This document presents a new topology for a cascaded multilevel inverter powered by a photovoltaic system. The proposed system uses a high frequency transformer to generate the DC bus voltage for an auxiliary inverter from the main inverter's DC bus. This reduces the number of isolated DC sources needed by half, lowering costs. A natural balancing of voltages between the main and auxiliary inverters is achieved through the transformer turns ratio, simplifying control. The system was simulated using static loads to validate the control scheme.
One of the preferred choices of electronic power conversion for high power applications are multilevel inverters topologies finding increased attention in industry. Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is one of these topologies reaching the higher output voltage, power level and higher reliability due to its modular topology. Level Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation (LSCPWM) and Phase Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation are used generally for switching cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters. This paper compares LSCPWM and PSCPWM in terms of total harmonics distortion (THD) and output voltage among inverter cells. Simulation for 21-level CHB inverter is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper on a bidirectional DC-DC converter with a Z-source network. The proposed converter aims to increase the output voltage level and regulation range compared to traditional bidirectional converters. It uses a fully bridge symmetrical circuit configuration with voltage and current sources. Simulation results using MATLAB show the converter can reduce current stress and improve efficiency for applications in hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. Key aspects analyzed include the converter's operating principles, voltage regulation model, and simulation circuit and results demonstrating operation in forward and reverse modes.
Push-Pull Converter Fed Three-Phase Inverter for Residential and Motor LoadIJPEDS-IAES
The proposed paper is an new approach for power conditioning of a PV
(photo-voltaic) cell array. The main objective is to investigate an approach to
provide and improve the delivered electric energy by means of power
conditioning structures with the use of alternative renewable resources
(ARRs) for remote rural residential or industrial non-linear loads. This
approach employs a series-combined connected boost and buck boost DCDC
converter for power conditioning of the dc voltage provided by a photovoltaic
array. The input voltage to the combined converters is 100 V
provided from two series connected PV cells, which is converted and
increased to 200 V at the dc output voltage. Series-combined connected
boost and buck-boost DC-DC converters operate alternatively. This helps to
reduce the input ripple current and provide the required 400 Vdc on a
sinusoidal PWM three-phase inverter. Analysis of the two series-combined
DC-DC converters is presented along with simulation results. Simulations of
the series-combined DC-DC converters are presented with an output DC
voltage of 200 V and a maximum output load of Po=600 W.
6.[36 45]seven level modified cascaded inverter for induction motor drive app...Alexander Decker
1) The document presents a modified cascaded multilevel inverter topology for induction motor drive applications that reduces the number of switches compared to conventional designs.
2) The proposed topology uses 7 switches and 3 diodes to generate 7 voltage levels, whereas conventional designs require 12 switches. This reduces switching losses, cost, and complexity.
3) Simulation and experimental results show the proposed design can generate 7 voltage levels to drive an induction motor. FFT analysis shows lower total harmonic distortion compared to conventional designs.
Performance and Analysis of Hybrid Multilevel Inverter fed Induction Motor Drivernvsubbarao koppineni
This paper presents the Five level inverter with single DC source which is used to generate a five level output with two bridges and six switches and performance of three phase induction motor is analyzed when connected to PV array For this two identical dc sources of 50V each for two bridges in five levels using Multi level inverter and five level output is obtained by using a single DC source of 100V with six switches. A virtual DC source (charged capacitor acts as virtual DC source) is used for getting the output. The same technique is implemented for three-phase circuit i.e. by using single DC source. An asynchronous motor (three-phase) is connected as load and its performance characteristics are analyzed. And further the DC source is replaced by a renewable resource such as solar panels, fuel cell etc. and DC voltage is obtained. Performance characteristics of three-phase asynchronous motor are analyzed with PV array connected. The method can be easily extended to an m-level inverter.
Design and Optimum Arrangement Of 3-phase Cascade Multilevel Inverter for Con...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using a cascade multilevel inverter to control an induction motor via direct torque control (DTC). It begins by introducing multilevel inverters and their benefits for high power applications. It then describes the cascade H-bridge topology and symmetrical vs asymmetrical configurations. The document outlines DTC for controlling induction motors and discusses extending this technique to multilevel inverters. It presents the torque and flux estimation methods used in DTC as well as the voltage vector selection process. The research aims to optimize DTC for induction motors powered by a cascade multilevel inverter.
One of the preferred choices of electronic power conversion for high power applications are multilevel inverters topologies finding increased attention in industry. Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is one of these topologies reaching the higher output voltage, power level and higher reliability due to its modular topology. Level Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation (LSCPWM) and Phase Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation are used generally for switching cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters. This paper compares LSCPWM and PSCPWM in terms of total harmonics distortion (THD) and output voltage among inverter cells. Simulation for 21-level CHB inverter is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper on a bidirectional DC-DC converter with a Z-source network. The proposed converter aims to increase the output voltage level and regulation range compared to traditional bidirectional converters. It uses a fully bridge symmetrical circuit configuration with voltage and current sources. Simulation results using MATLAB show the converter can reduce current stress and improve efficiency for applications in hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. Key aspects analyzed include the converter's operating principles, voltage regulation model, and simulation circuit and results demonstrating operation in forward and reverse modes.
Push-Pull Converter Fed Three-Phase Inverter for Residential and Motor LoadIJPEDS-IAES
The proposed paper is an new approach for power conditioning of a PV
(photo-voltaic) cell array. The main objective is to investigate an approach to
provide and improve the delivered electric energy by means of power
conditioning structures with the use of alternative renewable resources
(ARRs) for remote rural residential or industrial non-linear loads. This
approach employs a series-combined connected boost and buck boost DCDC
converter for power conditioning of the dc voltage provided by a photovoltaic
array. The input voltage to the combined converters is 100 V
provided from two series connected PV cells, which is converted and
increased to 200 V at the dc output voltage. Series-combined connected
boost and buck-boost DC-DC converters operate alternatively. This helps to
reduce the input ripple current and provide the required 400 Vdc on a
sinusoidal PWM three-phase inverter. Analysis of the two series-combined
DC-DC converters is presented along with simulation results. Simulations of
the series-combined DC-DC converters are presented with an output DC
voltage of 200 V and a maximum output load of Po=600 W.
6.[36 45]seven level modified cascaded inverter for induction motor drive app...Alexander Decker
1) The document presents a modified cascaded multilevel inverter topology for induction motor drive applications that reduces the number of switches compared to conventional designs.
2) The proposed topology uses 7 switches and 3 diodes to generate 7 voltage levels, whereas conventional designs require 12 switches. This reduces switching losses, cost, and complexity.
3) Simulation and experimental results show the proposed design can generate 7 voltage levels to drive an induction motor. FFT analysis shows lower total harmonic distortion compared to conventional designs.
Performance and Analysis of Hybrid Multilevel Inverter fed Induction Motor Drivernvsubbarao koppineni
This paper presents the Five level inverter with single DC source which is used to generate a five level output with two bridges and six switches and performance of three phase induction motor is analyzed when connected to PV array For this two identical dc sources of 50V each for two bridges in five levels using Multi level inverter and five level output is obtained by using a single DC source of 100V with six switches. A virtual DC source (charged capacitor acts as virtual DC source) is used for getting the output. The same technique is implemented for three-phase circuit i.e. by using single DC source. An asynchronous motor (three-phase) is connected as load and its performance characteristics are analyzed. And further the DC source is replaced by a renewable resource such as solar panels, fuel cell etc. and DC voltage is obtained. Performance characteristics of three-phase asynchronous motor are analyzed with PV array connected. The method can be easily extended to an m-level inverter.
