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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],OBJECTIVES: After studying Chapter 45, the reader should be able to:
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],KEY TERMS: Continued
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],KEY TERMS:
CRUISE CONTROL ,[object Object],Continued ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–1  This cruise control servo unit has an electrical connection with wires that go to the cruise control module or the vehicle computer, depending on the vehicle. The vacuum hoses supply engine manifold vacuum to the rubber diaphragm that moves the throttle linkage to maintain the preset speed. Figure 45–2 A cruise control used on a Toyota/Lexus.
[object Object],Continued NOTE:   Toyota-built vehicles do not retain set speed in memory if vehicle speed drops below 25 MPH. The driver is required to set desired speed again. This is normal and not a fault with the cruise control system.
[object Object],Continued ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Cruise control problem diagnosis can involve a complex checks and tests. Troubleshooting procedures vary by manufacturer (and year to year), so a tech should consult a service manual for the vehicle being serviced.  Bump Problems Some systems use redundant brake pedal safety switches, one electrical to cut off power to the system and the other vacuum to bleed vacuum away from the actuating unit. If the cruise control “cuts out” or disengages itself while traveling over bumpy roads, the most common cause is a misadjusted brake (and/or clutch) safety switch(es). Often, a simple readjustment of these safety switches will cure the intermittent cruise control disengagement problems.
[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–3 Segment of a circuit diagram of a typical electronic cruise control system. See the complete schematic on Page 507 of your textbook.   Continued
[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–4  A typical electronic throttle with the protective covers removed. ,[object Object],Diagnosis and Service Any fault in the APP sensor or ETC system will disable the cruise control function.  Always follow the specified troubleshooting procedures, which will usually include the use of a scan tool to properly diagnose the ETC system. Continued
[object Object],Some customers complain that when driving in hilly or mountainous areas the speed of the vehicle will sometimes go 5 to 8 mph below the set speed. The automatic transmission then downshifts, the engine speed increases, and the vehicle returns to the set speed.  Use Trailer Tow Mode Figure 45–5 A trailer icon lights on the dash of this Cadillac when the transmission trailer towing mode is selected. transmission downshifts almost as soon as the vehicle speed starts to decrease. This results in smoother operation and is less noticeable to both the driver and passengers.
[object Object],Continued Step #1   Check that the cruise control fuse is not blown and that the cruise control dash light is on when the cruise control is turned on. Step #2   Check proper operation of brake and/or clutch switch. Step #3   Inspect the throttle cable and linkage between the sensor unit and the throttle plate for proper operation without binding or sticking. Step #4   Check the vacuum hoses for cracks or other faults. Step #5   Use a hand-operated vacuum pump and check that the vacuum servo unit can hold vacuum without leaking. Step #5   Check the servo solenoids for proper operation, including a resistance measurement check.
Figure 45–6 A cruise control symptom-based chart. ,[object Object],See the complete chart on Page 508 of your textbook.
CAUTION:   Most vehicle manufacturers warn in the owner’s manual that cruise control should not be used when it is raining or if the roads are slippery. Cruise control systems operate the throttle and, if the drive wheels start to hydroplane, the vehicle slows, causing the cruise control unit to accelerate the engine. When the engine is accelerated and the drive wheels are on a slippery road surface, vehicle stability will be lost and might possibly cause a crash. On many General Motors vehicles, the cruise control will not work if the third brake light is out. This third brake light is called the centrally high-mounted stop light or CHMSL. Always check the brake lights first if the cruise control does not work on a GM vehicle. Check the Third Brake Light
HEATED REAR-WINDOW DEFOGGERS ,[object Object],Continued Figure 45–7 A switch and relay control current through the heating grid of a rear window defogger. The rear window is also called a  backlight . The rear-window defogger system is controlled by a driver-operated switch and a timer relay.
[object Object],Continued NOTE:   Some vehicles use the wire grid of the rear-window defogger as the radio antenna. If the grid is damaged, radio reception can be affected.
