control of protection settings. Key protections discussed include overcurrent protection that trips in under 10 seconds for currents over 180% of rated, unbalanced load protection that trips within 5 seconds of an unbalance over 20%, and undervoltage protection that trips if voltage drops below 336 volts for more than 5 seconds.
Iirdem design and analysis of a smart helmet gsm based system against drunken...Iaetsd Iaetsd
1) The document describes a smart helmet system that uses an alcohol sensor and helmet sensor to prevent engine ignition if the rider is not wearing a helmet or has alcohol on their breath above the legal limit.
2) The system includes a helmet unit with sensors that transmit data via radio frequency to a bike unit, which controls the engine. If the sensors detect no helmet or high alcohol, a message is sent to authorities.
3) The goal is to reduce accidents from drunk or unhelmeted driving by automatically preventing engine ignition in unsafe conditions.
Autotronics: improving the vehicles performances.Vishal Jadhav
This document discusses how automotive electronics, or autotronics, improve vehicle performance. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. It then discusses several vehicle systems assisted by autotronics, including braking, steering, transmission, and fuel injection. For each system, it provides details on the electronic components that help control and optimize performance, such as ABS and traction control for braking. The document concludes that modern vehicles contain numerous electronic control units and that continued innovation in automotive electronics will further improve vehicle performance.
This document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics, or autotronics. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section then outlines the timeline of electronic developments in automobiles from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern technologies like infotainment systems, GPS, and wireless connectivity. The document proceeds to describe several major automobile systems that utilize electronics, including braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine fuel injection systems. It provides examples of technologies like ABS, electric power steering, active suspension, electronic transmission control, and electronic fuel injection. The document concludes by discussing future research areas in automotive electronics.
This document summarizes the topic of automotive mechatronics or "autotronics". It begins with definitions of autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section outlines the development of electronic systems in vehicles from the 1970s to present day. Several automobile systems are described that utilize electronics including braking, steering, suspension, transmission, engine fuel injection. The document concludes that electronic systems in vehicles will continue advancing as consumers demand more features.
The document discusses improvements to traffic monitoring systems to address time and security issues. It proposes installing sensors to provide real-time information about road blockages and hazards. It also suggests using metal detectors and sound sensors to detect terrorist activities and provide alternate safe routes. The improved system would automatically include information about all dangerous places and possible alternate routes to ensure users' safety and timely arrival amid issues like road closures.
presentation on IR based vehicle with AUTOMATIC BRAKING and DRIVER AWAKENING ...Neeraj Khatri
IR Based Vehicle With AUTOMATIC BRAKING and DRIVER AWAKENING System (2014)
In this Project When any obstacle comes in front of the vehicle in a fixed range then the automatic brakes are applied and the vehicle sounds an alarm and also a very small current is produced on the steering of the vehicle. If the vehicle met with an accident then a call is generated on the last dialled number from the phone which is placed in the vehicle.
A review paper on different implementation techniques associated with anti lo...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the advancement of the technology the safety issues which were associated with the automobiles and automation has been
greatly reduced, one of such technology is Anti-Lock Braking System popularly kenned as ABS system. In this review paper we
will discuss sundry technologies and algorithms that were developed to make this system more efficient and cost efficacious
additionally we will discuss the proposed scheme for reliable and efficient implementation of ABS system so that it can’t be
implemented in all types of conveyances so as to increment the safety of the passengers. Arduino will be utilized for developing a
prototype of the system and to test the efficiency and reliability.
Key Words: Arduino, Antilock Braking System (ABS), Slip Ratio, Traction, Speed Sensors, Actuator.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Este documento discute as diferenças entre intervenção direta e indireta no trabalho social. A intervenção direta envolve uma relação cara a cara entre o trabalhador social e o cliente, enquanto a intervenção indireta ocorre na ausência do cliente. As intervenções diretas incluem acolhimento, apoio, orientação, educação, persuasão e imposição de limites. As intervenções indiretas envolvem atividades como informação e advocacia.