Design and Optimum Arrangement Of 3-phase Cascade Multilevel Inverter for Con...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using a cascade multilevel inverter to control an induction motor via direct torque control (DTC). It begins by introducing multilevel inverters and their benefits for high power applications. It then describes the cascade H-bridge topology and symmetrical vs asymmetrical configurations. The document outlines DTC for controlling induction motors and discusses extending this technique to multilevel inverters. It presents the torque and flux estimation methods used in DTC as well as the voltage vector selection process. The research aims to optimize DTC for induction motors powered by a cascade multilevel inverter.
This document presents a simulation study of a photovoltaic (PV) system that uses a cascade three-level inverter topology. The PV system consists of a PV array, boost converter, and inverter. A cascade three-level inverter is formed by connecting two two-level inverters in series. Space vector PWM control is used to generate switching pulses. MATLAB/Simulink studies are performed to analyze the total harmonic distortion in the output voltage and current waveforms when supplying an inductive load. The simulation results demonstrate the operation of the proposed PV system with the cascade three-level inverter.
In this paper the multicarrier pulse width modulation (MCPWM) with multi value DC voltage source multilevel inverter is presented. These MLI’s are suitable in high voltage & high power application due to their ability to synthesize waveforms with better harmonic spectrum. Seven level inverter is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The use of Photovoltaic Cell as a DC source for the multilevel Inverter is proposed here.
A modified cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology with reduced number...IRJET Journal
1) The document presents a modified cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology that uses a multilevel DC link (MLDCL) and a single full bridge inverter to reduce the number of power electronic switching components compared to a conventional design.
2) Normally, multilevel inverters require more switches as the number of output voltage levels increases, increasing complexity. The proposed topology introduces an MLDCL using half bridge cells connected to separate DC sources to produce a staircase DC voltage, along with a single H-bridge inverter, significantly reducing the required switch count.
3) MATLAB/Simulink simulations are used to verify the performance of the proposed topology and demonstrate its ability to produce a high quality
Analysis and simulation of multilevel inverter using multi carrier based pwmIAEME Publication
This document analyzes and simulates a multilevel inverter using multi-carrier based PWM control techniques. It describes a cascaded multilevel inverter topology with separate DC sources for each H-bridge. It discusses phase-shifted and level-shifted carrier based PWM methods and modulation techniques like IPD, POD, and APOD. MATLAB Simulink models are used to simulate 5-level and 7-level inverters using phase-shifted and level-shifted PWM. Total harmonic distortion results show that POD PWM provides the lowest distortion.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Modified cascaded multilevel inverter with ga to reduce line to line voltage thdIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper on a modified cascaded multilevel inverter with genetic algorithm optimization to reduce line-to-line voltage total harmonic distortion. The proposed inverter uses an H-bridge topology with a multi-conversion cell consisting of three voltage sources and switches to produce a seven-level output with reduced switch count compared to a conventional cascaded multilevel inverter. Genetic algorithm is used to determine optimal switching angles to minimize the line voltage THD while maintaining the desired fundamental output voltage. Simulation results show the modified inverter achieves lower THD than the conventional design using fewer switches.
Modeling and Analysis of Transformerless High Gain Buck-boost DC-DC ConvertersIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a transfomerless switched capacitor buck boost converter model, which provides higher voltage gain and higher efficiency when compared to the conventional buck boost converter. The averaged model based on state- space description is analyzed in the paper. The simulation results are presented to confirm the capability of the converter to generate high voltage ratios. The comparison between the proposed model and the traditional model is also provided to reveal the improvement. The proposed converter is suitable for for a wide application which requires high step-up DC-DC converters such as DC micro-grids and solar electrical energy.
Modern trend in power generation is the use of two-stage configuration i.e., allocating a single PV cell
to a converter to produce grid voltage of adequate requirement and then to convert DC to AC voltage for grid
cnnection. Usually, the first stage is a DC-DC boost type converter which is responsible for extracting maximum
power from panel and boosting PV voltage to a value higher than peak of grid voltage. A converter is proposed,
which is derived from an active network based converter, is chosen as the first stage and a five level inverter is
used as the second stage of the configuration. Thus, in overall, the converter used is having high gain and reduced
switching stress. The Inverter used is having the advantage of low filter requirement, reduced stress, EMI and
reduced THD level. A closed loop control of the converter is done to maintain constant output voltage under
varying input voltage. MATLAB R2014a version software is used to simulate the model. The prototype of the
two stage configuration was developed and tested in the laboratory and results were verified using PIC 16F877A.
Report On diode clamp three level inverterVinay Singh
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware reort of the inverter.
also discuss about other level inverter and there THD analysis, simulink model and detail. compression between another inverter.
A Single Phase Eleven Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter for Photovo...IJMER
Abstract: A Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter is a power electronic converter built to synthesize a desired ac voltage
from several levels of dc voltages with better harmonic spectrum. Such inverters are suitable for high voltage and high
power applications and have been an important development in recent years. This paper presents the performance of a
eleven level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter topology with multicarrier pulse width modulation technique for
photovoltaic cell. This inverter is capable of producing eleven levels of output voltage from the dc supply voltage. This
topology magnifies the fundamental output voltage with reduction in total harmonic distortion . The output is drawn near the
sine wave because of more levels. It can also be easily extended to an m-level inverter. The performance of the proposed
PWM strategy in terms of output voltage and THD is shown using MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords: Multilevel inverter, Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter, Multicarrier pulse width modulation, PV cell, Total
harmonic distortion.
Hysteresis SVM for Coupled Inductor Z Source Diode Clamped 3-Level Inverter B...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to its advantages such as it can defeat problems such as leakage current
and insertion of DC in the grid and provides low stress on power devices,
Diode-clamped three-level inverter (DCTLI) is habitually used in
transformerless photovoltaic (PV) connected to grid network. But it still has
a problem of shoot-through which dwells in its legs, so its operation not
reliable. Z source network is employed to permit operation without shoot
through risk and improve its reliability. Coupled inductors are replaced the
line transformers in to attain lower cost, reduced size, and improved its
reliability and efficiency. Coupled inductor which avoids leakage current
problem and losses. It employs coupled inductor z source diode clamped
three level inverter (CI-Z-DC-TLI) to boost the voltage and further progress
the consistency of the proposed system by avoiding the shoot through the
problem. The proposed system assures that common-mode voltage
and shoot-through risk is avoided. Moreover, controlling DC-TLI with
Hysteresis SVM algorithm which improves output voltage and current
control. Simulation and experimental results of this proposed system were
analyzed using MATLAB environment and FPGA hardware.