[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–8  Checking a rear-window defogger grid with a voltmeter. As the voltmeter positive lead is moved along the grid (on the inside of the vehicle), the voltmeter reading should steadily decrease as the meter approaches the ground side of the grid. Continued
[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–9  The typical repair material contains conductive silver-filled polymer; which dries in about 10 minutes and is usable in about 30 minutes. Continued
It is difficult to test for the proper operation of all grids of a rear-window defogger unless the rear window happens to be covered with fog. A common trick that works is to turn on the rear defogger and exhale onto the outside of the rear-window glass. In a manner similar to that of people cleaning eyeglasses with their breath, this procedure produces a temporary fog on the glass so that all sections of the rear grids can quickly be checked for proper operation. The Breath Test
HOMELINK ®  GARAGE DOOR OPENER ,[object Object],Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The devices include fixed frequency devices as well as rolling (encrypted) code devices. See Figure 45–10.
Figure 45–10  A typical HomeLink ®  garage door opener buttons. Notice that three different units can be controlled from the vehicle using the HomeLink system. Continued
[object Object],Step #1  Unplug garage door opener during programming to prevent it from being cycled on and off, which could damage the motor. Step #2  Check that the frequency of the handheld transmitter is between 288 and 418 MHz. Step #3  Install new batteries in the transmitter to be assured of a strong signal to the HomeLink ®  module in the vehicle. Step #4  Turn the ignition key on, engine off ( KOEO ). Continued
[object Object],[object Object],Continued NOTE:   The HomeLink ®  garage door opening controller can only be pro-grammed by using a transmitter. If an automatic garage door system does not have a remote transmitter, HomeLink ®   cannot be programmed.
[object Object]
POWER WINDOWS ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–11  Segment of typical power window circuit using PM motors. Direction Control of operation is achieved by directing polarity of the current through the nongrounded motors. Ground for the entire system is located at the master control (driver’s side) switch assembly. See the complete schematic on Page 511 of your textbook.
Figure 45–12  (a) The independent (driver’s door) power window switch plate looks like a normal simple switch until you turn it over (b) Notice that this power window contains a large integrated circuit with a lot of other electronic components to operate the express up and express down. Continued
[object Object],Figure 45–13  An electric motor and a regulator assembly raises and lowers the glass on a power window. Door glass adjustments such as glass tilt and upper and lower stops are usually the same for both power and manual windows.  Continued
[object Object],Continued
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued Troubleshooting Procedure
[object Object],Continued
Many vehicles are equipped with automatic operation that can cause the window to go all the way down (or up) if the switch is depressed beyond a certain point or held for a fraction of a second. Sometimes this feature is lost if the battery in the vehicle has been disconnected. While this programming procedure can vary depending on the make and model, many times the window(s) can be reprogrammed without using a scan tool by depressing and holding the down button for 5 to 10 seconds. If the vehicle is equipped with an auto-up feature, repeat the procedure by holding the button up for 5 to 10 seconds. Always check service information for the specified method to use for the vehicle being serviced .  Programming Auto-Down Power Windows
POWER SEATS ,[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–14  A typical power seat transmission assembly. Even though many of these units can be disassembled, they are designed to be replaced as an assembly if any part  is defective. Continued
Figure 45–15 This power seat motor assembly houses three armatures to provide 6-way adjustment. Many power seats use one motor and a transmission assembly to operate the various gear nuts needed to move the seat. ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Figure 45–16  Typical power seat circuit diagram. Notice that each motor has a built-in electronic (solid-state) PTC circuit protector. The seat control switch can change the direction in which the motor(s) runs by reversing the direction in which the current flows through the motor. Continued
[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued Step #1   Check circuit breaker, usually located on the fuse panel, using a test light. The test light should light on both sides of the circuit breaker even with the ignition off. If the seat relay clicks, the  breaker is functioning, but the relay or motor may be defective. Step #2   Remove the screws or clips that retain the controls to the inner door panel or seat and check for voltage at the seat control. Step #3   Also check the ground connection(s) at the transmission and clutch control solenoids (if equipped). The solenoids must be properly grounded to the body for the power seat circuit to operate.