Cruise control maintains a constant vehicle speed without driver pressure on the accelerator pedal. It uses a servo unit, control module, and speed set control. Diagnosis involves checking switches, cables, vacuum lines, and servo unit. Power windows use electric motors controlled by master and independent switches. The window regulator raises and lowers the glass. HomeLink programs the vehicle to operate garage door openers and other devices.
DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC GEOFENCING AND ACCIDENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON...IJCSEA Journal
The main objective of this project is to design and develop an embedded system for vehicle to detect the road accident for immediate medical help as well as for security purpose in theft prevention using single shock sensor. In case of accidental mode the system should inform automatically via text message to medical rescue team indicating the position of vehicle location. When there is no car driver, vehicle should automatically go into security mode. When a person tries to steal the vehicle, this system should send an alert message to the owner. The system Geo fencing and accidental monitoring system based on AT89S52 as a central core. This includes various technologies: a shock sensor, Liquid crystal display (LCD), Dual relay and wireless communication. This system also includes Geo fencing technology. Geo fencing enables the remote monitoring of predefined set of boundaries and automatic detect when vehicle exit from these areas.
This document discusses various accident prevention systems for passenger vehicles. It begins by outlining the causes of road accidents such as distracted driving and speeding. It then describes four key accident prevention systems: 1) forward collision mitigation systems that detect imminent crashes and automatically apply brakes, 2) lane departure systems that track vehicle position and alert drivers if they leave their lane, 3) blind spot detection systems that monitor sides and rear of vehicles to warn of approaching vehicles, and 4) adaptive headlight systems that turn with steering to improve visibility. In conclusion, the document states that while these systems are currently only in luxury cars, they may be deployed more widely in the future to potentially save millions of lives.
This document describes an intelligent reverse braking system that uses ultrasonic sensors and pneumatic brakes to automatically stop a vehicle if an obstacle is detected while reversing. The system works by using IR sensors to detect obstacles and send a signal to activate a solenoid valve, which releases compressed air to engage a pneumatic cylinder and apply the brakes. It discusses the components, operation, and benefits of the system for improving safety when reversing. The document also outlines potential future applications involving more advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous parking/driving capabilities.
This document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics, or autotronics. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section then outlines the timeline of electronic developments in automobiles from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern technologies like infotainment systems, GPS, and wireless connectivity. The document proceeds to describe several major automobile systems and how electronics are used in braking, steering, suspension, transmission, engine fuel injection, and safety features like airbags and adaptive cruise control. It concludes by discussing future research areas in automotive electronics.
This document provides an overview of automotive electronics or autotronics. It discusses the history of electronics in vehicles from engine control units in the 1970s to modern innovations like GPS and wireless connectivity. The main systems involved in autotronics that improve vehicle performance are the braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine systems. Adaptive cruise control and airbags are two safety features that rely on electronic sensors and controls. Implementing electronics in vehicles provides advantages like improved efficiency, reliability, safety, and reduced emissions compared to mechanical systems alone.
Automatic Car Theft Detection System Based on GPS and GSM Technologyijtsrd
An efficient automotive security system is implemented for anti theft using an embedded system integrated with Global Positioning System GPS and Global System for Mobile Communication GSM. System presented has Two types of tracking, one is online tracking with GPS system can only receive the vehicle location information from satellites and other is offline tracking. GSM system is installed in the vehicle for sending the information to the owner of the vehicle. The preventive measures like engine ignition cutoff is installed in the vehicle which is controlled using user or owner GSM mobile. The owner can lock or unlock his her vehicle with the help of SMS. The system is implemented on general purpose printed circuit board PCB Using Arduino. Sandeep Singh | Poonam Kumari ""Automatic Car Theft Detection System Based on GPS and GSM Technology"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23867.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23867/automatic-car-theft-detection-system-based-on-gps-and-gsm-technology/sandeep-singh
IRJET- Protection and Monitoring of Three Phase Induction MotorsIRJET Journal
The document discusses a system for protecting and monitoring three-phase induction motors. The system uses a SIMOCODE module connected to the motor to monitor parameters like overcurrent, stalled rotor, unbalanced load, ground fault, undervoltage, and winding temperature. It can detect faults and trip the motor after a set delay time. The SIMOCODE module is connected to an automation system via PROFIBUS to allow remote monitoring and control of protection settings. Key protections discussed include overcurrent protection that trips in under 10 seconds for currents over 180% of rated, unbalanced load protection that trips within 5 seconds of an unbalance over 20%, and undervoltage protection that trips if voltage drops below 336 volts for more than 5 seconds.