Single-Phase Inverter with Energy Buffer and DC-DC Conversion CircuitsAsoka Technologies
This paper proposes a new single-phase inverter topology and describes the control method for the proposed inverter. The inverter consists of an energy buffer circuit, a dc-dc conversion circuit and an H-bridge circuit. The energy buffer circuit and H-bridge circuit enable the proposed inverter to output a multilevel voltage according to the proposed pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. The dc-dc conversion circuit can charge the buffer capacitor continuously because the dc-dc conversion control cooperates with the PWM. Simulation results confirm that the proposed inverter can reduce the voltage harmonics in the output and the dc-dc conversion current in comparison to a conventional inverter consisting of a dc-dc conversion circuit and H-bridge circuit. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed inverter can output currents of low total harmonic distortion and have higher efficiency than the conventional inverter. In addition, it is confirmed that these features of the proposed inverter contribute to the suppression of the circuit volume in spite of the increase in the number of devices in the circuit.
Harmonic Analysis of Seven and Nine Level Cascade Multilevel Inverter using M...IAES-IJPEDS
The use of multilevel inverters has become popular in recent years for high- power applications. Multilevel Inverters are power converter systems composed by an array of power semiconductor sources that when properly connected and controlled can generate a multistep voltage waveform with variable and controllable frequency, phase and amplitude. This study deals with the comparison of a 7-level inverter with a 9-level inverter system; the voltage source inverters (VSI) are modelled and simulated using MATLAB Simulink and the results are presented. The test results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in terms of computational efficiency as well as the capability of the inverter to produce very low distorted voltage with low-switching losses. This research aims to extend the knowledge about the performance of different clamped multilevel inverter through harmonic analysis. Simulations results validate up to the mark performance of the mentioned topologies.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes combining a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) with a photovoltaic (PV) array. The UPQC uses series and shunt inverters connected back-to-back to compensate for both voltage and current-related power quality issues in both grid-connected and islanding modes. By connecting the PV array to the UPQC's DC link, the system can inject active power from the PV to the grid during voltage interruptions or islanding events. Control strategies are described for operating the shunt and series inverters to compensate for harmonics, reactive power, and voltage disturbances while also injecting PV power as needed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the
A Comparative Study of Various AC-DC Converters for Low Voltage Energy Harves...paperpublications3
This document compares various AC-DC converters for low voltage energy harvesting applications. It summarizes the operation and simulation results of several bridgeless converter topologies including a standard H-bridge converter, dual polarity boost converter, parallel boost and buck-boost converter, and integrated bridgeless boost rectifier. Simulation results show that the integrated bridgeless boost rectifier provides the highest average output voltage and boost ratio compared to the other converters, making it the most efficient topology for low voltage energy harvesting applications. It also has the advantage of requiring fewer passive components due to the integrated boost and buck-boost operation.
This document summarizes a grid-connected photovoltaic power system that uses a boost-half-bridge converter. The system aims to efficiently transfer power from a solar PV array to the electric grid. It consists of two main stages - a boost-half-bridge DC-DC converter that steps up the low-voltage solar output, and a full-bridge inverter that feeds a sinusoidal current into the grid via an LCL filter. The boost-half-bridge converter provides galvanic isolation and a high step-up ratio with minimal components. Maximum power point tracking is performed to optimize solar energy extraction while limiting transient effects on efficiency.
A Non-isolated Hybrid Boost Three Level DC-DC Converter with High Step-up Con...IJSRD
Nowadays renewable energy sources are increasingly used to meet the world’s increasing demand for energy. In grid connected photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, a single PV array can supply lower dc voltage. In order to connect PV array to the grid, the voltage has to be boosted to higher levels that is demanded by the grid side. A hybrid boost three level dc-dc converter based on traditional single phase three level diode clamped inverter can be used to connect low voltage PV array to the high voltage grid. Only one inductor, two capacitors in series, and those power switches and diodes, which are needed to establish the topology with high voltage gain. Pulse width modulation (PWM) control method is used for the control of power switches. Power switches of this converter works with duty cycles closer to 0.5. This hybrid three level dc-dc converter works with high gain without a transformer or coupled inductor. In addition, voltages across the capacitors in series are balanced in both steady and dynamic states. Therefore capacitor voltage balancing circuitry can be avoided. Also, blocking voltages of the power switches are half of the output dc voltage. This hybrid converter is suitable for PV generation systems connected to the grid with parallel- connected low-voltage PV arrays.
A New Configuration of Asymmetric Multilevel Converter to Maximize the Number...IJMTST Journal
The multilevel converters are increasingly becoming popular because of its high power applications. This research paper describes about the new structure that can produce increased number of output voltage waveform using a single source and reduced number of power electronic components. In designing a multilevel converter, the power electronic switches play a very imperative role as it describes the installation area, cost, configuration complexity and may more things that play a significant role while designing. The prime function of multilevel converter is to abolish total harmonic distortion and to incorporate desired ac voltage from several separate dc sources. Each level consists of H-Bridge converter units. High efficiency, high voltage capability, lower switching losses are its prime advantages. A multilevel power converter structure can be introduced as an alternative in medium voltage and high power situations. This structure not only achieves high power ratings but also empower the use of renewable energy sources. It finds its basic application in adjustable speed drives, Static Compensator (STATCOM).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
O documento fornece instruções para criar uma conta de armazenamento no Windows Azure e publicar arquivos nela usando o Blob Uploader no Visual Studio. Ele explica como baixar e usar o Blob Uploader para fazer upload de uma imagem JPG para um blob público usando os detalhes da conta recém-criada no Azure.
This document presents a simulation study of a photovoltaic (PV) system that uses a cascade three-level inverter topology. The PV system consists of a PV array, boost converter, and inverter. A cascade three-level inverter is formed by connecting two two-level inverters in series. Space vector PWM control is used to generate switching pulses. MATLAB/Simulink studies are performed to analyze the total harmonic distortion in the output voltage and current waveforms when supplying an inductive load. The simulation results demonstrate the operation of the proposed PV system with the cascade three-level inverter.
In this paper the multicarrier pulse width modulation (MCPWM) with multi value DC voltage source multilevel inverter is presented. These MLI’s are suitable in high voltage & high power application due to their ability to synthesize waveforms with better harmonic spectrum. Seven level inverter is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The use of Photovoltaic Cell as a DC source for the multilevel Inverter is proposed here.
A modified cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology with reduced number...IRJET Journal
1) The document presents a modified cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology that uses a multilevel DC link (MLDCL) and a single full bridge inverter to reduce the number of power electronic switching components compared to a conventional design.
2) Normally, multilevel inverters require more switches as the number of output voltage levels increases, increasing complexity. The proposed topology introduces an MLDCL using half bridge cells connected to separate DC sources to produce a staircase DC voltage, along with a single H-bridge inverter, significantly reducing the required switch count.
3) MATLAB/Simulink simulations are used to verify the performance of the proposed topology and demonstrate its ability to produce a high quality
Analysis and simulation of multilevel inverter using multi carrier based pwmIAEME Publication
This document analyzes and simulates a multilevel inverter using multi-carrier based PWM control techniques. It describes a cascaded multilevel inverter topology with separate DC sources for each H-bridge. It discusses phase-shifted and level-shifted carrier based PWM methods and modulation techniques like IPD, POD, and APOD. MATLAB Simulink models are used to simulate 5-level and 7-level inverters using phase-shifted and level-shifted PWM. Total harmonic distortion results show that POD PWM provides the lowest distortion.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Modified cascaded multilevel inverter with ga to reduce line to line voltage thdIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper on a modified cascaded multilevel inverter with genetic algorithm optimization to reduce line-to-line voltage total harmonic distortion. The proposed inverter uses an H-bridge topology with a multi-conversion cell consisting of three voltage sources and switches to produce a seven-level output with reduced switch count compared to a conventional cascaded multilevel inverter. Genetic algorithm is used to determine optimal switching angles to minimize the line voltage THD while maintaining the desired fundamental output voltage. Simulation results show the modified inverter achieves lower THD than the conventional design using fewer switches.