[object Object],Continued HINT:   Power seats are often difficult to service because of restricted working room. If the entire seat cannot be removed from the vehicle because the track bolts are covered, attempt to remove the seat from the top of the power seat assembly. These bolts are almost always accessible regardless of seat position.
Power seats use an electric motor or motors to move the position of the seat. These electric motors turn small cables that operate mechanisms that move the seat. Never place rags, newspapers, or any other object under a power seat. Even ice scrapers can get caught between moving parts of the seat and can often cause serious damage or jamming of the power seat. What Every Driver Should Know About Power Seats
MEMORY SEATS ,[object Object],[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–17  A typical memory seat module showing the three-wire potentiometer used to determine seat position. Continued
[object Object],Continued Step #1  Turn the ignition key on, engine off ( KOEO ). Step #2  Put the gear selector in Park or Neutral. Step #3  Move seat and outside mirrors to desired positions. Step #4  Depress the set button and the memory  1 ,  2 , or  3  buttons at the same time and hold until a beep is heard. Step #5  Turn the ignition switch off.
[object Object],Continued
Some General Motors vehicles are equipped with memory seats that allow the seat to move rearward when the ignition is turned off to allow easy exit from the vehicle. Vehicles equipped with this feature include an exit/entry button that is used to program the desired exit/entry position of the seat for each of two drivers. If the vehicle is not equipped with this feature and only one driver usually uses the vehicle, the second memory position can be programmed for easy exit and entry. Simply set position one to the desired seat position and position two to the entry/exit position. Then, when exiting the vehicle, press memory number 2 to allow easy exit and easy entry the next time. Press memory one when in the vehicle to return the seat memory to the desired driving position. Easy Exit Seat Programming
[object Object],Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],NOTE:   This procedure may also delete all of the preset radio stations and clock settings. Be prepared to restore these settings before returning the vehicle to the customer.
ELECTRICALLY HEATED SEATS ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–18  The heating wires of a heated seat are a replaceable part, but it does require that the upholstery be removed. Continued
HEATED AND COOLED SEATS ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Heated and cooled seats usually use a filter to trap dirt and debris to help keep the air passages clean. If a customer complains of a slow heating or cooling of the seat, check the air filter and replace or clean as necessary. Check the Seat Filter
Many heated and cooled cup holders use a thermo-electric device which uses the Peltier effect to cool or heat depending on the polarity of the current flowing through the unit. While some cooled glove boxes and cup holders use the air-conditioning system to cool, the thermo-electric device is the most efficient way to provide either cooling or heating. Do Heated and Cooled Cup Holders Work?
HEATED STEERING WHEELS ,[object Object],Continued Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Operation   When the steering wheel heater control switch is turned on, a signal is sent to the control module and electrical current flows through the heating element in the rim of the steering wheel. See Figure 45–19.
Figure 45–19 The heated steering wheel is controlled by a switch on the steering wheel on this vehicle. Continued
[object Object],NOTE:   Most heated steering wheels do not work if the temperature inside the vehicle is about 90°F (32°C) or higher. ,[object Object],[object Object]
ADJUSTABLE PEDALS ,[object Object],Figure 45–20  A typical adjustable pedal assembly. Both the accelerator and the brake pedal can be moved forward and rearward by using the adjustable pedal position switch. A typical system includes: ,[object Object],[object Object],Continued
[object Object],The memory function may be programmed to a particular key fob remote, which would command the adjustable pedals to move to the position set in memory. Always check both remote settings before attempting to repair a problem that may not be a problem. Check The Remote
AUTOMATIC DIMMING MIRRORS ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–21  This auto dimming mirror also includes an outside temperature sensor and a compass. Follow the instructions in service information if the compass is not working correctly because it may need to be calibrated. ,[object Object]
The  Troxler Effect ,   also called  Troxler fading , is a visual effect where an image remains on the retina of the eye for a short time after the image has been removed. The effect was discovered in 1804 by Igney Paul Vital Troxler (1780–1866), a Swiss physician. Because of the Troxler effect, headlight glare can remain on the retina of the eye and create a blind spot. At night, this fading away of the bright lights from the vehicle in the rear reflected by the rearview mirror can cause a hazard. What is the Troxler Effect?
