Self driving cars mechanism

1. SMART DRIVING ASSISTANCE USING AURDINO AND PROTEUS
DESIGN TOOL
SUBMITTED BY: MAHANTH GOWDA D
1CR20EC201
Under the Guidance of : NIRANJAN L
Asst.professor Of
ECE dept.
Research Article Presentation
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGNEERING
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2. CONTENTS
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Technologies used
SYSTEM DESIGN AND
METHODs
RESULTS
conclusion
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3. Abstract
• In the modern era, the automobile trading has enhanced a lot by adding more safety features to protect the driver and vehicle
on the road. Majorly ,the accident occurs due to the fault in the system or ignorance of the driver. This paper demonstrates the
digital framework, wherein the sensors are connected to the centralized system through the CAN bus with the main controller
for leveraging proper alert information to the driver. The primary goal of the proposed system is to make the driver more
comfortable to drive by providing the real-time data like status of the traffic signal, vehicle headlight control, leakage of gas in
the vehicle, temperature variation, door safety sensors, and vehicle distance sensor. The system is designed to monitor and
control the gas leakage by using control values, headlight control for high beam and low beam, door safety for automatic
locking mechanism, vehicle-tovehicle interspace maintenance via ultrasonic sensors, and door control via infrared sensors.
• Keywords·Arduino UNO · CAN · LM35 · LDR · MQ6 · MCP2551 · SRAM ·
• PWMUltrasonic sensor · Infrared sensor
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4. INTRODUCTION
The world is changing very rapidly; as observed in the same way, the various technologies are also changing
the user’s comfort. It makes the life easier and fail proof. The current focus is on vehicle safety and driver
comfort
[1]. It is improvised continuously for omission of any faults in the system. In this paper, the main
concentration is on the mechanism framework, wherein the driver feels more comfortable during the
driving with add-on controller over the vehicle. Here, the system comprises of a transceiver unit which are
controller via the microcontroller which intern connected to the CAN bus
[2]. The same is interlinked with some sensors like LDR, temperature sensor, gas sensor, buzzer, and light
dimmer circuit. At the receiver side, it is incorporated with RF module to receive the traffic signal status
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5. INTRODUCTION
• Most of the accidents are occurring in a regular interval and people are getting harmed, this is due to the
insensitivity of the driver or less consciousness or not abide by the traffic signals or losing regulation of the vehicle
• [3].This paper composes a digital system to caution the driver related to the information of the traffic signals which
is ahead of the vehicle with safety features like knowing the eminence of any leakage of gas in the gas-powered
vehicles
• [4]. The designed system is not only displaying the message associated to the traffic signal and any leakage of gas; it
is also the high-beam and low-beam of the vehicle automatically without disruption of the driver
• [5]. This adds an advantage to the user while driving without any hassle. The control system is placed in the vehicle
where in driver has more communication with the vehicle for safer driving.
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6. INTRODUCTION
• . The main aim of this application is to utilize the benefit of the CAN bus in industrial applications.
As seen in automobile most of the communication will take place using CAN protocol as shown in
Fig. 1, which is used for communication between the systems. The main advantage of this protocol
is it has very high-speed data transfer between the system nodes in duplex modes [2]. The nodes
are connected to the microcontroller in serial fashion. The serial bus transmission protocol is used
here wherein the data corruption is prevented. The protocol is designed especially for automobile
industry to reduce the complexity of circuity in which all the control units are connected. During
the transmission, CAN
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7. PROPOSED SYSTEM
• In the proposed system, the Arduino Uno controller is used at both transmitter and receiver as shown in Fig.. Traffic signal
transmission is sent via Arduino Uno using RF module section [5]. At the first transmitter section, the status of the traffic
lightistransmittedthroughtheRFmoduletothereceiversectionwhereinthereceiver section compares the information related
to the traffic updates during the process. The information is fed to the used via the LCD module [6]. The second
transmitter is interfaced with gas sensor for detection of gas leakage in the enclosed environment, and the light sensor
was used to detect glaring effect of light from the incoming vehicles to control the high beam and low beam of the vehicle.
The ultrasonic sensor is used here to indicate and control the vehicle at proper distance from vehicle-to vehicle distance
maintenance. The infrared sensor is used here to indicate the status of the doors of the vehicle as an add-on feature to the
system. At the receiver side, the alert system is used to caution the driver regarding the gas leakage, door status, and
other sensor information [8]. Both the transmitter and the receivers are connected via the bus to exchange the
information at higher speed. The proposed system uses the RF as a medium to transfer the information to the user in a
convenient way to avoid accidents because of gas leakage, glaring effect of vehicles, and increase in temperatures within
the cabins where in the user may be unaware of it.
•
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8. PROPOSED SYSTEM
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9. TECHNOLOGIES USED
• AURDINO UNO
The Arduino UNO is a microcontroller based on 8-bit ATmega328P controller wherein the operating voltage of the
controller is 5 V. The recommended input voltage varies from 7 to 12 V. The voltage limitation of the controller is from 6
to 20v. It has 14 digital I/O pins among these 6 delivers PWM output. It has 6 analogy input pins with DC current of 40 mA
and for the load drive 50 mA at 3.3 V. The main advantage of this controller is it has flash memory of 32 k bytes, SRAM of
2Kbytes, 1 KB of EEPROM, and 16 Mhz clock frequency. The Uno has many features to communicate with other Arduino
or with personal computers and many more microcontrollers. The Atmega328P offers UART communications which
converts the TTL to preferred voltages to communicate with other devices through Tx and Rx pins. The advantage of
polyfused in Uno is to protect the USB ports of computers during short circuit and overcurrent surges. Due to this
protection features in Uno, it forms an extra layer of protection to the system. It works when the current is greater than
500 mA, it opens the connection until the overcurrent or short is corrected.
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10. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODs
1 LM 35
Figure 3 shows the LM35 temperature sensor. It is named as a precision integrated temperature sensor.
The output of the sensor is based on the variations on the temperature around it. It is used to measure the
temperatures from −55 to 150 °C. The unit has 3 pins which can be easily integrated to the microcontrollers
through ADC which is in build in the system. The sensor output is directly connected to the controller
through the analogy pin as it gives the linear temperature variations till the end of the cycle. It works on 50–
60 µA current plus has minimal self-heating system. The applications of LM35 temperature sensor includes
battery temperature monitoring, temperature measurement for HVAC applications and provides thermal
shutdown for a circuit.
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11. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODs
2)
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LDR Photoresistor
The LDR sensor as shown in Fig. 4 is used to respond to the intensity of light falling on the device which is converted to the
respective electrical signals. It works on photoconductivity wherein the resistance of the sensor reduced as the light intensity raises
and the resistance increases as the light intensity is decreased. This unit is incorporated in such a way that it can control the high
beam and low beam of vehicle headlights automatically. This helps the driver more comfortable while driving in the night time (Fig.
5).
r

12. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODs
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Ultrasonic Sensor
Figure shows the ultrasonics sensor .The ultrasonics sensor directs ultrasonic waves from an emitter in the direction of a sensing
object, then receives the reflected waves throughthedetector.Afterreceivingtheinformation,thethresholdvalueiscompared and the
object nearby is identified. The distance is measured by determining the total time of transmitted signal to the received signal.
This information will vary depending on the distance at which the object is present. The ultrasonics sensor detects the distance of
vehicle to vehicle in real time and cautions the driver for approaching vehicles and front-end vehicles. This helps the users to
drive the vehicle at safe distances there by avoiding accidents.
Fig. 9 Ultrasonic sensor

13. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODs
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Infrared Sensor
Figure 10 shows the infrared sensor. The IR sensor uses pair of transmitter and receiver unit. The transmitter transmits the signal at
a frequency and if the object is present nearby, the reflected signal is received at the receiver side. Here, the transmitter unit is Tx
tube and receiver unit is Rx tube. The receiver tube receives the transmitted signal and determines the distance in digital values,
which are set via potentiometer. The received information in logic is fed to the transistor to drive the load. The output has determined a
green LED as an output which is high when an object is determined.
The detection range of the sensor can be adjusted by the potentiometer. The sensor is placed in the doors of the vehicles to detect
whether the door is closed properly or not. This information is carried out to the user if in case there is a failure of locking mechanism
of the door.

14. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODs
System Workflows
➢
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Flow Diagram of the System
Figures 1 and 2 show the flow diagram of the Tx (transmitter) section and the Rx (receiver) section. The
transmitter section is initialized from the controller along with initialization of other peripherals like ADC,
LCD, and GPIO. The CAN bus for both transmitter and receiver is initialized. At the receiver side, all the
parameters of LDR and gas are considered and compared with the threshold values. If any one of the
parameters varies, then the output is displayed on the LCD with audible signal. The sensors value from the
gas, temperature, ultrasonic, and infrared is calibrated first before initialization. The threshold values are
sent and monitored in the real time. If any one of the sensor values crosses the presented value, then the
user is intimated via LCD.

15. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODs
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16. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODs
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17. RESULTS
• The results are calculated using the Arduino serial port interface. The values of all the sensors are
compared with real-time and theoretical values. The comparison has extended to different sensors with
different threshold values and the same has been noted down.
• Figure shows the variations of resistance values of light-dependent resistor (LDR1) in real time.
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18. RESULTS
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Figure 14 shows the variations of resistance values of light-dependent resistor (LDR2) in real time.
Figure 15 shows the comparison values and its variations of resistance of lightdependent resistor (LDR1
and LDR2) in real time.
Figure 16 shows the variations of resistance values of gas sensor MQ6 coil in real time.
Figure 17 shows the variations of resistance values of gas sensor MQ9 coil in real time.
Figure 18 shows the comparison values and its variations of coil resistance of gas sensor MQ6 and MQ9
coils in real time.
Figure 19 shows the vehicle front-end distance readings in real time from the ultrasonic sensor (US), front
center sensor (FC).
Figure 20 shows the vehicle rear end distance readings in real time from the ultrasonic sensor (US), rear
center sensor (RC).

19. RESULTS
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20. RESULTS
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21. CONCLUSION
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In the proposed system, the CAN bus is used for the communication purpose to advance the automobile control
system. This is used to control the vehicle and alert the driver in an emergency situation. The status of the sensors is
displayed on to the LCD and also a buzzer is used in the system if there occurs any real-time emergency. Some of the
status like the information related to temperature, gas leakage, and reduction in glare will be displayed on the LCD
.During the experimental process, the main concentration will be on the comfort of the driver and control of the
vehicle in a safer manner by continuously observing all the parameters. The distance between the vehicles is
maintained by using the ultrasonic sensors and also intimates the driver in real time. The infrared sensors are used to
detect any fault in door locking mechanism during the run time of the vehicle. It was also observed that, the
information obtained fromthesensorsinrealtimewithCANprotocolhasmuchfasterinteractiontotheuser rather than a
normal bus wiring in the system. This is considered as the contribution to the automobile industry for the safety of the
passenger and the driver to minimize the accidents due to faults by the driver or faults form the vehicle.

22. Thank you
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