Modeling and Analysis of Transformerless High Gain Buck-boost DC-DC ConvertersIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a transfomerless switched capacitor buck boost converter model, which provides higher voltage gain and higher efficiency when compared to the conventional buck boost converter. The averaged model based on state- space description is analyzed in the paper. The simulation results are presented to confirm the capability of the converter to generate high voltage ratios. The comparison between the proposed model and the traditional model is also provided to reveal the improvement. The proposed converter is suitable for for a wide application which requires high step-up DC-DC converters such as DC micro-grids and solar electrical energy.
Modern trend in power generation is the use of two-stage configuration i.e., allocating a single PV cell
to a converter to produce grid voltage of adequate requirement and then to convert DC to AC voltage for grid
cnnection. Usually, the first stage is a DC-DC boost type converter which is responsible for extracting maximum
power from panel and boosting PV voltage to a value higher than peak of grid voltage. A converter is proposed,
which is derived from an active network based converter, is chosen as the first stage and a five level inverter is
used as the second stage of the configuration. Thus, in overall, the converter used is having high gain and reduced
switching stress. The Inverter used is having the advantage of low filter requirement, reduced stress, EMI and
reduced THD level. A closed loop control of the converter is done to maintain constant output voltage under
varying input voltage. MATLAB R2014a version software is used to simulate the model. The prototype of the
two stage configuration was developed and tested in the laboratory and results were verified using PIC 16F877A.
Report On diode clamp three level inverterVinay Singh
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware reort of the inverter.
also discuss about other level inverter and there THD analysis, simulink model and detail. compression between another inverter.
A Single Phase Eleven Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter for Photovo...IJMER
Abstract: A Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter is a power electronic converter built to synthesize a desired ac voltage
from several levels of dc voltages with better harmonic spectrum. Such inverters are suitable for high voltage and high
power applications and have been an important development in recent years. This paper presents the performance of a
eleven level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter topology with multicarrier pulse width modulation technique for
photovoltaic cell. This inverter is capable of producing eleven levels of output voltage from the dc supply voltage. This
topology magnifies the fundamental output voltage with reduction in total harmonic distortion . The output is drawn near the
sine wave because of more levels. It can also be easily extended to an m-level inverter. The performance of the proposed
PWM strategy in terms of output voltage and THD is shown using MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords: Multilevel inverter, Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter, Multicarrier pulse width modulation, PV cell, Total
harmonic distortion.
Hysteresis SVM for Coupled Inductor Z Source Diode Clamped 3-Level Inverter B...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to its advantages such as it can defeat problems such as leakage current
and insertion of DC in the grid and provides low stress on power devices,
Diode-clamped three-level inverter (DCTLI) is habitually used in
transformerless photovoltaic (PV) connected to grid network. But it still has
a problem of shoot-through which dwells in its legs, so its operation not
reliable. Z source network is employed to permit operation without shoot
through risk and improve its reliability. Coupled inductors are replaced the
line transformers in to attain lower cost, reduced size, and improved its
reliability and efficiency. Coupled inductor which avoids leakage current
problem and losses. It employs coupled inductor z source diode clamped
three level inverter (CI-Z-DC-TLI) to boost the voltage and further progress
the consistency of the proposed system by avoiding the shoot through the
problem. The proposed system assures that common-mode voltage
and shoot-through risk is avoided. Moreover, controlling DC-TLI with
Hysteresis SVM algorithm which improves output voltage and current
control. Simulation and experimental results of this proposed system were
analyzed using MATLAB environment and FPGA hardware.
Single-Phase Inverter with Energy Buffer and DC-DC Conversion CircuitsAsoka Technologies
This paper proposes a new single-phase inverter topology and describes the control method for the proposed inverter. The inverter consists of an energy buffer circuit, a dc-dc conversion circuit and an H-bridge circuit. The energy buffer circuit and H-bridge circuit enable the proposed inverter to output a multilevel voltage according to the proposed pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. The dc-dc conversion circuit can charge the buffer capacitor continuously because the dc-dc conversion control cooperates with the PWM. Simulation results confirm that the proposed inverter can reduce the voltage harmonics in the output and the dc-dc conversion current in comparison to a conventional inverter consisting of a dc-dc conversion circuit and H-bridge circuit. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed inverter can output currents of low total harmonic distortion and have higher efficiency than the conventional inverter. In addition, it is confirmed that these features of the proposed inverter contribute to the suppression of the circuit volume in spite of the increase in the number of devices in the circuit.
Harmonic Analysis of Seven and Nine Level Cascade Multilevel Inverter using M...IAES-IJPEDS
The use of multilevel inverters has become popular in recent years for high- power applications. Multilevel Inverters are power converter systems composed by an array of power semiconductor sources that when properly connected and controlled can generate a multistep voltage waveform with variable and controllable frequency, phase and amplitude. This study deals with the comparison of a 7-level inverter with a 9-level inverter system; the voltage source inverters (VSI) are modelled and simulated using MATLAB Simulink and the results are presented. The test results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in terms of computational efficiency as well as the capability of the inverter to produce very low distorted voltage with low-switching losses. This research aims to extend the knowledge about the performance of different clamped multilevel inverter through harmonic analysis. Simulations results validate up to the mark performance of the mentioned topologies.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes combining a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) with a photovoltaic (PV) array. The UPQC uses series and shunt inverters connected back-to-back to compensate for both voltage and current-related power quality issues in both grid-connected and islanding modes. By connecting the PV array to the UPQC's DC link, the system can inject active power from the PV to the grid during voltage interruptions or islanding events. Control strategies are described for operating the shunt and series inverters to compensate for harmonics, reactive power, and voltage disturbances while also injecting PV power as needed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the
A Comparative Study of Various AC-DC Converters for Low Voltage Energy Harves...paperpublications3
This document compares various AC-DC converters for low voltage energy harvesting applications. It summarizes the operation and simulation results of several bridgeless converter topologies including a standard H-bridge converter, dual polarity boost converter, parallel boost and buck-boost converter, and integrated bridgeless boost rectifier. Simulation results show that the integrated bridgeless boost rectifier provides the highest average output voltage and boost ratio compared to the other converters, making it the most efficient topology for low voltage energy harvesting applications. It also has the advantage of requiring fewer passive components due to the integrated boost and buck-boost operation.
This document summarizes a grid-connected photovoltaic power system that uses a boost-half-bridge converter. The system aims to efficiently transfer power from a solar PV array to the electric grid. It consists of two main stages - a boost-half-bridge DC-DC converter that steps up the low-voltage solar output, and a full-bridge inverter that feeds a sinusoidal current into the grid via an LCL filter. The boost-half-bridge converter provides galvanic isolation and a high step-up ratio with minimal components. Maximum power point tracking is performed to optimize solar energy extraction while limiting transient effects on efficiency.