OUTSIDE FOLDING MIRRORS ,[object Object],Figure 45–22  Electrically folded mirror in the folded position. A control inside is used to fold both mirrors inward when needed, such as when entering a garage or close parking spot.  For diagnosis and servicing, check service information for details.
The owner complained that while driving, either one or the other outside mirror would fold in without any button being depressed. Unable to verify the customer concern, the service technician looked at the owner’s manual to find out exactly how the mirrors were supposed to work. The Case of the Haunted Mirrors  Figure 45–23  The electric mirror control is located on the driver’s side door panel on this Cadillac Escalade. In the owner’s manual, was a caution statement that said that if the mirror is electrically folded inward and then manually pushed out, the mirror will not lock into position. The power folding mirrors must be electrically cycled outward, using the mirror switches to lock them in position After cycling both mirrors inward and outward, the problem was solved.
ELECTRONIC POWER DOOR LOCKS ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–24  A typical electric power door lock circuit diagram. Note that the control circuit is protected by a fuse, whereas the power circuit is protected by a circuit breaker. As with the operation of power windows, power door locks typically use reversible PM nongrounded electric motors. These motors are geared mechanically to the lock-unlock mechanism. ,[object Object],The lock relay is controlled by the door lock switch and is commonly the location of the one and only  ground  connection for the entire door lock circuit.
KEYLESS ENTRY ,[object Object],Continued Figure 45–25  A typical key fob remote with the cover removed showing the replaceable battery. Generally, if the unlock button is depressed once, only the driver’s door is unlocked. If the unlock button is depressed twice, then all doors unlock.
Figure 45–26 A typical vehicle showing the location of the various components of the remote keyless entry system. ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Continued Step #1   Turn the ignition switch to ON. Step #2   Within 1 to 4 seconds, push the transmitter lock or unlock button with the transmitter aimed at the receiver in the passenger’s multiplex control unit. Step #3   Within 1 to 4 seconds, turn the ignition switch to OFF. Step #4   Within 1 to 4 seconds, turn the ignition switch to ON. Step #5   Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 two more times.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ANTI-THEFT SYSTEMS ,[object Object],Continued
Figure 45–27  A typical shock sensor used in alarm and anti-theft systems. If the vehicle is moved, the magnet will move relative to the coil inducing a small voltage, triggering the alarm. Continued
[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Circuit information from these devices often provides basic inputs to the control module. If a problem is detected in any of these circuits, such as a missing signal or a signal that is out of range, the control module disables the anti-theft system and may record a diagnostic trouble code (DTC).
Figure 45–28  Door switches, which complete the ground circuit with the door open, are a common source of high resistance. ,[object Object],Make sure all switches are in their normal or off positions. Doorjamb switches complete the ground circuit when a door is opened. C orrosion that builds up on the switch contacts prevents the switch from operating properly.  Conduct voltage-drop tests to find faulty the components and circuit problems; repair as needed and retest. Continued
[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued Step #1   Purchase a key and have it cut to fit the lock cylinder. Step #2   Insert the original key #1 into the ignition and turn to ON. Step #3   Wait 5 seconds and turn the key to OFF. Step #4   Insert the original key #2 into the ignition and turn to ON. Step #5   Wait 10 seconds for the indicator in the dash to flash. Step #6   Turn the ignition off, insert the new blank key, and turn the ignition back on. Step #7   Once the SKIS light stops flashing and turns off, your new key is programmed.
[object Object],Continued Step #1   Insert the first programmed ignition key into the ignition lock cylinder. Turn the ignition switch from the LOCK to RUN position (ignition switch must stay in the run position for 1 second). Turn the ignition switch to the LOCK position and remove the ignition key from the ignition lock cylinder.