Iirdem design and analysis of a smart helmet gsm based system against drunken...Iaetsd Iaetsd
1) The document describes a smart helmet system that uses an alcohol sensor and helmet sensor to prevent engine ignition if the rider is not wearing a helmet or has alcohol on their breath above the legal limit.
2) The system includes a helmet unit with sensors that transmit data via radio frequency to a bike unit, which controls the engine. If the sensors detect no helmet or high alcohol, a message is sent to authorities.
3) The goal is to reduce accidents from drunk or unhelmeted driving by automatically preventing engine ignition in unsafe conditions.
Autotronics: improving the vehicles performances.Vishal Jadhav
This document discusses how automotive electronics, or autotronics, improve vehicle performance. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. It then discusses several vehicle systems assisted by autotronics, including braking, steering, transmission, and fuel injection. For each system, it provides details on the electronic components that help control and optimize performance, such as ABS and traction control for braking. The document concludes that modern vehicles contain numerous electronic control units and that continued innovation in automotive electronics will further improve vehicle performance.
This document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics, or autotronics. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section then outlines the timeline of electronic developments in automobiles from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern technologies like infotainment systems, GPS, and wireless connectivity. The document proceeds to describe several major automobile systems that utilize electronics, including braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine fuel injection systems. It provides examples of technologies like ABS, electric power steering, active suspension, electronic transmission control, and electronic fuel injection. The document concludes by discussing future research areas in automotive electronics.
This document summarizes the topic of automotive mechatronics or "autotronics". It begins with definitions of autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section outlines the development of electronic systems in vehicles from the 1970s to present day. Several automobile systems are described that utilize electronics including braking, steering, suspension, transmission, engine fuel injection. The document concludes that electronic systems in vehicles will continue advancing as consumers demand more features.
The document discusses improvements to traffic monitoring systems to address time and security issues. It proposes installing sensors to provide real-time information about road blockages and hazards. It also suggests using metal detectors and sound sensors to detect terrorist activities and provide alternate safe routes. The improved system would automatically include information about all dangerous places and possible alternate routes to ensure users' safety and timely arrival amid issues like road closures.
presentation on IR based vehicle with AUTOMATIC BRAKING and DRIVER AWAKENING ...Neeraj Khatri
IR Based Vehicle With AUTOMATIC BRAKING and DRIVER AWAKENING System (2014)
In this Project When any obstacle comes in front of the vehicle in a fixed range then the automatic brakes are applied and the vehicle sounds an alarm and also a very small current is produced on the steering of the vehicle. If the vehicle met with an accident then a call is generated on the last dialled number from the phone which is placed in the vehicle.
A review paper on different implementation techniques associated with anti lo...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the advancement of the technology the safety issues which were associated with the automobiles and automation has been
greatly reduced, one of such technology is Anti-Lock Braking System popularly kenned as ABS system. In this review paper we
will discuss sundry technologies and algorithms that were developed to make this system more efficient and cost efficacious
additionally we will discuss the proposed scheme for reliable and efficient implementation of ABS system so that it can’t be
implemented in all types of conveyances so as to increment the safety of the passengers. Arduino will be utilized for developing a
prototype of the system and to test the efficiency and reliability.