A Non-isolated Hybrid Boost Three Level DC-DC Converter with High Step-up Con...IJSRD
Nowadays renewable energy sources are increasingly used to meet the world’s increasing demand for energy. In grid connected photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, a single PV array can supply lower dc voltage. In order to connect PV array to the grid, the voltage has to be boosted to higher levels that is demanded by the grid side. A hybrid boost three level dc-dc converter based on traditional single phase three level diode clamped inverter can be used to connect low voltage PV array to the high voltage grid. Only one inductor, two capacitors in series, and those power switches and diodes, which are needed to establish the topology with high voltage gain. Pulse width modulation (PWM) control method is used for the control of power switches. Power switches of this converter works with duty cycles closer to 0.5. This hybrid three level dc-dc converter works with high gain without a transformer or coupled inductor. In addition, voltages across the capacitors in series are balanced in both steady and dynamic states. Therefore capacitor voltage balancing circuitry can be avoided. Also, blocking voltages of the power switches are half of the output dc voltage. This hybrid converter is suitable for PV generation systems connected to the grid with parallel- connected low-voltage PV arrays.
A New Configuration of Asymmetric Multilevel Converter to Maximize the Number...IJMTST Journal
The multilevel converters are increasingly becoming popular because of its high power applications. This research paper describes about the new structure that can produce increased number of output voltage waveform using a single source and reduced number of power electronic components. In designing a multilevel converter, the power electronic switches play a very imperative role as it describes the installation area, cost, configuration complexity and may more things that play a significant role while designing. The prime function of multilevel converter is to abolish total harmonic distortion and to incorporate desired ac voltage from several separate dc sources. Each level consists of H-Bridge converter units. High efficiency, high voltage capability, lower switching losses are its prime advantages. A multilevel power converter structure can be introduced as an alternative in medium voltage and high power situations. This structure not only achieves high power ratings but also empower the use of renewable energy sources. It finds its basic application in adjustable speed drives, Static Compensator (STATCOM).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
O documento fornece instruções para criar uma conta de armazenamento no Windows Azure e publicar arquivos nela usando o Blob Uploader no Visual Studio. Ele explica como baixar e usar o Blob Uploader para fazer upload de uma imagem JPG para um blob público usando os detalhes da conta recém-criada no Azure.
Ponencia de Tony Herrera, socio fundador de la Fundación Nueva Cultura del Agua, en las segundas jornadas provinciales por una nueva cultura del agua, organizadas con la Diputación de Málaga.
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Alberto Garrido y Bárbara Wilaarts y la huella hídrica en el VII Congreso Ibé...Nueva Cultura del Agua
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A dissertação discute a reestruturação urbana e mobilidade na área da nova estação ferroviária Água Branca em São Paulo, analisando como o transporte pode reestruturar o espaço urbano, as características da área de Água Branca, a localização da estação e fluxos de mobilidade, e propostas de projeto para a estação com cobertura e envoltória. O resultado final é apresentado.
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Modified T-type topology of three-phase multi-level inverter for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
In this article, a three-phase multilevel neutral-point-clamped inverter with a modified t-type structure of switches is proposed. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme of the proposed inverter is also developed. The proposed topology of the multilevel inverter has the advantage of being simple, on the one hand since it does contain only semiconductors in reduced number (corresponding to the number of required voltage levels), and no other components such as switching or flying capacitors, and on the other hand, the control scheme is much simpler and more suitable for variable frequency and voltage control. The performances of this inverter are analyzed through simulations carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment on a threephase inverter with 9 levels. In all simulations, the proposed topology is connected with R-load or RL-load without any output filter.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel seven-level inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The inverter uses a hybrid cascaded configuration with a novel pulse width modulation technique to generate seven output voltage levels from the DC supply. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented to validate the operation of the proposed inverter. The inverter is capable of improving power quality by reducing harmonic distortion compared to traditional two-level inverters.
Comparative performance of modular with cascaded H-bridge three level invertersIJECEIAES
This document compares the modular multilevel inverter (MMC) and cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters for induction motor drive applications. It discusses the configuration, operation, advantages, and disadvantages of each inverter. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are provided for the output voltage waveform, total harmonic distortion, and current drawn by the inverters under different load torques on the induction motor. The MMC and CHB inverters are simulated at three voltage levels to evaluate their performance for driving the induction motor.
Filter Based Solar Power Generation System with a Seven Level InverterIJMTST Journal
This paper proposes a new solar power generation system, which is composed of a DC/DC power converter and a new seven-level inverter. The DC/DC power converter integrates a DC-DC boost converter and a transformer to convert the output voltage of the solar cell array into two independent voltage sources with multiple relationships. This new seven-level inverter is configured using a capacitor selection circuit and a full-bridge power converter, connected in cascade. The capacitor selection circuit converts the two output voltage sources of DC-DC power converter into a three-level DC voltage and the full- bridge power converter further converts this three- level DC voltage into a seven-level AC voltage. In this way, the proposed solar power generation system generates a sinusoidal output current that is in phase with the utility voltage and is fed into the utility. The salient features of the proposed seven-level inverter are that only six power electronic switches are used and only one power electronic switch is switched at high frequency at any time. A prototype is developed and tested to verify the performance of this proposed solar power generation system.
Comparative Evaluation of Generalized Multicell Impedance Source Inverter for...IJPEDS-IAES
Voltage-Source Inverter is limited by its only voltage step-down operation. In adding with extra boosting the flexibility is kept active for the number of semiconductors which is unchanged, voltage-type Z-source inverter was earlier proposed. This new class of inverter is generally less sensitive to electromagnetic noises. However, their boosting capabilities are anyhow less with high component stresses and poorer spectral performances caused by low modulation index ratios. Their boosting gains are, therefore, restricted in practice. To overcome these we use the generalized switched-inductor Z- source inverter is proposed, By comparing with PWM technique and SPWM technique, whose extra boosting abilities and other advantages have been verified in simulation analysis and experiment.
The document is a report on high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the history and development of HVDC transmission, the basic principles of AC/DC conversion using converter stations, harmonic filtering, HVDC control methods, different types of HVDC links, economic considerations, applications of HVDC systems, and advantages of HVDC over AC transmission for long distance bulk power transmission.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
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Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET- FPGA Controlled Three Level Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter for Sola...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a three-level diode clamped multilevel inverter controlled by an FPGA for a solar PV system. It begins with an abstract that outlines the working principle and simulation of the FPGA-controlled three-level inverter fed by a solar PV DC bus. It then discusses the principles of two-level and multilevel inverters, focusing on the diode clamped topology. The document introduces the proposed three-level diode clamped inverter with FPGA control and discusses its advantages like fast switching speeds and low cost. It then shows simulations of the system in MATLAB Simulink and Xilinx, including waveforms that demonstrate the stepped output waveform and reduced harmonics.
The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. Multilevel inverter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal voltage from several levels of dc voltages. In order to maintain the different voltage levels at appropriate intervals, the conduction time intervals of MOSFETS have been maintained by controlling the pulse width of gating pulses. In this paper single phase to three phase power conversion using PWM technique. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment which demonstrate the feasibility of proposed scheme.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
IRJET - A Zero Voltage Switching Pulse Width Modulated Multilevel Buck ConverterIRJET Journal
This document presents a new five-level zero voltage switching pulse width modulated multilevel buck converter. The proposed converter uses a multilevel topology to reduce voltage stresses on switches without adding extra voltage. It achieves zero voltage switching for all switches by utilizing active clamping and circulating reactive energy throughout the converter. Simulations in MATLAB were used to verify the performance of the proposed converter. The converter design and operating principles are explained, including modes of operation, component sizing equations, and simulation details.