[object Object],Continued
[object Object],[object Object],To determine if a Ford has a factory-installed alarm system, look at the keyless remote fob. How Do I Know if My Ford is Equipped with a Factory Anti-Theft System?
[object Object],Figure 45–29  A special tool is needed to diagnose a General Motors VATS security system and special keys that contain a resistor pellet. Continued
[object Object],NOTE:   If there is an open circuit (power side or ground side), the dash indicator light will still operate in most cases. Continued
Figure 45–30  The Passlock series of General Motors security systems use a conventional key. The magnet is located in the ignition lock cylinder and triggers the Hall-effect sensors. Continued
ALARM SYSTEM GUIDE See the chart on Page 521 of your textbook.
ELECTRICAL ACCESSORY SYMPTOM GUIDE See the chart on Page 521  of your textbook.
Figure 45–31  Corrosion or faults at the junction between the wiring and the rear-window electrical grid are the source of many rear-window defogger problems.
[object Object],Continued
[object Object],( cont. )
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],SUMMARY
end

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Chapter 45

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. Figure 45–1 This cruise control servo unit has an electrical connection with wires that go to the cruise control module or the vehicle computer, depending on the vehicle. The vacuum hoses supply engine manifold vacuum to the rubber diaphragm that moves the throttle linkage to maintain the preset speed. Figure 45–2 A cruise control used on a Toyota/Lexus.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. Figure 45–3 Segment of a circuit diagram of a typical electronic cruise control system. See the complete schematic on Page 507 of your textbook. Continued
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19. CAUTION: Most vehicle manufacturers warn in the owner’s manual that cruise control should not be used when it is raining or if the roads are slippery. Cruise control systems operate the throttle and, if the drive wheels start to hydroplane, the vehicle slows, causing the cruise control unit to accelerate the engine. When the engine is accelerated and the drive wheels are on a slippery road surface, vehicle stability will be lost and might possibly cause a crash. On many General Motors vehicles, the cruise control will not work if the third brake light is out. This third brake light is called the centrally high-mounted stop light or CHMSL. Always check the brake lights first if the cruise control does not work on a GM vehicle. Check the Third Brake Light
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. Figure 45–8 Checking a rear-window defogger grid with a voltmeter. As the voltmeter positive lead is moved along the grid (on the inside of the vehicle), the voltmeter reading should steadily decrease as the meter approaches the ground side of the grid. Continued
  • 24.
  • 25. Figure 45–9 The typical repair material contains conductive silver-filled polymer; which dries in about 10 minutes and is usable in about 30 minutes. Continued
  • 26. It is difficult to test for the proper operation of all grids of a rear-window defogger unless the rear window happens to be covered with fog. A common trick that works is to turn on the rear defogger and exhale onto the outside of the rear-window glass. In a manner similar to that of people cleaning eyeglasses with their breath, this procedure produces a temporary fog on the glass so that all sections of the rear grids can quickly be checked for proper operation. The Breath Test
  • 27.
  • 28. Figure 45–10 A typical HomeLink ® garage door opener buttons. Notice that three different units can be controlled from the vehicle using the HomeLink system. Continued
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34. Figure 45–11 Segment of typical power window circuit using PM motors. Direction Control of operation is achieved by directing polarity of the current through the nongrounded motors. Ground for the entire system is located at the master control (driver’s side) switch assembly. See the complete schematic on Page 511 of your textbook.
  • 35. Figure 45–12 (a) The independent (driver’s door) power window switch plate looks like a normal simple switch until you turn it over (b) Notice that this power window contains a large integrated circuit with a lot of other electronic components to operate the express up and express down. Continued
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40. Many vehicles are equipped with automatic operation that can cause the window to go all the way down (or up) if the switch is depressed beyond a certain point or held for a fraction of a second. Sometimes this feature is lost if the battery in the vehicle has been disconnected. While this programming procedure can vary depending on the make and model, many times the window(s) can be reprogrammed without using a scan tool by depressing and holding the down button for 5 to 10 seconds. If the vehicle is equipped with an auto-up feature, repeat the procedure by holding the button up for 5 to 10 seconds. Always check service information for the specified method to use for the vehicle being serviced . Programming Auto-Down Power Windows
  • 41.