Key Words: Arduino, Antilock Braking System (ABS), Slip Ratio, Traction, Speed Sensors, Actuator.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Este documento discute as diferenças entre intervenção direta e indireta no trabalho social. A intervenção direta envolve uma relação cara a cara entre o trabalhador social e o cliente, enquanto a intervenção indireta ocorre na ausência do cliente. As intervenções diretas incluem acolhimento, apoio, orientação, educação, persuasão e imposição de limites. As intervenções indiretas envolvem atividades como informação e advocacia.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document presents a new topology for a cascaded multilevel inverter powered by a photovoltaic system. The proposed system uses a high frequency transformer to generate the DC bus voltage for an auxiliary inverter from the main inverter's DC bus. This reduces the number of isolated DC sources needed by half, lowering costs. A natural balancing of voltages between the main and auxiliary inverters is achieved through the transformer turns ratio, simplifying control. The system was simulated using static loads to validate the control scheme.
The document describes the design and simulation of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna and an I-slotted microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication. The rectangular antenna was designed to operate at 5.3 GHz but had a narrow bandwidth of 88 MHz and gain of 7.1 dBi. An I-slot was then cut into the patch to enhance the bandwidth and gain. The I-slotted antenna achieved a 20.45% increased bandwidth of 106 MHz and higher gain of 7.24 dBi at 5.3 GHz. Simulation results showed the I-slotted antenna had improved performance over the rectangular patch in terms of bandwidth, gain, voltage standing wave ratio, and efficiency. The enhanced antenna could potentially be useful for various
This document summarizes the categorization of clay deposits in the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja, Nigeria. Samples were collected from three locations - Sheda, Abaji, and Karimu - and tested to determine their chemical composition and properties. The chemical analysis showed that all samples contained high percentages of silica and alumina, classifying them as alumino-silicates. Their properties were also measured, such as specific gravity, density, porosity, and were found to be within internationally accepted ranges. The refractoriness of over 1300°C indicates the samples could be used as insulating materials.
This document discusses the design and implementation of a modified Booth multiplier on an FPGA. It begins with an introduction to fixed-width multipliers and the truncation error that occurs. It then describes how the partial product matrix of a Booth multiplier can be modified to reduce this error. The rest of the document details the implementation, including the modified Booth encoder and decoder, generation of partial products, shifting of partial products, two's complement arithmetic, addition of partial products, and comparison of the modified Booth multiplier to a standard multiplier in terms of complexity, power consumption, and delay.
This document proposes implementing a product Reed-Solomon code on an FPGA chip for a NAND flash memory controller to correct errors. It discusses using a (255,223) product Reed-Solomon code with two shortened RS codes arranged column-wise and one conventional RS code arranged row-wise. This structure allows correcting multiple random and burst errors. The proposed coding scheme is tested on an FPGA simulator and can correct up to 16 symbol errors, providing lower decoding complexity than BCH codes commonly used for NAND flash memories.
This document summarizes research on congestion and fairness issues in wireless mesh networks. The researchers found that:
1) Wireless mesh networks using CSMA/CA MAC protocols can experience "starvation", where one-hop flows receive most bandwidth while competing multi-hop flows receive almost nothing.
2) Through experiments on an operational urban mesh network, they confirmed starvation occurs and isolated that only a one-hop TCP flow coupled with a two-hop TCP flow is needed to induce it.
3) They developed an analytical model to understand the causes of starvation as the interaction of MAC-layer biases, congestion control loops, and penalties of switching between network states.
4) Their model suggests a "
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses the production and characterization of nano-ZnO doped aluminium composites. Nano ZnO powder was synthesized using solution combustion synthesis and characterized using XRD and SEM/EDX. ZnO/Al powder blends with varying ZnO content were fabricated into blocks using powder metallurgy. The microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the blocks were then evaluated. Results showed that microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance increased with up to 1 wt% ZnO addition. The optimal microhardness and microstructure occurred at 1 wt% ZnO, while the sample with 5 wt% ZnO exhibited best wear resistance.