Fuzzy Logic Controller Based on Voltage Source Converter-HVDC with MMC TopologyIJMTST Journal
This paper presents Modular Multi Level Converters (MMC) are used for high voltage high power DC to AC conversion. The MMCs with increased number of levels offer close to sine wave operation with reduced THD on the AC side. This is a new type of voltage source converter (VSC) topology. The use of this converter in a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system is called by a MMC-HVDC system. The MMC-HVDC has the advantage in terms of scalability, performance, and efficiency over two-and three-level VSC-HVDC. The proposed HVDC system offers the operational flexibility of VSC based systems in terms of active and reactive power control, in addition to improved ac fault ride-through capability and the unique feature of current-limiting capability during dc side faults. The proposed VSC-HVDC system, in this project assesses its dynamic performance during steady-state and network alternations, including its response to AC and DC side faults. In this project using a fuzzy controller and the proposed topology is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and the simulation results are observed.
High Efficiency Dc-Dc Converter for Renewable Energy Applications and High Vo...IOSRJEEE
Renewable sources like solar PV cell is prefer to be operated at low voltages. This paper proposes a novel high voltage gain, high efficiency dc-dc converter based on coupled inductor, intermediate capacitor. The input energy acquired from the source is first stored in the coupled inductor and intermediate capacitor in a lossless manner. Improve the voltage gain and efficiency of the system. Exorbitant duty cycle values are not required for high voltage gain, when prevent the problems such as diode reverse recovery. Presence of a passive clamp network causes reduced voltage stress on the switch. Overall performance of the renewable energy with a step-up DC/DC converter using closed loop control action is used in the proposed system, improving the overall efficiency of the system.
This paper presented single DC bus single phase seven level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter for multi-panel photovoltaic grid-connected applications. A single DC bus supplying flyback converters to produce DC link voltages for CHB cells is suggested. A balanced operation of CHB inverter cells is obtained irrespective to power unbalance occurred by individual maximum power point tracking boost converter of photovoltaic (PV) panels due to the non-uniform irradiation and partial shading. A DC bus voltage control system with addition of estimated DC bus ripple voltage to the reference is proposed to eliminate the second order harmonic contained in the feedback voltage of DC bus enabling to design high bandwidth of DC voltage control loop. This produces fast dynamic response, low total harmonic distortion (THD) of grid current and smaller DC bus capacitance. Mathematical modeling of bus voltage control system is presented. PSIM simulation program is used and the simulation results are obtained to validate the proposed control system.
Simulation and analysis of multilevel inverter with reduced number of switchesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new multilevel inverter topology with reduced number of switches compared to conventional cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters. The proposed topology is a five-level inverter that requires only six switches compared to eight switches in a conventional design. Simulation results show the performance of the new topology is validated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The paper also describes the operating modes and switching techniques used in the new multilevel inverter design, including phase disposition, alternative phase opposition disposition, and phase opposition disposition pulse width modulation strategies.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and evaluates a novel interleaved ZCS boost DC-DC converter topology for photovoltaic interfaces. The converter uses two quasi-resonant switch blocks and lossless snubbers to achieve soft switching. Simulation results show the converter achieves reduced voltage and current ripple compared to conventional designs. A dual loop control scheme with an outer voltage loop and inner current loop is used to regulate the output. Coupling inductors between converter cells further improve transient response and reduce ripple. The proposed converter design and control scheme effectively interfaces photovoltaic systems with loads.
This document describes a fifteen-level inverter developed to transmit photovoltaic power from a solar array to the electric grid. The fifteen-level inverter uses a cascaded H-bridge configuration with low voltage MOSFET switches to reduce switching losses and harmonic distortion. It consists of a dual-buck converter to generate two DC voltages as inputs, and a full-bridge inverter to convert the output to a fifteen-level AC voltage synchronized to the grid. Simulation results show the fifteen-level output waveform is close to sinusoidal, reducing harmonic distortion below 0.5% compared to conventional two-level inverters. A controller regulates the current injected into the grid to be in phase. The system aims to provide
A Novel Three Phase Multi-string Multilevel Inverter with High DC-DC Closed o...rnvsubbarao koppineni
This document proposes and analyzes a novel three-phase multi-string multilevel inverter for photovoltaic systems. The inverter uses a high step-up DC-DC converter to boost and stabilize the output DC voltage from multiple renewable energy sources. It then uses a simplified multilevel inverter topology with only six switches instead of the eight switches used in conventional cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters, reducing losses. Simulation and experimental results show the inverter provides improved output waveforms, lower harmonics, reduced size and cost compared to other topologies.
Hybrid Two Quasi Z-Source Converter for Photovoltaic ApplicationPremier Publishers
This paper presents a Hybrid Two Quasi Z-source (HTQZS) DC-DC converter for photovoltaic applications. These are mainly employed to full fill the demand of the voltage boost in photovoltaic applications from the lower value voltage. The traditional z source networks have some limitations in voltage boosting, so the modified z source means the different combination of the LC components is combined to form the hybrid quasi z source networks. This hybrid two quasi z source dc-dc converters can be applied for the dc-ac, ac-ac, and ac-dc conversions. The structure of the proposed converter is simpler. This converter adds the benefits to the traditional z source converter. This converter draws the continuous input current. The converter simulated is the combination of two different quasi z source networks. This converter uses the duty cycle less than the traditional z source network and gives the more gain than that. PV panel used as source to converter and then the output is inverted and step up.
Application of Distribution Power Electronic Transformer for Medium VoltageIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper a distribution power electronic transformer (DPET) for feeding critical loads is presented. The PE based transformer is a multi-port converter that can connect to medium voltage levels on the primary side. Bidirectional power flow is provided to the each module. The presented structure consists of three stages: an input stage, an isolation stage, and an output stage. The input current is sinusoidal, and it converts the high AC input voltage to low DC voltages. The isolated DC/DC converters are then connected to the DC links and provide galvanic isolation between the HV and LV sides. Finally, a three-phase inverter generates the AC output with the desired amplitude and frequency. The proposed DPET is extremely modular and can be extended for different voltage and power levels. It performs typical functions and has advantages such as power factor correction, elimination of voltage sag and swell, and reduction of voltage flicker in load side. Also in comparison to conventional transformers, it has lower weight, lower volume and eliminates necessity for toxic dielectric coolants the DPET performance is verified in MATLAB simulation.
Application of Distribution Power Electronic Transformer for Medium Voltage
Gl3112351241
1. Mahrous Ahmed, Ibrahim Taha, Sherif Ghoneim / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1235-1241
Multilevel Inverter with Natural Balancing of DC Sources for PV
System Applications
Mahrous Ahmed*, Ibrahim Taha*, Sherif Ghoneim*
Taif University, Faculty of engineering, Taif, KSA
Abstract
This paper presents a photovoltaic demand from the load does not always equal the
system as a standalone system. The proposed solar panel capacity, battery banks are generally
system consists of photovoltaic (PV) module, used. The growing number of research in power
battery energy storage system (BESS), high electronics has decreased the initial cost of these
frequency transformer, and multilevel inverter system and facilitated their use around the world.