  • 42. Figure 45–14 A typical power seat transmission assembly. Even though many of these units can be disassembled, they are designed to be replaced as an assembly if any part is defective. Continued
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48. Power seats use an electric motor or motors to move the position of the seat. These electric motors turn small cables that operate mechanisms that move the seat. Never place rags, newspapers, or any other object under a power seat. Even ice scrapers can get caught between moving parts of the seat and can often cause serious damage or jamming of the power seat. What Every Driver Should Know About Power Seats
  • 49.
  • 50. Figure 45–17 A typical memory seat module showing the three-wire potentiometer used to determine seat position. Continued
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53. Some General Motors vehicles are equipped with memory seats that allow the seat to move rearward when the ignition is turned off to allow easy exit from the vehicle. Vehicles equipped with this feature include an exit/entry button that is used to program the desired exit/entry position of the seat for each of two drivers. If the vehicle is not equipped with this feature and only one driver usually uses the vehicle, the second memory position can be programmed for easy exit and entry. Simply set position one to the desired seat position and position two to the entry/exit position. Then, when exiting the vehicle, press memory number 2 to allow easy exit and easy entry the next time. Press memory one when in the vehicle to return the seat memory to the desired driving position. Easy Exit Seat Programming
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58. Figure 45–18 The heating wires of a heated seat are a replaceable part, but it does require that the upholstery be removed. Continued
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.
  • 62. Many heated and cooled cup holders use a thermo-electric device which uses the Peltier effect to cool or heat depending on the polarity of the current flowing through the unit. While some cooled glove boxes and cup holders use the air-conditioning system to cool, the thermo-electric device is the most efficient way to provide either cooling or heating. Do Heated and Cooled Cup Holders Work?
  • 63.
  • 64. Figure 45–19 The heated steering wheel is controlled by a switch on the steering wheel on this vehicle. Continued
  • 65.
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 70.
  • 71. The Troxler Effect , also called Troxler fading , is a visual effect where an image remains on the retina of the eye for a short time after the image has been removed. The effect was discovered in 1804 by Igney Paul Vital Troxler (1780–1866), a Swiss physician. Because of the Troxler effect, headlight glare can remain on the retina of the eye and create a blind spot. At night, this fading away of the bright lights from the vehicle in the rear reflected by the rearview mirror can cause a hazard. What is the Troxler Effect?
  • 72.
  • 73. The owner complained that while driving, either one or the other outside mirror would fold in without any button being depressed. Unable to verify the customer concern, the service technician looked at the owner’s manual to find out exactly how the mirrors were supposed to work. The Case of the Haunted Mirrors Figure 45–23 The electric mirror control is located on the driver’s side door panel on this Cadillac Escalade. In the owner’s manual, was a caution statement that said that if the mirror is electrically folded inward and then manually pushed out, the mirror will not lock into position. The power folding mirrors must be electrically cycled outward, using the mirror switches to lock them in position After cycling both mirrors inward and outward, the problem was solved.
  • 74.
  • 75.
  • 76.
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79.
  • 80.
  • 81.
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84. Figure 45–27 A typical shock sensor used in alarm and anti-theft systems. If the vehicle is moved, the magnet will move relative to the coil inducing a small voltage, triggering the alarm. Continued
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88.
  • 89.
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 92.
  • 93.
  • 94.
  • 95. Figure 45–30 The Passlock series of General Motors security systems use a conventional key. The magnet is located in the ignition lock cylinder and triggers the Hall-effect sensors. Continued
  • 96. ALARM SYSTEM GUIDE See the chart on Page 521 of your textbook.
  • 97. ELECTRICAL ACCESSORY SYMPTOM GUIDE See the chart on Page 521 of your textbook.
  • 98. Figure 45–31 Corrosion or faults at the junction between the wiring and the rear-window electrical grid are the source of many rear-window defogger problems.
  • 99.
  • 100.
  • 101.
  • 102. end