This document discusses various techniques for enhancing thermal images, including converting images to grayscale, histogram equalization, filtering, morphology, and fast Fourier transforms (FFT). It provides examples of enhancing thermal images using these techniques and compares the results. Histogram equalization, linear filtering, and morphology were shown to improve image clarity and contrast. FFT transforms the image domain and can be used to obtain a restored image. The techniques allow for extracting useful information from thermal images for applications like quality control, diagnostics, and research.
This document discusses using geographic information systems (GIS) to optimize transportation routes. It provides background on how GIS can be used to determine optimal routes between origins and destinations to minimize travel time and distance. The document then reviews several past studies that used GIS techniques like shortest path algorithms, genetic algorithms, and network analysis to optimize bus routes and emergency vehicle routes. It concludes that GIS is a powerful tool for transportation planning and analysis by allowing transportation networks and schedules to be visualized and optimal routes to be determined quickly and accurately.
This document discusses several circuit-level techniques for reducing leakage current in cache memories to lower power consumption. It describes gated-Vdd, which uses an extra transistor to gate the supply voltage in unused sections of the cache, reducing leakage through stacking effect. It also covers data retention gated-ground cache, which employs a similar extra transistor between ground and the bitline to gate the supply virtually. Additionally, it discusses drowsy cache, which slightly reduces the supply voltage and threshold voltage of unused sections. Finally, asymmetric SRAM cell design is presented, which uses high-Vth transistors for non-critical paths to lower leakage. Evaluation of these techniques shows trade-offs between leakage reduction and performance impacts like increased read time
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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IoT Based Project for Railway Locomotive Monitoring System, Alert on Emergen...IRJET Journal
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Design and Implementation of Vehicle Gaseous Fuel Leakage Detection System us...ijsrd.com
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Alcohol Sensing Engine Locking System With GPSIRJET Journal
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes a system for automatically ordering LPG gas cylinders and detecting gas leaks. The system uses a microcontroller to monitor gas levels in the cylinder based on the stove knob position over time. When the gas level reaches a threshold, it sends SMS alerts to the user and gas agency. It also has an MQ5 gas sensor to detect leaks and activate an alarm. The system aims to prevent running out of gas and promote safety. It provides a low-cost automatic solution to common problems with manual gas cylinder monitoring and management.
This document describes a transformer health monitoring system that uses Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Sensors are used to monitor critical parameters like load current, voltage, oil temperature, humidity, and oil level. The sensor data is sent to a microcontroller and uploaded to an IoT web server using WiFi. This allows real-time monitoring of the transformer's condition and alerts operators to any issues before failures occur. The system aims to improve on traditional monitoring methods by providing continuous multi-parameter monitoring from remote locations using low-cost IoT technologies.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
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What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
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1. Loya Chandreshkumar, Joshi Pranav, Chaudhari Hemraj, Prof. Gayatri Bokade / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.345-348
345 | P a g e
I
Tire Pressure Monitoring System And Fuel Leak Detection
Loya Chandreshkumar,1
Joshi Pranav,2
Chaudhari Hemraj,3
Prof. Gayatri
Bokade4
Department of electronics & telecommunication
Nutan Maharashtra Institute of Engineering & Technology University Of Pune Pune, India
Abstract
Improper tire pressure & temperature
is a safety issue that is often overlooked or
ignored. A drop in tire pressure by just a few
pounds per square inch (psi) can result in the
reduction of fuel mileage, tire life, safety, and
vehicle performance. This paper presents a kind
of Tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) with
fuel leak detection, introduces the main chips
and the principle of system. Key issue of system
are discussed: Installation of master and slave
section, Wireless signal transmission, Low power
strategies. To address these problems, an
automated system that will alleviate the need for
actively maintaining tire pressure was designed.
Keywords—tire pressure, TPMS temperature,
wireless communication,
I. INTRODUCTION
N a super highway, tire fault is very hard
to prevent and a severe problem to drivers. It is one
of main reasons of the sudden traffic accidents.