(MLI). The MLI consists of two H-bridge single In recent years, there has been great interest
phase inverter per arm (phase) with unequal dc in multilevel inverters (MLIs) technology. Special
voltages which needs 6 isolated dc sources for the attention has been paid for cascaded H-bridge
conventional MLI. The relative values between inverter [3] – [7]. Generally, there are many
the upper (auxiliary) inverter dc voltage and the advantages in the applications of MLIs inverters
lower H-bridge (main) inverter is 1/3 resulting in over conventional two-level inverters. The series
9 levels MLI. Each isolated dc source comes from connection of power converter modules reduces the
a PV module accompany with a BESS. A high voltage stress of each converter module (or increases
frequency transformer (HFT) is proposed in this the voltage capability of the overall converter
paper to generate the dc bus voltage of the structure). Besides, the resolution of the staircase
auxiliary inverter from the main inverter dc bus waveform of the output voltage increases with the
voltage. As a result of that the number of isolated number of voltage steps of capacitor voltage sources
dc bus voltages required is reduced by half which available in the multilevel inverter [5]. As a result of
is reflected in reducing the number of PV the improved resolution in the voltage harmonic
required and thus reducing the cost of the overall content, filtering efforts and the level of the
system. In addition, a natural balancing between electromagnetic interference (EM) generated by the
the main and auxiliary inverters dc bus voltages switching operation of the converter can be reduced.
of each arm will be attained due to the HFT turns Despite this important improvement, these
ratio which result in simplifying the overall topologies have an important drawback: They need
control of the whole system. In order to reduce many isolated power supplies that must be balanced.
the size of the HFT a judicious modulation index These balanced isolated sources are generated from
(MI) will be chosen. The proposed system has the PV system for the considered situation in this
been simulated using static inductive load. paper. This reason, costly and complex topologies
Analyses and simulation have been proposed to have to be implemented to get many isolated
validate the proposed control scheme. supplies. Some solutions using cascaded multilevel
inverters with a single power source and without
Keywords – MLI; PV; HF Transformer; transformers have been introduced recently [8] – [9].
bidirectional converter; Isolated dc sources. However, these solutions use floating capacitors
with complex balancing systems and many more
1. Introduction semiconductors in relation to the number of levels
Today world is facing a cute energy produced.
shortage due to the increase of the average The objective of this paper is to develop
consumption of energy per capita. Therefore a new dc-link topology for cascaded H-bridge
renewable energy systems are a promising inverter with maximum voltage resolution, based
application with great interest in clean and on a simple High Frequency Link (HFL) with
renewable energy sources. The photovoltaic system small size, which allows using only one power
is the second important renewable energy sources supply (battery pack, fuel cell or other) for single
after the wind power sources. Two main applications arm. The system has inherent regulation of the
of the PV systems, grid connected and standalone voltages supplied among the H-bridges, so the
systems [1] – [2]. Standalone PV power systems are full number of levels can be produced at any
electrical power systems energized by photovoltaic amplitude of voltage, depending only on the
panels which are independent of the utility grid. In single-dc-supply regulation per arm, which can
standalone photovoltaic power systems, the be controlled with a chopper. This proposed
electrical energy produced by the photovoltaic topology does not need floating capacitors or
panels cannot always be used directly. As the heavy bulky transformers.
1235 | P a g e
2. Mahrous Ahmed, Ibrahim Taha, Sherif Ghoneim / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.
2. Proposed Multi-Level Inverter System which decreases drastically its cost. Therefore the
Figure 1 represents the schematic diagram control of the load voltage is executed by fixing the
of the 3-phase 9-level 24-switch VSI. For dc inverter voltage.
convenience, all the switches and diodes have been Figure 2 shows the HFT that connects
considered to be ideal; moreover, voltage the main inverter unit with the auxiliary inverter
fluctuations of dc bus voltage also considering unit. It composed of HFT with a two switches
absent. It has two single phase H-bridge inverters operate in a complementary mode of operation to
modules per phase (arm). The ratio of the dc power supply a switch dc voltage required by the
supplies is 1/3 which enables developing the transformer. The transform is a step down with
maximum output voltage resolution. The H-bridge 3/1 turns ratio which is suitable for this specific
module with lower dc voltage source is the auxiliary application and MLI. The main task of this HFT
inverter and the H-bridge with greater dc voltage is to generate the dc source of the auxiliary
source is the main inverter. That is due to the load inverter unit from the main transformer unit dc
power contribution is mainly provided from the source. By this method, an inherit voltage
main inverter. In this topology, each phase is balancing between the main and auxiliary
containing 2-dc sources. Which are Vdc and 3Vdc. inverter units is obtained which is very
Therefore the maximum dc multilevel output voltage important. This balancing will result in
level can be produced (Vdc+3Vs) =4Vdc and the simplifying the control system. Using HFT will
minimum output level of dc voltage can be 0V. decrease the isolated dc sources by half for this
Hence some possible options are proposed to create MLI. In another way, each HFT is used to
(4 × 2 + 1 = 9) levels in AC voltage wave shape, if replace a PV module which will also decrease
there are one volt level difference between every two the cost of the whole system.
congested level.
Table I shows the switching states and the load Sa11 Sa13
node voltage referred to the neutral of the dc bus
voltage ( 𝑣 𝑎𝑁 ) for Arm „a‟. The load line-to-line
voltages can be calculated as follows: Vu
Vdc
𝑣 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑣 𝑎𝑁 − 𝑣 𝑏𝑁 (1) Sa12 Sa14
Therefore the load line-to-line voltages can have
VaN
3:1
(9Vdc, 8Vdc, 7Vdc, 6Vdc, 5Vdc, 4Vdc, 3Vdc, 2Vdc,1Vdc,
0Vdc,-1Vdc, -2Vdc, -3Vdc, -4Vdc, -5Vdc, -6Vdc,-7Vdc, - HFT
Sa21 Sa23
8Vdc, -9Vdc) . The load phase voltages Van, Vbn and
Vcn can be calculated as in (2):
Vl
𝑣 𝑎𝑛 2 −1 −1 3Vdc
𝑣 𝑎𝑛 = −1 2 − 1 (2) Sa22 Sa24 N
𝑣 𝑎𝑛 −1 2 − 1
As the reference voltage increases modulation index
(MI), the available levels increases. For 100% MI,
Figure 1. The conventional 9 level MLI with
the number of available levels is 9, therefore the
maximum output voltage resolution
available levels (N) can be calculated as follows:
Table I. Simple Switching Description of the
9 𝑀𝐼 > 0.75
Proposed Model
7 0.75 ≥ 𝑀𝐼 > 0.5
𝑁= (3) Voltage S
5 0.5 ≥ 𝑀𝐼 > 0.25 level
Sa1 Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa2
a2
3 𝑀𝐼 < 0.25 1 12 13 14 21 22 3
(VaN) 4
4 Vs 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
The operation of this inverter has been 3 Vs 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
simulated for different values of MI assuming that 2 Vs 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
the main inverter DC voltage is 150V and the 1 Vs 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
auxiliary dc voltage is 50V, results have been 0 Vs 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
tabulated in table II. it can be concluded that for MI - Vs 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
around 0.9, the auxiliary inverter contributes with a -2 Vs 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
very small value of load power and the load power is -3 Vs 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