Statistics shows that the number of the traffic
accidents happened owing to tire break is about
70% of the whole. In the India, the proportion is
nearly up to 37% [1].major accidents also happen
due to gas leakage.
Researches indicates that the key measure
of avoiding tire-break is to keep the tire pressure
near to its standard value and discover tire pressure
release in time. Thus, tire pressure monitoring
system (TPMS) has been drawing attention of
many researchers and engineers.
The majority of automobile drivers do not
adequately maintain their tire pressure, even though
tire loses approximately one to two pounds per
square inch (PSI) of air pressure a month.
Underinflated tires cause a greater contact surface
area with the road, resulting in higher friction
between the road and tire. This significantly
decreases tire life and fuel economy. According to
Doran Manufacturing, when tires are 20%
underinflated, tire life and fuel economy can be
reduced by 30% and 3% respectively [2]. Vehicle
handling characteristics are also adversely affected
due to low tire pressures. Stopping distances
increase and the driver experiences a loss of
steering precision and cornering stability. With all
these undesirable effects, proper tire pressure
should be of greater concern. The National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
statistics show that 660 fatalities and 33,000
injuries occur every year as a result of low-tire
pressure-related crashes [3].
II. TYPES OF TPMS
A. Direct TPMS
TPMSs are classified into two categories,
namely, direct and indirect. In direct TPMSs, the
pressure drop is calculated based on actual pressure
measurements through sensors. In contrast,
measurements such as wheel speed are used in
indirect TPMSs. A direct TPMS can inform the
driver about pressure deviations as low as ±0.1 bar,
that is, ±1.45 psi. The following sections explain
these types of TPMS in detail. Tire inflation is
identified through pressure sensors in a direct
TPMS. A low-cost, direct TPMS consists of a
sensor fitted on the tire valve stem, which changes
its color when the pressure drops. This sensor has
low accuracy and cannot communicate data to the
driver. Alternatively, a more sophisticated version
of a direct TPMS consists of sensors, radio
frequency transmitters and receiver, and a warning
system. Each tire’s pressure is measured and
transmitted through its sensor and transmitter. The
transmitted signals are received, decoded, and
processed by the receiver to trigger the warning
system through an alarm lamp, audible alarm,
voice, or pressure display. The proposed system
uses the direct tpms scheme for our system.
B. Indirect TPMS
An indirect TPMS predicts tire pressure
drop using an observer coded in software and thus
does not require tire pressure sensors. Available
indirect TPMSs are based on wheel speed
measurements. When the tire pressure decreases,
the vehicle’s weight causes the tire’s diameter to
decrease, which causes the tire to rotate at a
different rate than when it is at full pressure.
Therefore, only software is needed to implement an
indirect TPMS. However, several shortcomings are
associated with indirect TPMS. First, the system
does not provide the actual pressure of each tire and
works only when the vehicle is in motion. It warns
the driver only when the pressure drop is more than
25% and, moreover, may generate false warnings
when the vehicle is moving on a curved road or
during tire slip on snowy roads.
2. Loya Chandreshkumar, Joshi Pranav, Chaudhari Hemraj, Prof. Gayatri Bokade / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.345-348
346 | P a g e
III. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The general scheme of TPMS and fuel
leak detection is shown in figure1: Sensor, MCU,
RF Transmitter, RF Receiver , Sensor, MCU, LCD.
From this configuration, we can see that the general
configuration can be divided into two parts first one
is Master and second is slave.
Figure 1: Block diagram of system
In master section two sensors and receiver
are connected to LCD consisting of microcontroller
unit. The slave section consists of two sensors and
transmission module. The sensors are connected to
transmission module consisting of a
microcontroller unit.
A. Sensor
In the presented system we are using three
types of sensor.
1) Pressure sensor: We choose a MPXH6400A
provided by FREESCALE as a pressure sensor.
It is a absolute voltage output sensor which
works for pressure range 20 to 400 Kpa.
2) Temperature sensor: The temperature sensor
of range -55° to +150°C used is LM35 by
National Instrument.
3) Gas sensor: The gas sensor MQ6 is used to
detect the gas leakage after 200ppm of LPG in
air.
B. Radio frequency transmitter and receiver
In the system, how to effectively transmit
and receive the wireless radio frequency signal is a
key technique and this costs most of power. When
choosing a wireless radio frequency module. We
must consider power consumption, bandwidth,
speed and capability as well. So we choose CC2500
as the radio frequency module which is provided by
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. It has large ranges of
frequency bandwidth, operation voltage and
temperature, high speed data transreceive
capability. The module also has many advantages
such as low power consumption, high accuracy and
wide range of communication up to 30 meters. It
supports various modulation formats such as OOK,
2-FSK, GFSK, and MSK and has a configurable
data rate from 1.2 to 500 kBauds.
C. Circuit sketch map and working principle
The sketch map of transmission circuit is
shown in figure.2: in which working principle of
transmission module is illustrated. In normal
working state after power on both sensors sends
data to MCU in analog form. The MCU’s inbuilt
ADC converts the analog data in digital form. Then
the data is given to transmission module CC2500
and so the data is spread out in the form of RF
waves by using modulation.
Figure 2: sketch map of transmission circuit
The sketch map of master circuit is shown
in figure3. The working principle of receiving
module is illustrated. After receiving the data from
slave circuit and demodulating it the receiving
module sends data to AVR. AVR is also
accompanied with two sensors. The AVR gathers
all the data and compare it with preset values.
CC2500
AVRATMega16
LM35MPXH6400
CC2500LM35MQ
6
AVRATMega16
LCD
3. Loya Chandreshkumar, Joshi Pranav, Chaudhari Hemraj, Prof. Gayatri Bokade / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.345-348
347 | P a g e
Figure 3: sketch map of master circuit
The system displays 4 pressure and temperature
values on LCD circularly according to a certain
interval, then judge whether temperature value or
pressure value is normal so as to decide whether
start warning function or not. The warning function
includes pressure-too-high warning, pressure-too-
low warning, tire-flat warning and temperature-too-
high warning with the current values of pressure
and temperature of the respective tire. When sensor
detects the gas leakage, microcontroller switches
the buzzer and if the gas leakage goes above a
certain limit then power window will automatically
opens and gas leakage warning is displayed.
IV. KEY ISSUES
A. Installation of the Master and Slave section
1) Slave section: Slave circuit is fitted on the ring
& pressure sensor will be connected to the valve as
shown in figure.4.
Figure 4: Slave section installation
There is some modification on the ring & tube
is required. The tube which is required should have
two valves & in ring there is only one more hole is
required. In this system the breaking possibilities is
very low & the tube changing will not waste the
circuit. The slave circuit is water-proofed.
2) Master section : The master circuit is fitted
nearer to the dashboard as shown in figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1: Master section installation
The display is below to the steering so it will
easily draw the attention of driver as shown in
figure 5.2.
Figure.5.2 LCD placement
The Gas leak detector would be nearer to gas
tank so it is possible to detect faster. The engine
temperature sensor should connect on the engine
heat shield.
B. Wireless signal transmission
A key technique in TPMS is the stability
and reliability of the wireless signal transmission,
especially in super highway. Many factors, such as
disadvantageous working environment in high
speed and signal-shielding, may produce
disturbances to signals. Besides, when we use
handset and electronic devices in the car, signals
will interfere with each other, and the stability of
the signal transmission will also be affected. Thus,
when choosing wireless signal transmission
module, we choose the chips CC2500. In the
meantime, in order to improve the disturbance-
rejecting capability, we choose the Manchester
coding, the FSK (frequency-shift keying) mode.
Further it has high sensitivity (type -104dBm) &
also programmable output power -20dBm~1dBm.
These measures can ensure the stability and
reliability of the wireless signal transmission.
C. Low power strategies
Since the battery on the transmission
module should work for 10 to 12 months,
decreasing power consumption is a very important
task for the system. Thus, only if we make the