-4 Vs 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
mainly taken from the main inverter. This means
that if the operation of the MLI has been fixed at MI
around 0.9, the rating of the HFT will be very small
1236 | P a g e
3. Mahrous Ahmed, Ibrahim Taha, Sherif Ghoneim / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.
Table II. Results of the MLI with Wide Range of MI
Number Ratio of
of contribution
MI output auxiliary inverter Main inverter of Aux and
voltage Main
level Inverters
Idc[A] Vdc [V] Aux. Idc[A] Vdc [V] Main PMain/PAux
Power[W] power[W]
0.95 9 3 50 150 21 150 3150 3150/150=21
0.9 9 0.05 50 2.5 20 150 3000 1200
0.85 9 -2.4 50 -120 18 150 2700 22.5
0.8 9 -4.5 50 -225 17 150 2550 11.33
0.75 7 -6 50 -300 16 150 2400 8
0.7 7 -7 50 -350 14 150 2100 6
0.65 7 -7 50 -350 12 150 1800 5.1
0.6 7 -6.8 50 -340 11 150 1650 4.9
0.55 7 -5.5 50 -275 9 150 1350 4.9
0.5 5 -3.3 50 165 7 150 1050 6.4
0.45 5 0.2 50 10 4.8 150 720 72
0.4 5 2.5 50 125 3 150 450 3.6
0.35 5 4.5 50 225 1.5 150 225 1
0.3 5 5 50 250 0.5 150 75 0.3
0.25 3 4.5 50 225 0.003 150 0.5 0.002
0.2 3 2.7 50 135 0.003 150 0.5 0.004
HFT
3:1
DC-DC boost
Sa3 Sa4 converter
3Vdc
3Vdc Vdc
Sa1
To boost
IPV
swicth
MPPT
Figure 2. The upper MLI cell voltage is generated VPV Bidirectional
converter
from the lower MLI cell Sa2
The dc source of the main inverter unit is Battery
generated from the PV module as shown in figure 3.
It consists of PV module which is the main
unregulated dc source, dc-dc converter accompany
with maximum power point tracking control required Figure 3. The lower MLI cell dc voltage source
for catching the maximum available power from the component
PV module, and a storage battery system with a
bidirectional dc-dc converter for regulating the dc Discharging Rest Scharging Rest Discharging
source at specified voltage value. To get the
maximum power from the PV module, the
conventional perturb and observe (P&O) [10] – [12] Vdc_up
Hysteresis
has been adopted in this work. A PV module of Vdc
Band
BP485 has been chosen with nominal values given in Vdc_lw
table III. The bidirectional control of the battery
energy storage system (BESS) is carried out based on
the modified hysteresis control [13] – [14] shown in Figure 4. Modified hysteresis-control strategy
figures 4 and 5.
Table III. PV module BP485 specifications
Rated Power (Pmax) 85W
Voltage at Pmax (Vmp) 17.4V
Current at Pmax (Imp) 4.9A
Short circuit current (Isc) 5.48A
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 22V
1237 | P a g e
4. Mahrous Ahmed, Ibrahim Taha, Sherif Ghoneim / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.
Sense Vdc
No No
Vdc > Vdc_up Vdc < Vdc_lw
Yes Yes
V*dc=Vdc_up V*dc=Vdc_lw
Buck Mode Boost Mode Rest Mode
Figure 5. Battery-mode control block (BESS
/modified hysteresis)
MLI Model
a
1
..
3
50 % S4
PWM
Duty Cycle S5
S4
S5 N
PWM Fixed
MI = 0.9
S1
Ipv
Vpv S3 S2
PV Model S1 S2
Vdc
Ipv Voltage V*dc BESS mode
PWM
MPPT PWM S3 Control control
Vpv
Battery Model
Figure 6. The proposed multi-level inverter system
3. Results and Discussions
Figure 6 shows the integration of the above chosen with 100 resistance and 20 mH inductance
description of the system for single arm (phase). The as shown in figure 7. The dynamic response has been
proposed system has been simulated using verified due to a sudden change in the load voltage. A
MATLAB/SIMULINK® to verify the performance of sudden change has been taken place by bubbling the
the proposed control. A nonlinear load of three phase load after 0.2 seconds of simulation starting. An ideal
full bridge rectifier loaded with a RL load has been
1238 | P a g e
5. Mahrous Ahmed, Ibrahim Taha, Sherif Ghoneim / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.
electronic switches and diodes have been assumed for 4
simulation.
3
Figure 7 from top to bottom represents the
load current and voltage, respectively. It illustrates 2
that the change in the load current at 0.2 s due to
sudden decrease in the load impedance is almost one 1
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25
half of its initial value. The average value of the load
current changed from about 1.8A to 3.6A. In the other 700
hand, the load voltage is almost constant with average
600
value of 530 V and this attributes to the voltage
control employed on the dc bus of the ML inverter. 500
Figure 8 shows the MLI line currents. It 400
illustrates that line currents increased due to the
300
sudden decreased in the load impedance to about 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25
twice of its value after 0.2s. Figure 9 gives the MLI
three phase line-to-line voltages. Since the operation Figure 7. Load current and load voltage with load
of the MLI is done at constant MI besides the dc bus step at 0.2 s.
5
voltages is kept constant using voltage control,
therefore these voltages are kept constant under the 0
dynamic change of the load. -5
0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22
Figures 10 and 11 show the contribution of 5
the main, auxiliary inverters voltages and currents
0
respectively. Figure 10 shows the voltages of the
auxiliary and man voltages. It indicates that the -5
0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22
auxiliary voltages have more switching compared to 5
the main inverter. The main inverter voltages is 0
nearly has load frequency switching. Besides the -5
relative values between the auxiliary inverter voltage 0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22
and main inverter voltage is 1/3 which comes from Figure 8 MLI line currents with load step at 0.2 s.
the HFT. On the other hand figure 11 shows the
current contribution of the auxiliary and main 500
inverters. Two observations can be done; 1) the first,
the auxiliary inverter current is more switched than 0
the main inverter current; 2) the second, the main
-500
inverter current is unidirectional while the auxiliary 0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22
500
inverter current is bidirectional. Due to that the
average values will follow the design given in table 0
II. This indicates that load is actually supplied from
the main inverter. Therefore this will be reflected on -500
0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22
the size of the HFT to be very small which is a main 500
task in this work.
0
Figure 12 illustrates the HFT input voltage. A fixed
duty cycle of 50% at 10kHz switching frequency have -500
0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22
been used. Figure 13 shows the dc bus voltage of the
main and auxiliary inverters. The main inverter dc Figure 9 MLI line-to-line output voltages with load
bus is about 270 V and the auxiliary inverter dc bus is step at 0.2 s.
about 90 V. the voltage control done the battery 100
banks can guarantee to keep these dc bus voltages at 50
certain specific constant value without change with 0
load changing. -50
-100
0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22
400
200
0
-200
-400
0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22
Figure 10 MLI upper and lower cell voltages.
1239 | P a g e
6. Mahrous Ahmed, Ibrahim Taha, Sherif Ghoneim / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.
Simulation results have been provided for system
4 verification.A conclusion might elaborate on the
2 importance of the work or suggest applications
0 and extensions.
-2
-4
0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the
4 Taif University project. The research has been
3 carried out under the Project no. 1-433-2049.
2
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